The document discusses challenges facing on-board training (OBT) in Tanzania. It applies the Extended DEMATEL method to evaluate these challenges based on expert opinions. The method involves identifying challenges, establishing direct relation matrices, and calculating importance weights to determine major and minor challenges. The study finds the most significant challenges are the shortage of maritime simulators, lack of ocean-going vessels flying the Tanzanian flag, and lack of dedicated training ships. The minor challenges are ineffective enforcement of shipping laws, decline of a shipping company's fleet, shortage of coastal vessels, and lack of qualified officers for effective OBT.
This is a presentation put together by Coach Shravan Shetty.This explores and explains the requisites and opportunities for a career in Marine Engineering
This is a presentation put together by Coach Shravan Shetty.This explores and explains the requisites and opportunities for a career in Marine Engineering
Examining the Preparedness of Water Program Graduates in Egypt: Industries Pe...IIJSRJournal
Egypt's ability to fulfill present and forecast water demands must be improved urgently. The Nile River feeds Egypt's industrial and agricultural sectors with 55.5 cubic kilometers of fresh water every year and drinking water for the inhabitants. It provides 95 percent of the country's accessible water, 85 percent of it used for agricultural purposes. Most Egyptian water program graduates lack the necessary skills to meet Egypt's present and future water needs despite this urgent necessity. To adequately serve the stakeholders of the water industry in Egypt, water programs must evolve. Universities should look not only at what is being taught but also at how it is being taught. To address this, and as part of the United States Agency for International Development funded “Center of Excellence in Water,” the most demanded skills required by industry were solicited so that curriculum revisions and delivery methods can be implemented to prepare students with these necessary skills. This paper presents the results of a survey to solicit non-academic professionals’ expectations for water graduates in Egypt. Data were collected from 48 water professionals and resource management specialists. To prepare a water graduate valued by industry, the water curriculum should be modified to deliver the skills necessary to meet the demands of the Egyptian water sector. The survey results may have applications for water science and engineering worldwide.
Relationship between Technical Skills Acquired and Skills Required on Electri...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The research sought to investigate relationship between technical skills acquired and required on electrical equipment servicing amongelectrical engineering technicians in manufacturing industries in Kenya. Quantitative research techniques were adopted in this study. The study was conducted in Nandi and Uasin-Gishu counties in Kenya, which have 7 TVETA registered and licensed public Technical Training Institutions offering Diploma, Craft Certificate and Artisan electrical engineering courses. The target population was 96 electrical engineering trainers, 15 employees from manufacturing industries and 65 electrical engineering technician trainers. A sample size comprised of 50 electrical engineering trainers, 7 employees from manufacturing industries and 29 electrical engineering technician trainers. Questionnaire were used to collect data. The instrument was pre-tested to ensure its validity by determining the internal consistency of the research instruments. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential analysis. There was a positive significant relationship (r=0.408, p= 0.004 2-tailed) between the electrical engineering technician acquired training at TVET institutions and the skills required for electrical equipment servicing at manufacturing industries in Kenya. The Kenyan government through the ministry of education should ensure adequate training is carried out to achieve training relevant for the needs of the industry. KICD in collaboration with CDACC and SSACs should develop a curriculum that addresses the competence requirements and occupational standard needs of the manufacturing industries.
Ocean renewable energy development in southeast asiaAraz Taeihagh
The Southeast Asian region (SEA) is surrounded by ocean space, from which there is a vast potential to harness
energy. Wave, tidal energy, and ocean thermal energy conversion could be tapped, to provide alternative sources
of clean and dependable energy in the region. This article contributes to the growing academic literature on
ocean renewable energy (ORE) in SEA by improving understanding of the opportunities and challenges of ORE
development in the region, beyond its technical aspects. It conducts a critical analysis of the socio-political aspects
of ORE development at a regional scale, which have been less studied in the existing literature. Aside from
providing a sustainable energy source, the development of the ORE sector could provide socio-economic benefits
to SEA countries through employment opportunities, inter-industry learning, inbound investments and
improving economic resilience. However, these benefits can only be maximised if the costs of deployment,
maintenance and repair are reduced, the impact to the marine environment is taken into consideration and issues
of public acceptance are addressed. Beyond a cost–benefit analysis, this study critically assesses the unintended
risks and consequences of ORE technologies and activities in the region and recommends different policy strategies
to mitigate them. It concludes that for the region to reap the benefits of ORE, a coordinated approach
among different stakeholders (technology developers, policymakers, and end-users) is needed to minimise the
risks and unintended consequences.
Engineering system design, operation and maintenance has been handled for a long time through mathematical and real time models. The advent of computers, multimedia age and improvement in visualization has further proved the reality of fact that picture speaks more than words; also research in education and training has proven that visualization has great effect in improving learning. The complexity of real world situation of engineering education has obvious limitation of instructional presentation and training. Simulation gives result from theoretical representation of complex phenomena when hardware for the task is lacking, or in situations when enough time is not available for explanation. This paper will discuss, opportunities brought about by simulator as a tool in the training and certification of Malaysian Maritime Academy cadets training program. The usefulness of simulators in continuous education program to amplify and enhance competency based education and instructional training to meet goals of safety, cleaner ocean and protection of marine environment will be highlighted.. The paper will also present the potential of simulators as training tool in other field of knowledge for enhanced outcome and competency based education.
Keywords: Simulation; Engineering; competency, complexity, enhancement; safety; education; training
One factor that encourages the investment climate to run in a positive trend is the ability of organizers to
package these investment activities. Positive things that have emerged in line with the increasingly
dynamic information technology-based (IT) industry in Indonesia are the increasing number of events with
the theme of business matching, investor forums, business networking, and other similar events. This
indicates that business players and investors are increasingly interested in IT-based industries. Business
matching is the implementation of events that bring together buyers and UMKM producers to communicate
about requests and supplies and matters related to them. It can be said that business matching is an
activation of the info booth. Business matching is expected to generate real and direct trade. At this point
in time, it can be said that the quality of events with the theme of business matching and investor forums is
still far from expectations. If we attend events like this, it can be seen that the purpose of holding the event
is still not in focus and it is almost certain that the startups featured have not gone through a strategic and
well-managed selection process.
Call for papes !!! International Journal of Business Information Systems Stra...ijbiss
International Journal of Business Information Systems Strategies (IJBISS) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Business Information Systems Strategies. A business information system is the study of merging new information technology in the field of business management. The emphasis of implementing Business Information systems is to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of an organization. This journal publishes research and case study papers related to development of information technology based business strategies, cross-cultural issues, and global organizational systems. This journal aims to provide a platform for exchanging ideas in new emerging trends that needs more focus and exposure and will attempt to publish proposals that strengthen our goals.
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Examining the Preparedness of Water Program Graduates in Egypt: Industries Pe...IIJSRJournal
Egypt's ability to fulfill present and forecast water demands must be improved urgently. The Nile River feeds Egypt's industrial and agricultural sectors with 55.5 cubic kilometers of fresh water every year and drinking water for the inhabitants. It provides 95 percent of the country's accessible water, 85 percent of it used for agricultural purposes. Most Egyptian water program graduates lack the necessary skills to meet Egypt's present and future water needs despite this urgent necessity. To adequately serve the stakeholders of the water industry in Egypt, water programs must evolve. Universities should look not only at what is being taught but also at how it is being taught. To address this, and as part of the United States Agency for International Development funded “Center of Excellence in Water,” the most demanded skills required by industry were solicited so that curriculum revisions and delivery methods can be implemented to prepare students with these necessary skills. This paper presents the results of a survey to solicit non-academic professionals’ expectations for water graduates in Egypt. Data were collected from 48 water professionals and resource management specialists. To prepare a water graduate valued by industry, the water curriculum should be modified to deliver the skills necessary to meet the demands of the Egyptian water sector. The survey results may have applications for water science and engineering worldwide.
Relationship between Technical Skills Acquired and Skills Required on Electri...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The research sought to investigate relationship between technical skills acquired and required on electrical equipment servicing amongelectrical engineering technicians in manufacturing industries in Kenya. Quantitative research techniques were adopted in this study. The study was conducted in Nandi and Uasin-Gishu counties in Kenya, which have 7 TVETA registered and licensed public Technical Training Institutions offering Diploma, Craft Certificate and Artisan electrical engineering courses. The target population was 96 electrical engineering trainers, 15 employees from manufacturing industries and 65 electrical engineering technician trainers. A sample size comprised of 50 electrical engineering trainers, 7 employees from manufacturing industries and 29 electrical engineering technician trainers. Questionnaire were used to collect data. The instrument was pre-tested to ensure its validity by determining the internal consistency of the research instruments. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential analysis. There was a positive significant relationship (r=0.408, p= 0.004 2-tailed) between the electrical engineering technician acquired training at TVET institutions and the skills required for electrical equipment servicing at manufacturing industries in Kenya. The Kenyan government through the ministry of education should ensure adequate training is carried out to achieve training relevant for the needs of the industry. KICD in collaboration with CDACC and SSACs should develop a curriculum that addresses the competence requirements and occupational standard needs of the manufacturing industries.
Ocean renewable energy development in southeast asiaAraz Taeihagh
The Southeast Asian region (SEA) is surrounded by ocean space, from which there is a vast potential to harness
energy. Wave, tidal energy, and ocean thermal energy conversion could be tapped, to provide alternative sources
of clean and dependable energy in the region. This article contributes to the growing academic literature on
ocean renewable energy (ORE) in SEA by improving understanding of the opportunities and challenges of ORE
development in the region, beyond its technical aspects. It conducts a critical analysis of the socio-political aspects
of ORE development at a regional scale, which have been less studied in the existing literature. Aside from
providing a sustainable energy source, the development of the ORE sector could provide socio-economic benefits
to SEA countries through employment opportunities, inter-industry learning, inbound investments and
improving economic resilience. However, these benefits can only be maximised if the costs of deployment,
maintenance and repair are reduced, the impact to the marine environment is taken into consideration and issues
of public acceptance are addressed. Beyond a cost–benefit analysis, this study critically assesses the unintended
risks and consequences of ORE technologies and activities in the region and recommends different policy strategies
to mitigate them. It concludes that for the region to reap the benefits of ORE, a coordinated approach
among different stakeholders (technology developers, policymakers, and end-users) is needed to minimise the
risks and unintended consequences.
Engineering system design, operation and maintenance has been handled for a long time through mathematical and real time models. The advent of computers, multimedia age and improvement in visualization has further proved the reality of fact that picture speaks more than words; also research in education and training has proven that visualization has great effect in improving learning. The complexity of real world situation of engineering education has obvious limitation of instructional presentation and training. Simulation gives result from theoretical representation of complex phenomena when hardware for the task is lacking, or in situations when enough time is not available for explanation. This paper will discuss, opportunities brought about by simulator as a tool in the training and certification of Malaysian Maritime Academy cadets training program. The usefulness of simulators in continuous education program to amplify and enhance competency based education and instructional training to meet goals of safety, cleaner ocean and protection of marine environment will be highlighted.. The paper will also present the potential of simulators as training tool in other field of knowledge for enhanced outcome and competency based education.
Keywords: Simulation; Engineering; competency, complexity, enhancement; safety; education; training
One factor that encourages the investment climate to run in a positive trend is the ability of organizers to
package these investment activities. Positive things that have emerged in line with the increasingly
dynamic information technology-based (IT) industry in Indonesia are the increasing number of events with
the theme of business matching, investor forums, business networking, and other similar events. This
indicates that business players and investors are increasingly interested in IT-based industries. Business
matching is the implementation of events that bring together buyers and UMKM producers to communicate
about requests and supplies and matters related to them. It can be said that business matching is an
activation of the info booth. Business matching is expected to generate real and direct trade. At this point
in time, it can be said that the quality of events with the theme of business matching and investor forums is
still far from expectations. If we attend events like this, it can be seen that the purpose of holding the event
is still not in focus and it is almost certain that the startups featured have not gone through a strategic and
well-managed selection process.
Call for papes !!! International Journal of Business Information Systems Stra...ijbiss
International Journal of Business Information Systems Strategies (IJBISS) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Business Information Systems Strategies. A business information system is the study of merging new information technology in the field of business management. The emphasis of implementing Business Information systems is to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of an organization. This journal publishes research and case study papers related to development of information technology based business strategies, cross-cultural issues, and global organizational systems. This journal aims to provide a platform for exchanging ideas in new emerging trends that needs more focus and exposure and will attempt to publish proposals that strengthen our goals.
Effective OBT is part and parcel of quality MET provided by any maritime institute. To know the current status of the effectiveness of the OBT in Tanzania, the present study applies Extended DEMATEL Model to evaluate the challenges facing OBT in Tanzania. We firstly use expert opinions to identify the challenges and we then apply the Evaluation Model to rank the challenges facing OBT in Tanzania. The most prevalent challenges that are critical for effective OBT in Tanzania are identified and presented. The study reveals that the major challenges in descending order are Shortage of maritime simulators to complement OBT, Lack of ocean going vessels flying Tanzanian flag, and Lack of dedicated training ships. On the other hand, the minor challenges in descending order for effective OBT in Tanzania are Ineffective enforcement of Tanzania merchant shipping Act 2003, Decline of fleet owned and operated by SINOTASHIP, Shortage of merchant vessels undertaking coastal shipping in Tanzania waters, and Scarcity of qualified officers for effective OBT. The future extension of this study could be the analysis of the Tanzania Investment Policy in the Maritime Transport and Port Sector.
Model for Implementing Successful Customer Relationship Management in Saudi T...ijbiss
The telecommunications sector in Saudi Arabia is continuously seeking to a close relationship with their customers. Most telecom companies have Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system. However,
implementing CRM systems have a low success rate. This paper aims to propose a model that helps the telecom companies to increase the level of implementing successful CRM system. A model is drawn to
identify the critical success factors that contribute to successful CRM system in Saudi telecommunication sector. Seven basic hypotheses were tested, as parts of a theoretical model of successful CRM system.
Data was collected through a questionnaire. The empirical analysis was carried out using a structural equation model and regression. In addition, follow-up interviews were conducted with a small number of top
managers. Data obtained from the questionnaire was triangulated with data gathered from follow-up interviews. The findings revealed that the seven hypotheses were supported and lead to CRM success.
Assessing the Impact of Relationship Quality on Online Adoption ijbiss
Relationships are strongly embedded in Indian culture due to its high-context nature. Because of this, the role of relationship marketing has been advanced in a variety of services viz., banking, retailing, telecom, etc and hence the competition amongst various service providers has increased. Traditionally, relationship management used to be personal interaction based phenomenon but with IT as an enabler for online channels, the need for creating and growing relationships have transpired in a big way. With the advent of technological changes in the business environment, customers are seeking better alternatives to reduce the frequency of visiting the bank branch physically and are relying more on the virtual mode for transacting. Hence, banks and other service organizations are strongly focussing on the digital (online) channels for facilitating monetary transactions and hence gaining competitive advantage. In the virtual mode, the concept of relationships appears to be unrealistic due to the absence of human interface. However, significant studies have been conducted in this regard which focus on the influence of relationship quality factors viz., trust, commitment, satisfaction, etc. towards adopting the online channel for carrying out financial transactions. Relationship quality focuses on evaluating the strength of relationships, which affects customer loyalty. There exists a dearth of such significant studies in the Indian context. The present research will focus on bridging this gap in the literature. This paper will follow a causal research design for empirically analysing the impact of RQ factors towards adopting online mode for banking transactions. It will also investigate the future intentions of the customers toward using the online channels for carrying out financial transactions.
The Impact of Technology Based Self Service Banking Dimensions on Customer Sa...ijbiss
The technology based self service banking (TBSSB) refers to automated banking services that customer avail in self service mode using various electronic banking channels, without any interaction with bank employees. This paper investigates the relationship between key dimensions (factors) of TBSSB service
quality and Customer Satisfaction. A structured questionnaire was formulated by identifying and adapting attributes on the basis of past studies on service quality of automated services and customer satisfaction. Data was collected from sample of bank customers in India. The collected data was divided into two subsamples of equal size. The TBSSB service quality and customer satisfaction dimensions were identified by
conducting an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on the half of the collected data using SPSS 16.0 software. Factor structure was confirmed by conducting confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using AMOS 20.0 software on the remaining half of the collected data. The proposed model was empirically tested for unidimensionality, reliability, and validity. AMOS 20.0 was also used to examine the link amid TBSSB service quality and Customer Satisfaction by testing hypotheses using structural equation modeling (SEM). This study may help banks’ management to investigate the customers’ quality perceptions about TBSSB services, thereby helping banks to formulate strategies to improve the quality of service and customer satisfaction.
Trust Evaluation Using an Improved Context Similarity Measurementijbiss
In context-aware trust evaluation, using ontology tree is a popular approach to represent the relation between contexts. Usually, similarity between two contexts is computed using these trees. Therefore, the performance of trust evaluation highly depends on the quality of ontology trees. Fairness or granularity consistency is one of the major limitations affecting the quality of ontology tree. This limitation refers to inequality of semantic similarity in the most ontology trees. In other words, semantic similarity of every two adjacent nodes is unequal in these trees. It deteriorates the performance of contexts similarity computation. We overcome this limitation by weighting tree edges based on their semantic similarity. Weight of each
edge is computed using Normalized Similarity Score (NSS) method. This method is based on frequencies of concepts (words) co-occurrences in the pages indexed by search engines. Our experiments represent the better performance of the proposed approach in comparison with established trust evaluation approaches. The suggested approach can enhance efficiency of any solution which models semantic relations by
ontology tree.
Mathematical Assessment of "Blogging Effect" on Consumer Buying Behavior ijbiss
The Internet has escorted in mammothalterations in the marketing strategy by coalescing many diversities of business models involving affiliate marketing, direct sales, viral marketing and marketing online. It has been evidenced that blogs play an imperative role in facilitating customers to form a buying decision. In fact, blogs have an upshot on purchase behavior far more than the social networking platforms. Blogs have
unremittingly garnered a reliable audience. When the demonstrative bond between the blogger and the consumers gets very substantial, it can lead the latter to really build a buying decision. The impact of blogs is so intense that it is sometimes stated as “Blogging Effect” on buying behavior. The present study is an endeavor to derive the two important mathematical instigation of the “blogging effect”-
A Study on the Sectors of Economy Serviced by Pre-Industry System Developers ...ijbiss
In the emergence of transformative global economy, information system has became a necessity in businesses to obtain organizations operational excellence, adaptation to new business models, improved decision making and providing exceptional customer service, and eventual competitive advantage of the enterprise setting while keeping business alliances. This paper presents sectors of economy serviced by the pre-industry developers, explores the evolution of computer-based information system designed and developed by pre-industry system developers, and examine the effects of an information system in business to countervail indentified recurring problems. Nineteen of forty-six identified sectors of economy falls in the categories of primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary and quinary were the recipient of computer-based system designed and developed. There have been several effects of computer-based systems to organizations, including the implied relevance to their business processes, continuum process improvement, business process reengineering, business driver and facilitator, and customer satisfaction.
Transaction Profitability Using HURI Algorithm [TPHURI]ijbiss
Business intelligence (BI) is formulation of business strategies which help organizations to achieve its objectives and to predict its future. Data mining is often referred as BI in the domain of business. One of the major tasks in data mining is Association Rule Mining (ARM). ARM techniques incorporated in BI systems can be utilized in business decision-making such as retail shelf management, catalog design, customer segmentation, cross-selling, quality improvement and bundling products marketing.
ARM technique is used for the identification of frequent itemsets from huge databases and then generating strong association rules by considering each item having same value. But in a large number of real world applications, items have different values according to their impact on the respective decision making processes. Traditional ARM techniques cannot fulfil the arising demands from these applications. The data mining researchers are continuously improving the quality of ARM technique by incorporating the utility of items. The utility of item is decided by its contribution towards the business profit or quantity of the item sold, etc. Hence Utility mining focuses on identifying the itemsets with high utilities.
Jyothi et al proposed HURI algorithm in [2] for producing high utility rare itemset according to users’ interest. An algorithm Transaction Profitability using HURI [TPHURI] is proposed in this paper which is a modified version of HURI. TPHURI finds profitable transactions consisting of high utility rare items and also finds the share of such items in the overall profit of the transactions.
Empirical Study of the Evolution of Agile-developed Software System in Jordan...ijbiss
The focus of agile in software development methods and practices. How to take effective methods in use have received less attention. Especially in a large organization is not a little to take in agile methods to use. This paper discusses the adoption and level of experience of the use of agile practices in three companies in the software development company wide contacts in Jordan. The more practices that relied on largescale flexibility to measure the progress made by the code work, that the developers efforts to the task of estimating, to the use of coding standards, and the lack of overtime continuous, has a team to develop their own operations, to use the limited documentation, and to have the team in one place facility. The adoption of agile practices of the test, any test of the first unit tests and automated, and low. Some can only appear agile practices without the adoption of a conscious, because developers find them useful. So it seems that an emergency operation aimed at agility may also neglect the important agile practices.
Enhanced Decision Support System for Portfolio Management Using Financial Ind...ijbiss
In many cases, financial indicators are used for market analysis and to forecast the future of stock prices. Due to the high complexity of the stock market, determining which indicators should be used and the reliability of their outcomes have always been a challenge. In this article, a hybrid approach in the form of a decision support system is being introduced that offers the best suggestions in buying and selling stocks. This system will help an investor to identify the best portfolio of stocks using a series of financial indicators. These indices act as a model that forecast the future price of a stock by examining its activities and status in the past. Therefore, using a combination of the indices enables us to make decisions with more certainty. Proficiency of this system has been evaluated through the collection of data from the stock market in Iran from 2001 through 2011. The results show that the use of indices and their combination have led to the decision support system to produce suggestions with very high precisions.
Most viewed article for an year - International Journal of Business Informati...ijbiss
International Journal of Business Information Systems Strategies (IJBISS) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Business Information Systems Strategies. A business information system is the study of merging new information technology in the field of business management. The emphasis of implementing Business Information systems is to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of an organization. This journal publishes research and case study papers related to development of information technology based business strategies, cross-cultural issues, and global organizational systems. This journal aims to provide a platform for exchanging ideas in new emerging trends that needs more focus and exposure and will attempt to publish proposals that strengthen our goals.
EVALUATION OF THE CHALLENGES FACING ONBOARD TRAINING IN TANZANIA: A DEMATEL M...ijbiss
Effective OBT is part and parcel of quality MET provided by any maritime institute. To know the current
status of the effectiveness of the OBT in Tanzania, the present study applies Extended DEMATEL Model to
evaluate the challenges facing OBT in Tanzania. We firstly use expert opinions to identify the challenges
and we then apply the Evaluation Model to rank the challenges facing OBT in Tanzania. The most
prevalent challenges that are critical for effective OBT in Tanzania are identified and presented. The study
reveals that the major challenges in descending order are Shortage of maritime simulators to complement
OBT, Lack of ocean going vessels flying Tanzanian flag, and Lack of dedicated training ships. On the other
hand, the minor challenges in descending order for effective OBT in Tanzania are Ineffective enforcement
of Tanzania merchant shipping Act 2003, Decline of fleet owned and operated by SINOTASHIP, Shortage
of merchant vessels undertaking coastal shipping in Tanzania waters, and Scarcity of qualified officers for
effective OBT. The future extension of this study could be the analysis of the Tanzania Investment Policy in
the Maritime Transport and Port Sector.
Call For Papers - International Journal of Business Information Systems Strat...ijbiss
International Journal of Business Information Systems Strategies (IJBISS) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Business Information Systems Strategies. A business information system is the study of merging new information technology in the field of business management. The emphasis of implementing Business Information systems is to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of an organization. This journal publishes research and case study papers related to development of information technology based business strategies, cross-cultural issues, and global organizational systems. This journal aims to provide a platform for exchanging ideas in new emerging trends that needs more focus and exposure and will attempt to publish proposals that strengthen our goals.
International Journal of Business Information Systems Strategies (IJBISS)ijbiss
International Journal of Business Information Systems Strategies (IJBISS) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Business Information Systems Strategies. A business information system is the study of merging new information technology in the field of business management.
International journal of business information systems strategies(ijbiss)ijbiss
International Journal of Business Information Systems Strategies (IJBISS) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Business Information Systems Strategies
International Journal of Business Information Systems Strategies (IJBISS)ijbiss
International Journal of Business Information Systems Strategies (IJBISS) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Business Information Systems Strategies. A business information system is the study of merging new information technology in the field of business management. The emphasis of implementing Business Information systems is to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of an organization.
International Journal of Business Information Systems Strategies (IJBISS)ijbiss
International Journal of Business Information Systems Strategies (IJBISS) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Business Information Systems Strategies. A business information system is the study of merging new information technology in the field of business management. The emphasis of implementing Business Information systems is to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of an organization. This journal publishes research and case study papers related to development of information technology based business strategies, cross-cultural issues, and global organizational systems. This journal aims to provide a platform for exchanging ideas in new emerging trends that needs more focus and exposure and will attempt to publish proposals that strengthen our goals.
The Impact of Technology Based Self Service Banking Dimensions On Customer Sa...ijbiss
The technology based self service banking (TBSSB) refers to automated banking services that customer avail in self service mode using various electronic banking channels, without any interaction with bank employees. This paper investigates the relationship between key dimensions (factors) of TBSSB service quality and Customer Satisfaction. A structured questionnaire was formulated by identifying and adapting attributes on the basis of past studies on service quality of automated services and customer satisfaction.Data was collected from sample of bank customers in India. The collected data was divided into two subsamples of equal size. The TBSSB service quality and customer satisfaction dimensions were identified by conducting an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on the half of the collected data using SPSS 16.0 software.Factor structure was confirmed by conducting confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using AMOS 20.0 software on the remaining half of the collected data
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
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Current issues - International Journal of Business Information Systems Strategies (IJBISS)
1. International Journal of Business Information Systems Strategies (IJBISS) Vol.8, No.1/2/3, August 2019
DOI : 10.14810/ijbiss.2019.8301 1
EVALUATION OF THE CHALLENGES FACING ON-
BOARD TRAINING IN TANZANIA: A DEMATEL
MODELLING APPROACH
Erick P. Massami1
and Malima M. Manyasi2
1
Department of Science and Management, Dar es Salaam Maritime Institute,
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
2
Department of Maritime Transport, Dar es Salaam Maritime Institute,
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
ABSTRACT
Effective OBT is part and parcel of quality MET provided by any maritime institute. To know the current
status of the effectiveness of the OBT in Tanzania, the present study applies Extended DEMATEL Model to
evaluate the challenges facing OBT in Tanzania. We firstly use expert opinions to identify the challenges
and we then apply the Evaluation Model to rank the challenges facing OBT in Tanzania. The most
prevalent challenges that are critical for effective OBT in Tanzania are identified and presented. The study
reveals that the major challenges in descending order are Shortage of maritime simulators to complement
OBT, Lack of ocean going vessels flying Tanzanian flag, and Lack of dedicated training ships. On the other
hand, the minor challenges in descending order for effective OBT in Tanzania are Ineffective enforcement
of Tanzania merchant shipping Act 2003, Decline of fleet owned and operated by SINOTASHIP, Shortage
of merchant vessels undertaking coastal shipping in Tanzania waters, and Scarcity of qualified officers for
effective OBT. The future extension of this study could be the analysis of the Tanzania Investment Policy in
the Maritime Transport and Port Sector.
KEYWORDS
Maritime Education and Training, On-Board, DEMATEL Method, Evaluation, Challenges.
1. INTRODUCTION
The world trade is dependent on shipping [1]. Shipping is one of the most globalised industries in
the world economy and the leading means of transport [2]. Effective and efficient shipping
necessitates optimal supply of well-trained seafarers and competent onshore officers.
Nonetheless, the labour market for seafarers continues to be unstable due to the imbalance
between the supply of and demand for seafarers. More specifically, the shortage of seafarers,
especially officers, is a continuing concern among key stakeholders in the global shipping
industry [3]. Despite the recent global economic crisis, the demand for highly competent officers
and ratings to man vessels around the world is still increasing [4]. Demirel and Erdogan [5] also
state that there is currently severe shortage of well-qualified seafarers at different levels of
seniority in the shipping industry. Consequently, Seafarers on-board ships may now be compelled
to work longer hours, and sometimes receiving less vacation periods. Such practices may
negatively affect work efficiency and more importantly may create circumstances where maritime
safety and prevention of marine pollution is impaired. In addition, many research results reveal
that about 80 percent of maritime accidents are attributed by human error and/or human factors.
Thus, availability of qualified seafarers is a key element of shipping today which is of interest to
all countries due to unbalanced seafarers’ supply and demand.
2. International Journal of Business Information Systems Strategies (IJBISS) Vol.8, No.1/2/3, August 2019
2
The supply of the highly qualified seafarers is a result of quality Maritime Education and
Training (MET). More specifically, proper implementation of the Revised 2010 STCW
Convention and Code requires MET Institutions to produce highly competent seafarers to man
international vessels. Therefore the importance of MET cannot be understated taking into account
that around 80 to 90 percent of maritime accidents are caused by human error. Thus, it is crucial
for seafarers to be well educated and trained theoretically and practically to ensure safe, secure,
clean and efficient operations for safety of life and property at sea. According to Albayrak and
Ziarati [6] on-board training is very essential for entire seafarers of different kinds and plays an
essential role in training and education of cadet officers. Maritime institutions with dedicated
training ships and shipping companies with foreign going vessels usually offer the On-Board
Training (OBT). Nonetheless, OBT opportunities for Tanzanian cadets have recently been
reduced substantially. Thus, it is vital to explore challenges facing OBT in Tanzania and
prioritizes the challenges for informed decision-making.
This paper is structured as follows: Section 2 presents previous relevant studies; Section 3
presents evaluation model based on Extended DEMATEL method; Section 4 presents application
of the Extended DEMATEL model to evaluate the challenges facing OBT in Tanzania; Lastly,
conclusions are given in Section 5.
2. PREVIOUS RELEVANT STUDIES
There are few studies worldwide that focus on On-Board Training (OBT). Manalo et al. [7]
propose a study which focuses on the challenges encountered by Filipino Seafarers On-board
using 80 respondents from Magsaysay Training Center and reveal that the most challenge on-
board is homesickness followed by fatigue, family issues, discrimination, bad communication on-
board and poor relationship in work place. Shen [8] describes how the STCW 95 imposes new
requirements on shipping companies and states that more attention needs to be given to on- board
training by Chinese shipowners. Albayrak and Ziarati [6] gives details how programmes for
education and training for merchant navy cadets and officers are developed by TUDEV and their
European partners and how these received international recognition. Nam [9] proposes a study
based on the efficient improvement in the shipboard training. Noh et al. [10] present a study on
improvement of efficient educational personnel and facility in the training ship. Yoon et al. [11]
compares training and education in the on-board training of three countries including the United
States, Japan and South Korea based on the STCW requirements. The literature review reveals
that there are limited researches that investigate the challenges facing OBT worldwide. More
specifically, none study appraises the challenges facing OBT in Tanzania regardless its position
of having an internationally recognised Maritime Institute serving the East and Sub-Saharan
African regions. Thus, it is vital to propose a study that investigates OBT challenges in the
Tanzanian context.
We apply Extended DEMATEL Method to prioritize the challenges facing OBT in Tanzania. The
DEMATEL approach has been proven to be an effective and efficient tool for determining
interrelationship between criteria for real life problems. Bakir et al. [12] apply DEMATEL
method to explore the critical determinants of environmentally oriented public procurement in
Singapore. Kumar and Dixit [13] apply DEMATEL approach to prioritize the critical barriers for
implementation of waste generation of electrical and electronic equipment. Gardas et al. [14]
apply the DEMATEL approach to evaluate critical causal factors for post-harvest losses (PHL) in
the fruit and vegetables supply chain in India. Trivedi [15] analyses complex interrelationships
between determinants of shelter site selection for an effective disaster planning.
Bacudio et al. [16] apply DEMATEL to analyse barriers to implementing industrial symbiosis
networks in Philippines. Li et al. [17] use DEMATEL method to analyse the in-depth of the
3. International Journal of Business Information Systems Strategies (IJBISS) Vol.8, No.1/2/3, August 2019
3
interrelation among the core competences and cause effect of the IC design service company.
Baruah et al. [18] use the DEMATEL method to rank the major cost sensitivities involved in
Substation sitting in order of typical economic importance to overall decision-making. Shieh et
al. [19] apply the DEMATEL method to evaluate the importance of seven major criteria and
constructing the causal relations at Show Chwan Memorial Hospital in Changhua city, Taiwan.
Gandhi et al. [20] propose a DEMATEL approach to develop a structural model for evaluating
the influential factors in implementation of successful green supply chain management using
empirical case study of an Indian manufacturing company. Tsai [21] applies the DEMATEL
model to evaluate the criteria related to job satisfaction of research and development
professionals in China’s photovoltaic cell industry. Li and Mathiyazhagan [22] apply the
DEMATEL approach to identify the influential indicators towards sustainable supply chain
adoption among 35 leading auto-components manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises
(SMEs) in North India. Wu et al. [23] apply DEMATEL method to evaluate the importance of the
criteria and construct the causal relationships among the criteria for employment service outreach
in Taiwan. Hsu et al. [24] utilize the DEMATEL approach to recognise the influential criteria of
carbon management in green supply chain for improving the overall performance of suppliers.
Wu and Chang [25] apply DEMATEL method to identify critical factors in green supply chain
management of electrical and electronic industries in Taiwan. Govindan and Chaudhuri [26]
analyse the interrelationships between risks faced by third party logistics service providers (3PLs)
in relation to one of its customers using DEMATEL method.
Unlike the previous studies, the current study presents an Extended DEMATEL Model (EDM)
with one more step of determining the major and minor criteria. The classification of the criteria
is achieved by defining the threshold value that is the arithmetic mean of the normalized weight
of the criteria. The EDM is applied to evaluate the challenges facing OBT in Tanzania. The
evaluation based on the Extended DEMATEL method is presented in the next section.
3. EVALUATION MODEL BASED ON EXTENDED DEMATEL METHOD
We develop an Extended DEMATEL based evaluation approach, which consists of the following
sequential steps:
Step 1: Identify and Define Influential Factors of a Complex System. This is achieved by
using the literature review, brainstorming and expert opinions.
Step 2: Establish an Assessment Scale. The scale is developed in order to determine the
degree of influence between factors by performing pairwise comparisons of the factors. The
relation between the linguistic operator of importance and its corresponding crisp value is
shown in table 1.
Table 1. Assessment Scale.
Score 0 1 2 3 4
Degree of Influence None (N) Very Low (VL) Low (L) High (H) Very High
(VH)
Step 3: Establish the Initial Direct Relation Matrix. The Initial relation matrix E is a m x m matrix
which can be obtained by expert r through pairwise comparison in which eij represents the
degree to which the criterion i affects the criterion j. The matrix E is given by equation (1).
𝐸 = [𝑒𝑖𝑗
𝑟] , 𝑖, 𝑗 ∈ {1,2, … 𝑚}; 𝑟 ∈ {1,2, … 𝑅} (1)
Step 4: Establish the Overall Relation Matrix
4. International Journal of Business Information Systems Strategies (IJBISS) Vol.8, No.1/2/3, August 2019
4
The Overall Relation Matrix G is given by equation (2).
𝐺 = [𝑔𝑖𝑗] , ∀𝑖, 𝑗 ∈ {1,2, … 𝑚} (2)
Where 𝑔𝑖𝑗 =
1
𝑅
∑ 𝑒𝑖𝑗
𝑟𝑅
𝑟=1 , ∀𝑖, 𝑗 ∈ {1,2 … 𝑚}
Step 5: Normalize the Overall Direct Relation Matrix. The normalized overall direct relation
matrix 𝑁 is obtained using equation (3) in which all elements of the matrix 𝑁 are between [0, 1]
and all elements on the main diagonal are zeroes.
𝑁 = (
1
max
1≤𝑖≤𝑚
∑ 𝑔𝑖𝑗
𝑚
𝑗=1
) 𝐺 , 𝑖 ∈ {1,2, … 𝑚} (3)
Step 6: Establish the total Overall Direct Relation Matrix (𝐹). The matrix 𝐹 is deduced from
matrix 𝑁 as follows.
𝐹 = lim
𝑘→∞
∑ 𝑁 𝑘
𝐾
𝑘=1
(4)
Where lim
𝑘→∞
𝑁 𝑘
= 𝑂 and 𝑂 is a zero matrix of the same order as 𝑁.
Now,
𝐹 = 𝑁( 𝐼 − 𝑁)−1
(5)
Where 𝐼 is an identity matrix of the same order as 𝑁.
Step 7: Calculate the sum of the values in each row and column. This step entails summing the
values of each row and column in the total overall direct relation matrix 𝐹, where 𝑆𝑅𝑖 is the sum
of the ith row and 𝑆𝐶𝑗 is the sum of the jth column. The 𝑆𝑅𝑖 and 𝑆𝐶𝑗 represent both the direct
and indirect influences between factors and are respectively given by equations (6) and (7).
𝑆𝑅𝑖 = ∑ 𝑓𝑖𝑗
𝑚
𝑗=1
, 𝑖 ∈ {1,2, … 𝑚} (6)
𝑆𝐶𝑗 = ∑ 𝑓𝑖𝑗
𝑚
𝑖=1
, 𝑗 ∈ {1,2, … 𝑚} (7)
Step 8: Computation of Prominence Values ( 𝑆𝑅𝑡 + 𝑆𝐶𝑡), ∀𝑡 ∈ {1,2 … 𝑚}and Relation Values
( 𝑆𝑅𝑡 − 𝑆𝐶𝑡), ∀𝑡 ∈ {1,2, … 𝑚}.
Step 9: Determine the Importance of a Criterion
We adopt the formula proposed by Dalalah et al. [27] to calculate the importance of criteria
which takes into account the values of ( 𝑆𝑅𝑡 + 𝑆𝐶𝑡), 𝑡 ∈ {1,2 … 𝑚} and( 𝑆𝑅𝑡 − 𝑆𝐶𝑡), 𝑡 ∈
{1,2 … 𝑚}.
Thus,
𝑊𝑡 = √(𝑆𝑅𝑡 + 𝑆𝐶𝑡)2 + ( 𝑆𝑅𝑡 − 𝑆𝐶𝑡)2 , ∀𝑡 ∈ {1,2, … 𝑚} (8)
5. International Journal of Business Information Systems Strategies (IJBISS) Vol.8, No.1/2/3, August 2019
5
Step 10: Compute the Overall Importance of a Criterion.
The overall importance of a criterion 𝑡 is the normalized weight, which is given by equation (9).
𝑊𝑡
𝑁
=
𝑊𝑡
∑ 𝑊𝑡
𝑚
𝑡=1
, ∀𝑡 ∈ {1,2, … 𝑚} (9)
Where 𝑊𝑡
𝑁
is the normalized weight of a criterion 𝑡 that can be used in the decision making
process.
Step 11: Determine Major and Minor Challenges.
Let the mean of the normalized weight be ( 𝑊̅ ) being the threshold value. Now 𝑊̅ = 0.1429 i.e.
𝑊̅ =
1
𝑁
∑ 𝑊𝑡
𝑁
, 𝑁 ∈ {7}
𝑁
𝑡=1
If 𝑊𝑡
𝑁
< 𝑊̅ , then 𝐶𝑡 is a major challenge. Otherwise, it is a minor challenge.
4. APPLICATION OF THE EXTENDED DEMATEL MODEL TO EVALUATE THE
CHALLENGES FACING OBT IN TANZANIA
Experts’ views in the maritime sector enable us identify seven main challenges facing optimal
OBT in Tanzania. We describe each of these challenges in brief.
Ineffective enforcement of merchant shipping Act 2003 (C1): Section 171 (1) of the Tanzanian
merchant shipping act No. 21 of 2003 specifies that every shipowner of a Tanzanian registered
vessel shall have an obligation to provide a minimum of two berths for the purposes of practical
sea training of Tanzanian trainee seafarers on each registered vessel [28]. In addition, delay in the
operationalization of the Maritime Education and Training Fund (MET Fund) poses more
challenge to OBT. The MET Fund as specified by merchant shipping regulations 2011 is one of
the dependable sources for financing OBT in Tanzania.
Shortage of merchant vessels undertaking a cabotage trade (coastal shipping) in Tanzanian
waters (C2): There is a significant decline of vessels for Cabotage trade. This phenomenon is
largely contributed by the recent improvement of road transport networks countrywide where
most passengers prefer road transport to sea transport whereas most ship-owners and/or operators
find investment in shipping not attractive as a result of reduced demand. Moreover, the collapse
of the Tanzania Coastal Shipping Lines (TACOSHILI) fuelled further the shortage of vessels
engaged in the coastal shipping.
Shortage of maritime simulators to complement OBT (C3): Using simulators for
complementing practical training have advantages such as mitigation of risks related to actual
systems operation, avoidance of high costs and avoidance of damage in case of an accident and/or
injury. The simulation surroundings permits individual to be exposed to circumstances which the
seafarer may rarely have the chance to face in real life where he is capable to integrate the
technical knowledge with practical skills to handle the situation effectively. The most common
simulators used by Maritime Institutes include Engine room simulator, Liquid cargo handling
simulator, Dredging simulator, Ship handling simulator, Automatic Radar Plotting Aid
(ARPA)/Radar simulator, Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) simulator,
6. International Journal of Business Information Systems Strategies (IJBISS) Vol.8, No.1/2/3, August 2019
6
Automatic Identification System (AIS) simulator, and Electronic Chart Display and Information
System (ECDIS) simulator.
Lack of dedicated training ships (C4): The ownership and operation of dedicated training ships
mitigates the risks of missing OBT opportunities. However, only few Maritime Institutes have
dedicated training ships. Specifically, Dar es Salaam Maritime Institute(DMI) since its
establishment has never owned and/or operated a dedicated training ship. Thus, DMI cadets rely
almost 100 percent for OBT training opportunities on shipping companies. Nonetheless, OBT
opportunities have recently been reduced due to reduced manning levels as result of commercial
pressures and increased automation level.
Decline of fleet owned and operated by SINOTASHIP (C5): Chinese-Tanzanian Joint
Shipping Co. (SINOTASHIP) was established on 22nd
June 1967. It was the only marine
company in East Africa with ocean going vessels carrying cargoes and connecting China,
Southeast Asia and India to East Africa, Red Sea, Persian Gulf and Mediterranean regions.
Ironically, SINOTASHIP currently owns only one Bulk Carrier vessel that is time chartered by
COSCO. In the past time SINOTASHIP used to provide OBT opportunities for Tanzanian
nationals.
Shortage of Ocean going vessels flying Tanzanian flag (C6): Very few vessels flying a
Tanzanian flag are currently engaged in foreign trade routes. More specifically, none ocean going
vessel flying Tanzanian flag is registered by the United Republic of Tanzania Shipping Register
i.e. Tanzania Shipping Agencies Corporation (TASAC). It is now high time for the Tanzanian
government to come up with a maritime policy that will attract many investors in the shipping
business.
Scarcity of qualified officers for effective OBT (C7): The training can be impaired if offered by
shore-based professionals who have been experts and as seafarers but are not able to transfer
properly the knowledge to the trainees. The situation may worsen if the trainers who have no
experience on the similar situations or using similar technology and equipment are imparting the
training.
4.1. Formulation of the Overall Relation Matrix
We use the data collected from 10 experts (i.e. experienced mariners) in the Tanzanian maritime
sector and establish the Initial Direct Relation Matrices from which we deduce the Overall
Relation Matrix (G) as given by equation (10).
𝐺 =
[
0.0 3.1 1.9 3.5 3.0 3.4 2.2
2.0 0.0 2.3 3.4 3.6 3.5 2.2
2.9
2.5
2.2
2.5
2.3
3.3
2.8
2.5
2.5
2.2
0.0
2.8
2.3
2.3
2.5
3.4
0.0
3.6
3.4
3.1
3.5 3.7 3.6
3.5
0.0
3.2
2.6
3.6
3.6
0.0
2.8
2.2
2.7
1.9
0.0]
(10)
The Overall Relation Matrix (G) reveals that max
1≤𝑖≤𝑚
∑ 𝑔𝑖𝑗
𝑚
𝑗=1 = 20.4 ∀𝑖, 𝑗 ∈ {1,2 … 7}
4.2. Formulation of the Normalized Overall Direct Relation Matrix
We apply equation (3) to get the Overall Direct Relation Matrix (N) given by equation (11).
7. International Journal of Business Information Systems Strategies (IJBISS) Vol.8, No.1/2/3, August 2019
7
𝑁 =
[
0.000 0.152 0.093 0.172 0.147 0.167 0.108
0.098 0.000 0.113 0.167 0.176 0.172 0.108
0.142
0.123
0.108
0.123
0.113
0.162
0.137
0.123
0.123
0.108
0.000
0.137
0.113
0.113
0.123
0.167
0.000
0.176
0.167
0.152
0.172 0.181 0.176
0.172
0.000
0.157
0.127
0.176
0.176
0.000
0.137
0.108
0.132
0.093
0.000]
(11)
Thus,
( 𝐼 − 𝑁)−1
=
[
1.000 −0.152 −0.093 −0.172 −0.147 −0.167 −0.108
−0.098 1.000 −0.113 −0.167 −0.176 −0.172 −0.108
−0.142
−0.123
−0.108
−0.123
−0.113
−0.162
−0.137
−0.123
−0.123
−0.108
1.000
−0.137
−0.113
−0.113
−0.123
−0.167
1.000
−0.176
−0.167
−0.152
−0.172 −0.181 −0.176
−0.172
1.000
−0.157
−0.127
−0.176
−0.176
1.000
−0.137
−0.108
−0.132
−0.093
1.000 ]
−1
(12)
4.3. Formulation of the Total Direct Relation Matrix
Since evaluating 𝑁( 𝐼 − 𝑁)−1
in Section 4.2 is a bit cumbersome, we use MATLAB software to
deduce the total overall direct relation matrix (F) as given by equation (13).
𝐹 =
[
0.0000 −0.0231 −0.0086 −0.0296 −0.0216 −0.0279 −0.0117
−0.0096 0.0000 −0.0128 −0.0279 −0.0310 −0.0296 −0.0117
−0.0202
−0.0151
−0.0117
−0.0151
−0.0128
−0.0262
−0.0188
−0.0151
−0.0151
−0.0117
0.0000
−0.0188
−0.0128
−0.0128
−0.0151
−0.0279
0.0000
−0.0310
−0.0279
−0.0231
−0.0296 −0.0328 −0.0310
−0.0296
0.0000
−0.0246
−0.0161
−0.0310
−0.0310
0.0000
−0.0188
−0.0117
−0.0174
−0.0086
0.0000 ]
(13)
4.4. Computation of Prominence and Relation in the Total Overall Direct Relation
Matrix
We apply equations (6) and (7) respectively to get the sum of the values in each row ( 𝑆𝑅𝑡) and
column ( 𝑆𝐶𝑡) in the total overall direct relation matrix (F). These values are shown in table 2.
The same table presents the Prominence ( 𝑆𝑅𝑡 + 𝑆𝐶𝑡) and Relation ( 𝑆𝑅𝑡 − 𝑆𝐶𝑡) of the 7
challenges.
Table 2. Prominence, Relation and Summation of the Values in Each Row and Column.
4.5. Ranking of the Challenges Facing OBT in Tanzania
We apply equations (8) and (9) respectively to deduce the importance of a challenge and the
overall importance of the challenge as given in table 3.
𝐶𝑡 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶4 𝐶5 𝐶6 𝐶7
𝑆𝑅𝑡 −0.1225 −0.1226 −0.1677 −0.1250 −0.119 −0.1041 −0.0976
𝑆𝐶𝑡 −0.0845 −0.1100 −0.0809 −0.1674 −0.1525 −0.1711 −0.0921
𝑆𝑅𝑡
+ 𝑆𝐶𝑡
−0.207 −0.2326 −0.2486 −0.2924 −0.2715 −0.2752 −0.1897
𝑆𝑅𝑡
− 𝑆𝐶𝑡
−0.038 −0.0126 −0.0868 0.0424 0.0335 0.0670 −0.0055
8. International Journal of Business Information Systems Strategies (IJBISS) Vol.8, No.1/2/3, August 2019
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Table 3. The Weight and Rank of Each Challenge.
𝐶𝑡 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶4 𝐶5 𝐶6 𝐶7
𝑊𝑡 0.0380 0.0126 0.0868 0.0424 0.0335 0.0670 0.0055
𝑊𝑡
𝑁
0.1330 0.0441 0.3037 0.1484 0.1172 0.2344 0.0192
Rank 4 6 1 3 5 2 7
From table 3, we reveal that 𝑊𝑡
𝑁
< 𝑊̅ , ∀𝑡 ∈ {1,2,5,7}.This implies that the challenges leading to
ineffective OBT in Tanzania to a less extent in descending order are Ineffective enforcement of
Tanzania merchant shipping Act 2003 (C1), Decline of fleet owned and operated by
SINOTASHIP (C5), Shortage of merchant vessels undertaking Coastal shipping (C2) and Scarcity
of qualified officers for effective OBT (C7). Thus, all stakeholders are called to find solutions to
overcome these challenges.
Likewise, 𝑊𝑡
𝑁
≥ 𝑊̅ ,∀𝑡 ∈ {3,4,6} Thus, the challenges leading to ineffective OBT in Tanzania to
a greater extent in ascending order are Lack of dedicated training ships (C4), Shortage of ocean
going vessels flying Tanzania flag (C6), and Shortage of maritime simulators to complement OBT
(C3).
In order to produce many qualified and competent seafarers who can work in various offshore
areas including oil and gas exploration and production platforms, the Tanzanian government
should finance the purchase of a variety of maritime simulators for her maritime Institute. The
proposed maritime simulators to be purchased for effective practical learning are Cargo handling
simulator, Dredging simulator, Radar Simulator, Automatic Identification System (AIS)
Simulator, Offshore Simulator, Dynamic Positioning Simulator, and Crane Operator Simulator.
The government would recoup its investment capital by money brought by seafarers from abroad
and spent in the country (Seafarers’ remittances). In addition, the government would receive
direct and indirect taxes from seafarers working in the domestic maritime sector.
Of all these major challenges, the shortage of ocean going vessels if overcome would
substantially reduce the negative impact of other major challenges. In order for Tanzania to have
many ocean going vessels flying her flag, the government should revisit its shipping investment
policies. The attraction of private investors in the shipping business has far reaching economic
benefits to the country including the creation of employment for seafarers, logistics service
providers, bankers, insurers, brokers etc.; increase of foreign currency as freight tariffs are
normally paid in United States Dollars; Cost saving resulting from the control of freight tariffs in
liner shipping, creating confidence for local exporters to sell their goods under CIF terms and
local importers to buy goods under FOB or Ex-Works terms and enhancing security in maritime
supply chains. The implementation of such strategy and promotion of industrialization in a
country in the long run would offset a balance of payments deficit.
The promotion of shipping investment in Tanzania calls the government to offer incentives
designed to encourage investment in the Tanzanian shipping industry and to encourage the
development of sustainable employment and skills opportunities for Tanzanian seafarers. Some of
the proposed incentives could be:
9. International Journal of Business Information Systems Strategies (IJBISS) Vol.8, No.1/2/3, August 2019
9
Tonnage Tax Scheme [29]. Tonnage tax is a method for determining taxable income in
which the taxable income is calculated as a lump sum depending on the size (net tonnage)
of the ship, independent of the actual earnings (Profit or Loss). Normally, the taxable
income as calculated by this method is considerably lower than the actual profit.
Shipping Exempt Income Tax Incentive [30]. The main goal of the Shipping exempt
income tax incentive is to attract existing vessels and newer vessels to be registered in
Tanzania. Under this incentive, certain income generated from shipping activities of
eligible vessels may be exempted from income tax.
Accelerated Depreciation and Roll-Over Relief [30]. Accelerated depreciation means
that the effective life of an eligible vessel is capped at say 10 years providing companies
with a greater deduction in the earlier income years. Introducing a statutory capped life of
shorter period of time provides an incentive for a younger fleet, which would have the
additional benefit of incorporating new enhancements in technology and a reduced
environmental impact.
Seafarer Tax Offset [30]. A Tanzania company may be eligible for a refundable tax
offset (a seafarer tax offset) for salary, wages and allowances (withholding payments)
paid to Tanzanian resident seafarers who are employed to undertake overseas voyages on
any eligible vessel. The seafarer tax offset is designed to stimulate opportunities for
Tanzanian seafarers to be employed on overseas voyages and to gain maritime skills.
Royalty Withholding Tax Exemption [30]. Payments made to non-residents by
Tanzanian resident companies for the lease of eligible vessels on a bareboat basis may be
exempted from royalty withholding tax. This aims to reduce the costs for Tanzanian
shipping companies of securing foreign vessels on a bareboat basis, which is expected to
increase the ability of Tanzanian operators to crew those vessels with Tanzanian workers.
We should note that the challenges facing OBT in Tanzania directly and/or indirectly affect the
competitiveness of the local maritime institutions, seafarers, and the contribution of the maritime
sector to the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Thus, all stakeholders are called to take the
necessary corrective action that would lead to optimal OBT in Tanzania.
5. CONCLUSIONS
The present study applies the Extended DEMATEL Model (EDM) to prioritize the challenges
facing OBT in Tanzania. The EDM is the DEMATEL Method with one more step of determining
the major and minor criteria. The application of the EDM enables us to determine the impact of
each challenge to the objective at hand. Lastly, the core challenges that are critical for effective
OBT in Tanzania are revealed and presented. The findings show in descending order that the
most prevalent challenges are Shortage of maritime simulators at local maritime institutes to
complement OBT, Shortage of ocean going vessels flying Tanzania flag and Lack of dedicated
training ships. These challenges if not well addressed can directly and/or indirectly affect the
competitiveness of the local maritime institutions, seafarers, the contribution of the maritime
sector to the national Gross Domestic Product, and the country’s balance of payments. Thus, the
government of Tanzania as a key stakeholder is called to take the necessary corrective actions
that would lead to optimal OBT in the country. Investment in ocean going vessels flying the
Tanzania flag can easily be achieved by attracting private investors in shipping business. The
future extension of this study could be the analysis of the Tanzania Investment Policy in the
Maritime Transport and Port Sector.
10. International Journal of Business Information Systems Strategies (IJBISS) Vol.8, No.1/2/3, August 2019
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AUTHORS
Erick P. Massami is currently a Senior Lecturer in Shipping and Logistics Studies at
Dar es Salaam Maritime Institute, Tanzania. He holds a PhD in Logistics Engineering
and Management from Dalian Maritime University, China. Dr. Erick P. Massami has
published numerous research papers in various internationally recognized journals
including International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management, Journal
of Transportation Technologies, Advances in Decision Sciences, International Journal
of Advanced Research in Artificial Intelligence, International Journal of Logistics
Systems and Management, International Journal of Business Performance and Supply
Chain Modelling, International Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, International Journal of
Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, and International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems. His
research interests include Shipping and Logistics Management, Supply Chain Modelling and Optimization,
Computational Intelligence, Transport Insurance, Economic Investment Planning, and Financial Investment
Planning.
Malima M. Manyasi has a Master Degree in Information Technology from Hochschule
Ostwestfalen-Lippe University of Applied Sciences, Germany. Currently he is working
as an Assistant Lecturer at Dar es Salaam Maritime Institute, Tanzania. His research
interests focus on Artificial Intelligence, System Modelling, Machine Learning,
Maritime Transport technology and Data Mining.