This document provides an overview of Chinese culture and health beliefs and practices. It discusses that China has over 1 billion people and the Chinese population worldwide is the largest. Chinese traditional medicine focuses on balance and views illness as an imbalance. The Chinese may use both traditional and Western medicines. The document also examines health issues like depression and alcoholism among Chinese populations and assesses the use of transcultural nursing theories to provide culturally competent care.
Chinese medicine has been practiced in China since the 3rd century and focuses on balancing Yin and Yang energies as well as the body and mind. Some key components of traditional Chinese medicine include acupuncture, moxibustion, herbal remedies, massage, qi gong, tai chi, and meditation. Acupuncture involves thin needles inserted at meridian points to stimulate the flow of qi, while moxibustion uses burnt moxa placed on points to strengthen blood and qi flow. Herbs are also vital for boosting qi and balancing Yin and Yang.
The document defines focus charting as a systematic method for organizing health information using nursing terminology to describe a patient's health status and care. It involves focusing on key concerns from the care plan like skin integrity or symptoms like nausea. A focus note includes subjective and objective data supporting the focus, nursing interventions, and the patient's response. An example focus note addresses a patient's pain by documenting their complaint, administering medication, repositioning the patient, and noting their improved pain level in response.
This document provides information on various aspects of Chinese culture, including:
- Key cultural elements like the dragon, Forbidden City, Great Wall, Shaolin Temple, and use of chopsticks.
- Important festivals in Chinese culture such as Spring Festival, Qingming Festival, Duanwu Festival, and Mid-Autumn Festival.
- Other topics covered include Chinese folklore, architecture, music, cuisine, leisure activities, numbers, and table manners in Chinese culture. The document explores the origins and meanings behind many of these cultural traditions.
This document contains sample focus charting from a nurse's notes. It includes 3 entries with the date, focus, and progress notes in the DAR (Data, Action, Response) format. The focuses included pain, hyperthermia, and fatigue. The summaries provided nursing assessments, interventions, and the patient's response for each focus area in 3 sentences or less.
The document discusses alternative herbal treatments for urinary stones and benign prostatic hyperplasia. It summarizes research on Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) and its diuretic and anti-mutagenic effects as well as clinical trials showing its 89% effectiveness against urinary stones. The document also discusses ProstActive, a concentrated extract of saw palmetto fruit, describing clinical results showing its effectiveness in treating early-stage benign prostatic hyperplasia with few adverse effects and no reported drug interactions.
The document discusses traditional healing practices in the Philippines. It describes different types of traditional healers such as hilot (massage therapists), albularyo (herbalists), and faith healers. It explains various diagnostic and treatment methods used by these healers such as prayers, rituals involving animals or plants, massage, and herbal remedies. The document also describes mythical creatures that are part of traditional Philippine folklore and beliefs, and how these beliefs can influence traditional healing practices.
Values clarification is a process for people to discover their personal values by assessing, exploring, and determining what values affect their decision making. The goal is for individuals to become fully conscious of how their values influence them. There are three basic steps: choosing options freely, determining what is useful or important, and taking action. Values clarification helps people identify their true values at a given point in life, though it can be a difficult personal task. For organizations, defining core values provides guidance for members and shapes the culture, serving as goals that endure beyond specific rules. Symbolic acts can reinforce organizational values over time.
This document provides information about hydrocephalus including its causes, symptoms, nursing assessments, diagnoses, goals of care, interventions, and discharge planning. Hydrocephalus is a condition where cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain ventricles, which can increase intracranial pressure and cause head enlargement, seizures, tunnel vision, and intellectual disability. The nursing assessments note increased head size, bulging fontanel, dilated veins, eye positioning, restlessness, and fever in the patient. The nursing diagnoses are related to altered thermoregulation and ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion. The goals are to maintain normal temperature and improve cerebral perfusion. Nursing interventions include monitoring, baths, positioning, medication administration,
Chinese medicine has been practiced in China since the 3rd century and focuses on balancing Yin and Yang energies as well as the body and mind. Some key components of traditional Chinese medicine include acupuncture, moxibustion, herbal remedies, massage, qi gong, tai chi, and meditation. Acupuncture involves thin needles inserted at meridian points to stimulate the flow of qi, while moxibustion uses burnt moxa placed on points to strengthen blood and qi flow. Herbs are also vital for boosting qi and balancing Yin and Yang.
The document defines focus charting as a systematic method for organizing health information using nursing terminology to describe a patient's health status and care. It involves focusing on key concerns from the care plan like skin integrity or symptoms like nausea. A focus note includes subjective and objective data supporting the focus, nursing interventions, and the patient's response. An example focus note addresses a patient's pain by documenting their complaint, administering medication, repositioning the patient, and noting their improved pain level in response.
This document provides information on various aspects of Chinese culture, including:
- Key cultural elements like the dragon, Forbidden City, Great Wall, Shaolin Temple, and use of chopsticks.
- Important festivals in Chinese culture such as Spring Festival, Qingming Festival, Duanwu Festival, and Mid-Autumn Festival.
- Other topics covered include Chinese folklore, architecture, music, cuisine, leisure activities, numbers, and table manners in Chinese culture. The document explores the origins and meanings behind many of these cultural traditions.
This document contains sample focus charting from a nurse's notes. It includes 3 entries with the date, focus, and progress notes in the DAR (Data, Action, Response) format. The focuses included pain, hyperthermia, and fatigue. The summaries provided nursing assessments, interventions, and the patient's response for each focus area in 3 sentences or less.
The document discusses alternative herbal treatments for urinary stones and benign prostatic hyperplasia. It summarizes research on Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) and its diuretic and anti-mutagenic effects as well as clinical trials showing its 89% effectiveness against urinary stones. The document also discusses ProstActive, a concentrated extract of saw palmetto fruit, describing clinical results showing its effectiveness in treating early-stage benign prostatic hyperplasia with few adverse effects and no reported drug interactions.
The document discusses traditional healing practices in the Philippines. It describes different types of traditional healers such as hilot (massage therapists), albularyo (herbalists), and faith healers. It explains various diagnostic and treatment methods used by these healers such as prayers, rituals involving animals or plants, massage, and herbal remedies. The document also describes mythical creatures that are part of traditional Philippine folklore and beliefs, and how these beliefs can influence traditional healing practices.
Values clarification is a process for people to discover their personal values by assessing, exploring, and determining what values affect their decision making. The goal is for individuals to become fully conscious of how their values influence them. There are three basic steps: choosing options freely, determining what is useful or important, and taking action. Values clarification helps people identify their true values at a given point in life, though it can be a difficult personal task. For organizations, defining core values provides guidance for members and shapes the culture, serving as goals that endure beyond specific rules. Symbolic acts can reinforce organizational values over time.
This document provides information about hydrocephalus including its causes, symptoms, nursing assessments, diagnoses, goals of care, interventions, and discharge planning. Hydrocephalus is a condition where cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain ventricles, which can increase intracranial pressure and cause head enlargement, seizures, tunnel vision, and intellectual disability. The nursing assessments note increased head size, bulging fontanel, dilated veins, eye positioning, restlessness, and fever in the patient. The nursing diagnoses are related to altered thermoregulation and ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion. The goals are to maintain normal temperature and improve cerebral perfusion. Nursing interventions include monitoring, baths, positioning, medication administration,
EUTHANASIA AND SUICIDE DYSTHANASIA ORTHOTHANASIA
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS TO THE DYING
ADVANCE DIRECTIVES END OF LIFE CARE PLAN OR DNR
NURSING ROLES AND RESPONSIBILTIES
ETHICAL DECISION MAKING PROCESS
Neo-Confucianism emerged in China during the Tang and Song Dynasties as a combination of Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist ideals. Most Chinese today follow Confucian principles publicly, embrace Daoist spirituality privately, and turn to Buddhism for guidance late in life and near death. Buddhism teaches that life involves suffering caused by desire, and the path to end suffering is to overcome desire through following the Eightfold Path of moderate living, correct thought and action, prayer, and meditation - which can lead one to better reincarnation or ultimate nirvana by escaping the cycle of reincarnation.
China has the world's largest population at over 1.3 billion people, representing 20% of the global population. It has a long history spanning dynastic periods and underwent major events like the Opium Wars and Cultural Revolution. While officially atheist, the major religions practiced are Daoism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam. Mandarin is the dominant language while the terrain is mostly mountainous. Traditional Chinese food and the Lunar New Year are an important part of the culture.
A religion is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and world views that relate humanity to an order of existence. Many religions have narratives, symbols, and sacred histories that are intended to explain the meaning of life and/or to explain the origin of life or the Universe.
The document discusses supernatural beliefs and traditional healing practices in Malaysia, including bomoh (traditional healers), toyol (child spirits), and trance/possession states. It examines cultural perspectives on mental illness and appropriate intervention approaches when working with individuals from different cultural backgrounds. Key points made include that most Malaysians acknowledge the powers of traditional healers; frameworks for culturally sensitive intervention emphasize being non-judgmental and learning about a culture's explanatory models; and diagnosing trance/possession states as a disorder may not be appropriate without understanding the cultural context.
The document discusses the key concepts of community health nursing including defining a community, health, and nursing; it describes the focus, clients, scope, and skills of community health nursing; and it explains the nursing process used in community health nursing from assessment of communities, families, and individuals to planning, implementation, and evaluation of care.
The document defines focus charting as a systematic method for organizing health information using nursing terminology to describe a patient's health status and care. It involves focusing on key concerns from the care plan like skin integrity or activity tolerance. A focus note includes subjective and objective data supporting the focus, nursing interventions, and the patient's response. An example focus note addresses a patient's pain by documenting their complaint, administering medication, repositioning the patient, and noting their improved pain level in response.
This nursing care plan addresses grief in response to a loss. The plan assesses cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and physical responses to grief. Expected outcomes include the client adequately perceiving and coping with the loss by expressing feelings, maintaining self-care, establishing social support, understanding the grief process, and developing future plans integrating the loss. Nursing interventions establish rapport, discuss the loss supportively, encourage expression of feelings, and provide verbal support for coping with grief.
computers and nursing and computer systemloveobi25
This document provides an overview of nursing informatics including its definition, frameworks, historical perspectives, and key concepts. Nursing informatics involves using computer technology to support nursing practice, education, administration, and research. It also involves developing and evaluating applications and tools to help nurses manage patient data and support nursing practice. The document discusses computers and their role in healthcare, including electronic health records and mobile devices used by nurses. It also covers computer hardware, software, databases, networks, and other informatics concepts relevant to nursing.
This document provides a catalogue of 17 units that summarize key aspects of Chinese culture. The units cover topics such as Chinese geography, history, ethnic groups, festivals, language, zodiac signs, religions, Confucianism, kung fu, tea culture, food, calligraphy, paintings, music, traditional medicine, opera, and names. Each unit provides subsections that delve deeper into the cultural topic at hand.
The document provides a course syllabus for Competency Appraisal II at Eastern Samar State University College of Nursing. The course aims to apply the nursing process and core competencies in caring for individuals, families, and communities. Over 90 hours, students will learn through lectures, discussions, and nursing simulations. Simulations will integrate nursing process, levels of care, and prevention for individuals with cellular abnormalities, behavioral issues, emergencies, and more. Students will also develop competencies in leadership, resource management, documentation, collaboration, quality improvement, ethics, and research through various clinical setting scenarios. Upon completion, students will be able to provide holistic nursing care and demonstrate competencies across all areas of responsibility.
1) China has a long history dating back over 6,000 years and was first unified by Qin Shi Huang in 221 BC, establishing imperial rule that lasted until 1912.
2) China is the world's most populous country with over 1.3 billion people as of 2014 and has major cultural exports like tea, silk, and gunpowder.
3) Major Chinese inventions include paper, printing, the compass, and gunpowder, while traditions include martial arts, cricket fighting, and lantern festivals.
Health care delivery system in the philippinessharina11
The document discusses the Philippine health care system, factors affecting it, and the application of nursing informatics. It defines key terms like health care delivery and describes models of health systems. The Philippine system is complex with public, private, and social security components. Health facilities are divided into primary, secondary and tertiary levels. Nursing informatics uses technology to support clinical practice, administration, education and research. It gives examples like electronic medical records, scheduling, and distance learning.
The document provides information about China and its culture. It discusses China's population, geography, and official atheism. It then summarizes some of China's most famous attractions, including the Great Wall of China, Forbidden City, and Terracotta Warriors. It also briefly describes some Chinese festivals like Chinese New Year and Chinese cuisine, including the use of chopsticks and preference for pork.
China ,chinese language & chinese culturelearnerashish
The document provides information about China, the Chinese language, and Chinese culture. It notes that China has a population of over 1 billion people and borders many countries in Eastern Asia. It also discusses the main ethnic group, the Han Chinese, as well as China's ethnic and religious diversity. Additionally, it summarizes some key aspects of Chinese culture like cuisine, literature, architecture, music, and the Chinese language itself including its writing system and dialects like Mandarin.
Mr. Don Sardoff, a 51-year-old unemployed salesman, was brought to the emergency room by his wife feeling weak and disoriented. He has Addison's disease and had not been able to afford his cortisone medication this month. Upon assessment, he was found to be dehydrated with low blood pressure and electrolyte imbalances. He was started on IV fluids and hydrocortisone and admitted. His diagnosis was adrenal insufficiency likely due to lack of cortisone medication. Nursing care focused on fluid resuscitation, monitoring, education, and referral for assistance with medication costs.
This document provides an overview of nursing codes of ethics, including their purpose and history. It discusses the International Council of Nurses, which was established in 1899 and has been a pioneer in developing nursing ethics codes. The first nursing ethics book was written in 1900. Nursing codes outline ethical standards and guidelines for nurses, inform the public of nursing standards, and provide direction for self-regulation. The document reviews the Code of Ethics for Filipino Nurses and the American Nurses Association Code of Ethics, noting updates made in 2001.
Confucianism was founded in China around 500 BCE by Confucius, who was concerned by the fracturing of Chinese society. He believed social order and mutual respect could cure this. Confucianism teaches an all-encompassing humanism that values family, peace, justice, and devotion to others. It had a profound influence on China by shaping education, government, and social attitudes and etiquette for over 2000 years. Confucius is still considered the most influential philosopher in Chinese history.
1) Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism were the three major philosophies that developed in ancient China. Confucianism, founded by Confucius, emphasized ethics, morality, and social harmony through virtuous behavior and hierarchical relationships. Legalism supported a strong authoritarian government with harsh laws and punishments to maintain order. Daoism, based on Laozi's teachings, sought harmony with nature and opposed rules that interfered with natural behavior.
The document discusses cultural concerns in nursing. It provides information on:
- The importance of being aware of and respecting a patient's cultural beliefs and practices in order to provide holistic care and gain their trust.
- Key cultural concepts like culture, cultural diversity, cultural sensitivity, and how stereotyping and bias can impact care.
- Various cultural influences on healthcare like physiologic characteristics, reactions to pain, gender roles, language and communication styles.
- An assessment tool called the Andrews/Boyle Transcultural Nursing Assessment Guide that can help nurses perform cultural assessments and provide culturally competent care.
Nur 401 PPT Draft Hispanic Cultural AssessmentRachel Scarlett
Hispanic populations are growing rapidly in the US. They experience disparities in access to healthcare due to lack of insurance, limited English proficiency, and lack of culturally competent care. Family and community relationships are highly valued. Religious and spiritual beliefs also influence health practices. Traditional home remedies and folk healers are commonly used in addition to Western medicine. More culturally tailored healthcare services and education materials are needed to reduce barriers and improve outcomes for Hispanic communities.
EUTHANASIA AND SUICIDE DYSTHANASIA ORTHOTHANASIA
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS TO THE DYING
ADVANCE DIRECTIVES END OF LIFE CARE PLAN OR DNR
NURSING ROLES AND RESPONSIBILTIES
ETHICAL DECISION MAKING PROCESS
Neo-Confucianism emerged in China during the Tang and Song Dynasties as a combination of Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist ideals. Most Chinese today follow Confucian principles publicly, embrace Daoist spirituality privately, and turn to Buddhism for guidance late in life and near death. Buddhism teaches that life involves suffering caused by desire, and the path to end suffering is to overcome desire through following the Eightfold Path of moderate living, correct thought and action, prayer, and meditation - which can lead one to better reincarnation or ultimate nirvana by escaping the cycle of reincarnation.
China has the world's largest population at over 1.3 billion people, representing 20% of the global population. It has a long history spanning dynastic periods and underwent major events like the Opium Wars and Cultural Revolution. While officially atheist, the major religions practiced are Daoism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam. Mandarin is the dominant language while the terrain is mostly mountainous. Traditional Chinese food and the Lunar New Year are an important part of the culture.
A religion is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and world views that relate humanity to an order of existence. Many religions have narratives, symbols, and sacred histories that are intended to explain the meaning of life and/or to explain the origin of life or the Universe.
The document discusses supernatural beliefs and traditional healing practices in Malaysia, including bomoh (traditional healers), toyol (child spirits), and trance/possession states. It examines cultural perspectives on mental illness and appropriate intervention approaches when working with individuals from different cultural backgrounds. Key points made include that most Malaysians acknowledge the powers of traditional healers; frameworks for culturally sensitive intervention emphasize being non-judgmental and learning about a culture's explanatory models; and diagnosing trance/possession states as a disorder may not be appropriate without understanding the cultural context.
The document discusses the key concepts of community health nursing including defining a community, health, and nursing; it describes the focus, clients, scope, and skills of community health nursing; and it explains the nursing process used in community health nursing from assessment of communities, families, and individuals to planning, implementation, and evaluation of care.
The document defines focus charting as a systematic method for organizing health information using nursing terminology to describe a patient's health status and care. It involves focusing on key concerns from the care plan like skin integrity or activity tolerance. A focus note includes subjective and objective data supporting the focus, nursing interventions, and the patient's response. An example focus note addresses a patient's pain by documenting their complaint, administering medication, repositioning the patient, and noting their improved pain level in response.
This nursing care plan addresses grief in response to a loss. The plan assesses cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and physical responses to grief. Expected outcomes include the client adequately perceiving and coping with the loss by expressing feelings, maintaining self-care, establishing social support, understanding the grief process, and developing future plans integrating the loss. Nursing interventions establish rapport, discuss the loss supportively, encourage expression of feelings, and provide verbal support for coping with grief.
computers and nursing and computer systemloveobi25
This document provides an overview of nursing informatics including its definition, frameworks, historical perspectives, and key concepts. Nursing informatics involves using computer technology to support nursing practice, education, administration, and research. It also involves developing and evaluating applications and tools to help nurses manage patient data and support nursing practice. The document discusses computers and their role in healthcare, including electronic health records and mobile devices used by nurses. It also covers computer hardware, software, databases, networks, and other informatics concepts relevant to nursing.
This document provides a catalogue of 17 units that summarize key aspects of Chinese culture. The units cover topics such as Chinese geography, history, ethnic groups, festivals, language, zodiac signs, religions, Confucianism, kung fu, tea culture, food, calligraphy, paintings, music, traditional medicine, opera, and names. Each unit provides subsections that delve deeper into the cultural topic at hand.
The document provides a course syllabus for Competency Appraisal II at Eastern Samar State University College of Nursing. The course aims to apply the nursing process and core competencies in caring for individuals, families, and communities. Over 90 hours, students will learn through lectures, discussions, and nursing simulations. Simulations will integrate nursing process, levels of care, and prevention for individuals with cellular abnormalities, behavioral issues, emergencies, and more. Students will also develop competencies in leadership, resource management, documentation, collaboration, quality improvement, ethics, and research through various clinical setting scenarios. Upon completion, students will be able to provide holistic nursing care and demonstrate competencies across all areas of responsibility.
1) China has a long history dating back over 6,000 years and was first unified by Qin Shi Huang in 221 BC, establishing imperial rule that lasted until 1912.
2) China is the world's most populous country with over 1.3 billion people as of 2014 and has major cultural exports like tea, silk, and gunpowder.
3) Major Chinese inventions include paper, printing, the compass, and gunpowder, while traditions include martial arts, cricket fighting, and lantern festivals.
Health care delivery system in the philippinessharina11
The document discusses the Philippine health care system, factors affecting it, and the application of nursing informatics. It defines key terms like health care delivery and describes models of health systems. The Philippine system is complex with public, private, and social security components. Health facilities are divided into primary, secondary and tertiary levels. Nursing informatics uses technology to support clinical practice, administration, education and research. It gives examples like electronic medical records, scheduling, and distance learning.
The document provides information about China and its culture. It discusses China's population, geography, and official atheism. It then summarizes some of China's most famous attractions, including the Great Wall of China, Forbidden City, and Terracotta Warriors. It also briefly describes some Chinese festivals like Chinese New Year and Chinese cuisine, including the use of chopsticks and preference for pork.
China ,chinese language & chinese culturelearnerashish
The document provides information about China, the Chinese language, and Chinese culture. It notes that China has a population of over 1 billion people and borders many countries in Eastern Asia. It also discusses the main ethnic group, the Han Chinese, as well as China's ethnic and religious diversity. Additionally, it summarizes some key aspects of Chinese culture like cuisine, literature, architecture, music, and the Chinese language itself including its writing system and dialects like Mandarin.
Mr. Don Sardoff, a 51-year-old unemployed salesman, was brought to the emergency room by his wife feeling weak and disoriented. He has Addison's disease and had not been able to afford his cortisone medication this month. Upon assessment, he was found to be dehydrated with low blood pressure and electrolyte imbalances. He was started on IV fluids and hydrocortisone and admitted. His diagnosis was adrenal insufficiency likely due to lack of cortisone medication. Nursing care focused on fluid resuscitation, monitoring, education, and referral for assistance with medication costs.
This document provides an overview of nursing codes of ethics, including their purpose and history. It discusses the International Council of Nurses, which was established in 1899 and has been a pioneer in developing nursing ethics codes. The first nursing ethics book was written in 1900. Nursing codes outline ethical standards and guidelines for nurses, inform the public of nursing standards, and provide direction for self-regulation. The document reviews the Code of Ethics for Filipino Nurses and the American Nurses Association Code of Ethics, noting updates made in 2001.
Confucianism was founded in China around 500 BCE by Confucius, who was concerned by the fracturing of Chinese society. He believed social order and mutual respect could cure this. Confucianism teaches an all-encompassing humanism that values family, peace, justice, and devotion to others. It had a profound influence on China by shaping education, government, and social attitudes and etiquette for over 2000 years. Confucius is still considered the most influential philosopher in Chinese history.
1) Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism were the three major philosophies that developed in ancient China. Confucianism, founded by Confucius, emphasized ethics, morality, and social harmony through virtuous behavior and hierarchical relationships. Legalism supported a strong authoritarian government with harsh laws and punishments to maintain order. Daoism, based on Laozi's teachings, sought harmony with nature and opposed rules that interfered with natural behavior.
The document discusses cultural concerns in nursing. It provides information on:
- The importance of being aware of and respecting a patient's cultural beliefs and practices in order to provide holistic care and gain their trust.
- Key cultural concepts like culture, cultural diversity, cultural sensitivity, and how stereotyping and bias can impact care.
- Various cultural influences on healthcare like physiologic characteristics, reactions to pain, gender roles, language and communication styles.
- An assessment tool called the Andrews/Boyle Transcultural Nursing Assessment Guide that can help nurses perform cultural assessments and provide culturally competent care.
Nur 401 PPT Draft Hispanic Cultural AssessmentRachel Scarlett
Hispanic populations are growing rapidly in the US. They experience disparities in access to healthcare due to lack of insurance, limited English proficiency, and lack of culturally competent care. Family and community relationships are highly valued. Religious and spiritual beliefs also influence health practices. Traditional home remedies and folk healers are commonly used in addition to Western medicine. More culturally tailored healthcare services and education materials are needed to reduce barriers and improve outcomes for Hispanic communities.
Madeleine Leininger was a pioneer in the field of transcultural nursing. She developed the Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory in the 1950s-1960s to guide nursing care that is culturally congruent. The theory focuses on understanding care from an emic (insider) perspective to reduce conflicts between professional care and cultural values. Leininger established the first transcultural nursing program and organizations like the Transcultural Nursing Society to advance research and education in this area. She developed methods like the Sunrise Enabler model to systematically assess culture and its influence on health, illness, and caring practices.
This document discusses transcultural nursing. It defines transcultural nursing as focusing on comparing and analyzing cultures with respect to nursing practices, beliefs, and values in order to provide culturally sensitive care. The document outlines outcomes of transcultural nursing including demonstrating understanding and respect for different cultures. It also discusses skills nurses need, such as cultural competence, and transcultural variations that should be considered like communication styles, concepts of space and time, biological factors, environmental control, and social institutions.
Madeleine Leininger developed the theory of transcultural nursing and is considered the founder of transcultural nursing. Her theory emphasizes understanding similarities and differences in cultures to provide culturally congruent care. She developed the Sunrise Model to depict the various influences on an individual's worldview and health practices. Leininger's theory has been influential in nursing education, research, and practice by promoting cultural awareness and competence.
Transcultural Nursing is a nursing specialty focused on understanding and providing culturally congruent care to diverse populations. It involves comparing cultures to understand universal similarities as well as culture-specific differences in areas like health beliefs, caring practices, and responses to illness. A key founder, Madeleine Leininger, developed theories recognizing how culture influences health and developed models for providing culturally appropriate care. This includes assessing six cultural dimensions - communication, space, social organization, time, environmental control, and biological variations - that affect healthcare interactions across groups.
The document provides a biography and overview of Madeleine Leininger's Theory of Transcultural Nursing. Some key points:
- Leininger observed differences in patient behaviors from diverse cultures and questioned how culture impacts care. This led her to establish the theory of culture care.
- The theory is based on the assumptions that care is essential to health and culture influences all aspects of life, including views of health and illness.
- Leininger developed the Sunrise Model and three care modalities to guide culturally congruent nursing care: preservation, accommodation, and repatterning.
- The goal of the theory is for nurses to incorporate a patient's cultural beliefs, values and preferences
100 word positive post with three references due at am.docxwrite12
This document provides a case study of an 86-year-old Asian male who is physically and financially dependent on his daughter. It discusses the importance of cultural competency when providing care to patients. Specifically, it notes that the Asian culture places importance on respect for elders and families caring for aging parents. It recommends asking the patient sensitive questions to fully assess his health, needs, and any risks, while being respectful of his cultural background and financial limitations. This will help ensure his needs are met and encourage trust in their relationship.
This document discusses a health assessment of a 23-year-old Native American male who reports experiencing anxiety, smoking marijuana, and drinking alcohol. It notes his family history of diabetes, hypertension, and alcoholism. The document summarizes several research articles discussing health issues that disproportionately impact Native American communities, such as high rates of tobacco and alcohol use, heart disease, and diabetes. It also provides guidance on conducting a sensitive health assessment, including monitoring the patient's behavior, asking open-ended questions, and considering factors like age, eye contact, and use of an interpreter if needed.
This document discusses a health assessment of a 23-year-old Native American male who reports experiencing anxiety, smoking marijuana, and drinking alcohol. It notes his family history of diabetes, hypertension, and alcoholism. The document summarizes several research articles discussing health issues that disproportionately impact Native American communities, such as high rates of tobacco and alcohol use, heart disease, and diabetes. It also provides guidance on conducting a sensitive health assessment, including monitoring the patient's behavior, asking open-ended questions, and considering factors like age, eye contact, and use of an interpreter if needed.
MainpostCase studyJC, an at-risk 86-year-old Asian male.docxwkyra78
Mainpost
Case study:
JC, an at-risk 86-year-old Asian male is physically and financially dependent on his daughter, a single mother who has little time or money for her father's health needs. He has a hx of hypertension (HTN), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), b12 deficiency, and chronic prostatitis. He currently takes Lisinopril 10mg QD, Prilosec 20mg QD, B12 injections monthly, and Cipro 100mg QD. He comes to you for an annual exam and states “I came for my annual physical exam, but do not want to be a burden to my daughter."
Discussion: Diversity and Health Assessments
Introduction
Health care providers should exhibit knowledge of population diversity and treat all patients with respect regardless of their culture and belief system. This is essential in understanding patient’s lifestyle, and behavior which may affect their health care. Accepting patient’s culture in a nonjudgmental manner creates a unique relationship between the patient and the healthcare provider. Therefore, APRN’s should be cognizant of patient’s culture, beliefs, lifestyle, and socioeconomic status as it relates to healthcare. A culturally competent healthcare provider accustoms his/herself to the exclusive needs of patients with cultures that are different from his or her own. Being accustomed to the belief’s and values of a patient lays the foundation for a trusting patient-provider relationship (Ball et al., 2019).
Socioeconomic, Spiritual, Lifestyle, and Cultural Factors Associated with the Patient
The case study presents an 86-year-old Asian male that is physically and financially dependent on his daughter who is a single mother with little money to care for the patient’s healthcare needs. Understanding the Asian culture is relevant to providing care to this elderly patient. I will verify patient’s preferred language, ask about patient’s preference with a healthcare provider regarding race or ethnicity, gender, and age. Ensuring respect for this patient despite his financial and physical dependency will encourage a trusting relationship between the patient and the health care provider. Asian culture is known to teach respect for parents and family is a priority over self. Additionally, in Asian culture adult children are required to make financial, physical, and social sacrifices for their parents that are aging (Miyawaki, 2015). As a healthcare provider, I will welcome this patient, show respect by avoiding eye contact as some Asian countries consider making eye contact as rude. Maintaining eye contact is not done with individuals of East Asian cultural backgrounds. Also, the Japanese culture, teaches against maintaining eye contact with others as it is believed to disrespectful (Uono & Hietanen, 2015).
I will make the patient understand that I am familiar with culture of adult children caring for their aged parents. I will explain to the patient that he should not consider himself a burden to his daughter as .
People of Japanese and Jewish HeritageYoda Lll.docxdanhaley45372
This document discusses cultural considerations for patients of Japanese and Jewish heritage. It provides information on traditional customs and beliefs regarding health, illness, death and funeral practices for both cultures. For Japanese patients, the concepts of "hazukashii" (shame) and "shikata ga nai" (it cannot be helped) influence views on health and illness. Religious influences include Shintoism's emphasis on cleanliness and Buddhism's view of aging and illness as natural processes. Specific death customs are described. For Jewish patients, the document notes that Judaism involves both religious and ethnic identities. Holidays and Sabbath practices that could impact medical treatment are highlighted. Traditional beliefs about an afterlife and treating the
(1) citation reference 150 words CultureHmong CultureC.docxmadlynplamondon
(1) citation reference 150 words
Culture
Hmong Culture
Considerations
In beginning the interview, a consideration to remember is that eye contact is considered rude to Hmong People and that tone of voice and body language are very important; taking too loudly, placing too much emphasis on words, or talking excessively with hands and arm movements can result in noncompliance (Carteret, 2012). As this patient is young and assumed to be mainstream with Western culture, she will likely be understanding and forgiving of eye contact, tone, and body language but interactions with older family members will require care.
Gender of the nurse might play a role in some assessments, it is important to ask if a male nurse has permission to touch the abdomen or auscultate the lungs, heart, or abdomen. Questions pertaining to sex should be private and held with a nurse who is the same gender as the patient, it is of note that questions or examinations regarding sexual health can be misinterpreted as judgment of promiscuity, resulting in refusal, so sex must be addressed with much explanation and rationale without judgment (Carteret, 2012). As infection can be related to sex or sexual contact, this should be addressed with this patient.
The patient’s language preference for the interview is also important. The patient is a young adult and in college, however, her preference might be Hmong, or the language typically spoken at home. Another consideration is, does the patient want anyone else present for her interview/assessment? Hmong People have a family structure that is patriarchal, meaning, the father generally very involved in decision making and can, ultimately have the final say on a topic or treatment; the mother is caregiver and may wish to be present to help take care of the patient. Hmong Elders also play a large role in decision making, with a Grandfather that might want to talk directly with the doctor and make decisions over the wishes of the patient or patient’s father (Carteret, 2012).
Hmong Culture has roots in animism, which is the belief that objects, places, animals, people, etc. all have spirits and bodies that maintain a natural balance (Duffy, J., Harmon, R., Ranard, D.A., Thao, B., & Yang, K. (2004). The fever in this patient could be related to an imbalance in her spirit, an inhabitation by another sprit that is making her ill, disapproval of recent behavior by dead ancestors, or a curse (Carteret, 2012). The family might elect to have a religious healer, or Shaman visit to perform holistic medicine on the patient, some of this medicine might cause burns or pinch marks with coining or skin pinching being common practices for illness (Khuu, Yee, & Zhou, 2017). An understanding of Western medicine might not be present, the patient or family may ask for dosages of antibiotics for infection or acetaminophen of fever to be increase or decrease based on how they feel; it is important to explain that medications are dosed on scientifi.
This document discusses the importance of cultural competence in psychiatric care for children on the Texas-Mexico border. It describes two cases of young Hispanic females who experienced hallucinations and were treated by both local curanderos (faith healers) and psychiatrists. The treatment team took time to understand the families' cultural beliefs and integrate them into the treatment plans. It emphasizes that cultural competence is essential for physicians due to increasing diversity and the role of culture in shaping illness perceptions and treatments.
Cultural competence in healthcare requires understanding patients' cultural backgrounds. The document discusses challenges in building knowledge about cultural differences that influence medical practices. It provides examples of cultural variations, such as traditions surrounding childbirth in China and causes of sudden death in Asia. Developing cultural competence involves understanding both surface traits of cultures and deeper skills of cultural sensitivity. However, defining and assessing cultural competence remains difficult due to variations within cultures and incomplete sharing of medical knowledge between doctors and patients. Improving intercultural communication is important to avoid medical misunderstandings.
Here are the key details about where Adyghe people are living:
- Adyghe people, also known as Circassians, are an ethnic group indigenous to the North Caucasus region in Russia.
- Historically, Adyghe people inhabited parts of the North Caucasus region bordering the Black Sea in Russia and parts of Georgia. This included areas within modern-day Circassia and Krasnodar Krai.
- In the 19th century, after years of conflict with the Russian Empire, over 90% of the Adyghe population was displaced and became refugees. Many fled to the Ottoman Empire and settled in areas of modern-day Turkey, Jordan, and Syria.
- Today, the majority
In this Discussion, you will consider different socioeconomic, slatriced9tl
In this Discussion, you will consider different socioeconomic, spiritual, lifestyle, and other cultural factors that should be taken into considerations when building a health history for patients with diverse backgrounds.
Case 1
JC, an at-risk 86-year-old Asian male is physically and financially dependent on his daughter, a single mother who has little time or money for her father's health needs. He has a hx of hypertension (HTN), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), b12 deficiency, and chronic prostatitis. He currently takes Lisinopril 10mg QD, Prilosec 20mg QD, B12 injections monthly, and Cipro 100mg QD. He comes to you for an annual exam and states “I came for my annual physical exam, but do not want to be a burden to my daughter."
Case 2
TJ, a 32-year-old pregnant lesbian, is being seen for an annual physical exam and has been having vaginal discharge. Her pregnancy has been without complication thus far. She has been receiving prenatal care from an obstetrician. She received sperm from a local sperm bank. She is currently taking prenatal vitamins and takes Tylenol over the counter for aches and pains on occasion. She a strong family history of diabetes. Gravida 1; Para 0; Abortions 0.
Case 3
MR, a 23-year-old Native American male comes in to see you because he has been having anxiety and wants something to help him. He has been smoking "pot" and says he drinks to help him too. He tells you he is afraid that he will not get into Heaven if he continues in this lifestyle. He is not taking any prescriptions medications and denies drug use. He has a positive family history of diabetes, hypertension, and alcoholism.
To prepare:
· Reflect on your experiences as a nurse and on the information provided in this week’s Learning Resources on diversity issues in health assessments.
· Select
one
of the three case studies. Reflect on the provided patient information.
· Reflect on the specific socioeconomic, spiritual, lifestyle, and other cultural factors related to the health of the patient you selected.
· Consider how you would build a health history for the patient. What questions would you ask, and how would you frame them to be sensitive to the patient’s background, lifestyle, and culture? Develop five targeted questions you would ask the patient to build his or her health history and to assess his or her health risks.
· Think about the challenges associated with communicating with patients from a variety of specific populations. What strategies can you as a nurse employ to be sensitive to different cultural factors while gathering the pertinent information?
Post
Post
an explanation of the specific socioeconomic, spiritual, lifestyle, and other cultural factors associated with the patient you selected. Explain the issues that you would need to be sensitive to when interacting with the patient, and why. Provide at least five targeted questions you would ask the patient to build his or her health history and to assess his or h ...
The document discusses understanding families in the context of health care. It outlines characteristics of Filipino families, types of families, and Filipino cultural values related to family. It emphasizes the importance of understanding a patient's family dynamics to provide holistic care and discusses various family assessment models and interview techniques that take a family-oriented approach.
The document discusses understanding families in the context of health care. It outlines characteristics of Filipino families, types of families, and Filipino cultural values related to family. It emphasizes the importance of understanding a patient's family dynamics to provide holistic care and discusses various family assessment models and interview techniques that take a family-oriented approach.
Understanding cultural differences is a very important aspect of d.docxjolleybendicty
Understanding cultural differences is a very important aspect of delivering health care to various populations who have immigrated to the United States from various parts of the world. Collaborating with others to explore these differences allows you to gather varying viewpoints on these differences and how they might impact health care delivery.
Part I: Individual work
Select 1 chapter in The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down that discusses Hmong history (Ch. 8 to 14) to read individually.
Write a 350-word summary of the chapter that includes the following:
·
Identify the historical events or cultural practices in your selected chapter.
·
Examine and describe how these differences create disparities between U.S. health care and the Hmong in California.
Share your summary with your team.
Part IA: Teamwork
Discuss as a team the key historical events or cultural practices you each found in your reading and summary.
As a team,
identify commonalities of Hmong history and cultural practices that recur throughout the chapters.
Create a list of 3 to 5 key cultural practices or factors that could impact health care program delivery to the Hmong community. Include a 2- to 3-sentence description to support your choices
.(All you need to do is come up with 1 key cultural with a 2-3 sentence description for this part)
Part B: Individual Reflection:
Write a 350-word summary explaining how the 3- to 5-key factors your team identified apply to the chapter you read. Describe how these factors impact the differences in disparities between U.S. health care and the Hmong in California.
Cite 3 reputable references to support your assignment (e.g., trade or industry publications, government or agency websites, scholarly works, or other sources of similar quality).
PART2::: DISCUSSION QUESTION
Visit the
Child Welfare Information Gateway.
· What are the primary responsibilities of the health care industry in preventing child abuse and neglect, responding to child abuse and neglect, and supporting and preserving families?
· What circumstances should be present (or what considerations should be made) before removing a child from the guardianship of the parent?
Include sources/references to support your perspective.
Classmate1:
Summary There were many historical events and cultural practices in the Hmong culture. First of all it was so hard to appropriately treat Lia's epilepsy due to unfortunate circumstances. The family had their cultural beliefs and secondly there was a language barrier that stood in the way, that did not allow them to fully understand the diagnosis, and the severity if not treated. They believed that the seizures she was having made her special. They believed in traditional healing per their cultural beliefs, and this was was to call back her soul. They believed that tradi.
This classmate recommends using Bowen's family systems theory and Leininger's transcultural theory to assess a 33-year-old Hispanic woman admitted to the hospital. Bowen's theory views the family as an emotional unit where each member impacts the others. Leininger's theory emphasizes providing culturally sensitive care. The classmate suggests obtaining an interpreter to communicate effectively with the patient. They also recommend asking open-ended questions, making notes, and clarifying the purpose of questions in a neutral, attentive manner while considering the patient's culture and perspective.
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The document discusses several key aspects of Japanese culture including:
1. Traditional values like memorialism, respect, fear of impurity, and safety/security shape Japanese culture. The major language is Japanese using kanji characters. Common habits include long commutes, overtime work, and not using air conditioning.
2. There is a belief in alternative therapies and anxiety around ages thought to bring illness. A collective thinking views individual success as benefiting the whole. Death rituals focus on memorializing ancestors which is important in Shintoism and Buddhism.
3. Patient autonomy is respected in healthcare decisions but collective thinking can decrease individuality, so nurses encourage open communication. Nutritious diets emphasize variety and balance with
This document discusses social and cultural determinants of health and provides examples of how culture impacts health behaviors and healthcare. It defines culture and lists its key elements. It distinguishes between collectivistic and individualistic cultures and how they differ in communication styles and decision making. The document outlines factors healthcare providers should consider regarding patients' views of health, illness, treatment, and interactions with providers to provide culturally competent care.
This document summarizes Abhi Dalal's presentation on South Asian American mental health. Some key points include:
- Cultural factors like collectivism and family dynamics can create barriers for South Asian Americans seeking mental health care.
- Mindfulness, gratitude, and compassion were presented as strategies for managing emotions and navigating cultural differences.
- Experiences like dating risks, controlling relationships, and balancing family responsibilities with individual needs were discussed in the context of mental health. The presentation aimed to start a dialogue around making mental health care more culturally relevant for South Asian Americans.
The document discusses strategies for improving diabetes management programs to better serve racially and ethnically diverse patient populations. It emphasizes the importance of cultural competence and addressing health beliefs, alternative treatments, language barriers, and family roles that are specific to different ethnic groups. Effective programs elicit patients' cultural health beliefs, educate practitioners, provide language assistance, and address social factors like racism that can influence health outcomes.
The document provides an overview of Chinese culture and ethnicity. It discusses that the Han Chinese is the largest ethnic group in China, though there are other subsets that speak different dialects. It also summarizes communication styles, religious and spiritual practices, family structures, nutrition, health beliefs, and other cultural aspects of Chinese communities. Understanding these cultural factors is important for effectively interacting with and providing care for Chinese patients and families.
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Culture Assessment: Chinese
1. C h in e s e C u lt u r e
As s e s s me nt
Dorothy Alford, Jen Banfield,
Kitti Johnson, Jo-Anne
McInnes,
Denette Moon
University of Phoenix
Dominic Koh
July 14, 2008
2. T h e C h in e s e
C u lt u r e G r o u p
One billion people live in China
today
2010 35% of population will be
non-white
Speak a variety of different languages
and dialects.
There are seven major language
groups, each with many dialects.
3. T h e C h in e s e C u lt u r e
G roup
Holism is a valued
concept in the
Chinese culture
Acupuncture
Lasers and/or
electricity
Moxibustion
Applying heat to the
acupuncture site
Herbology
Use of plant and food
4. T h e C h in e s e C u lt u r a l
G roup
Cupping
Decrease stress
and congestion
Méditation
Maintain a total
sense of mind,
body, and spirit
(Bonadonna,
2003).
5. C h in e s e B e lie f s o f
H e a lt h a n d Illn e s s
H e a lt h is g u id e d b y t h r e e
p h ilo s o p h ic a l v ie w s
C o n f u c ia n is m
social interaction
loyalty to family
respect for parents
unselfishness
T a o is m
harmony with nature
Chi defined by “Ying” and “Yang”
B u d d h is m
love, faith, compassion for the living
“Inn” and “Ko”, cause and effect system
T o r e m a in in g o o d h e a lt h , o n e m u s t
r e m a in in h a r m o n y w it h t h e
e n v ir o n m e n t
6. C h in e s e B e lie f s o f
Illn e s s
Illness
Viewed as an imbalance of opposing forces
Yin and Yang
Negative and positive forces
May bring shame to the family
“Saving Face” may delay seeking
treatment
7. C h in e s e S p e c if ic H e a lt h
a n d Illn e s s n e e d s
DepressionTB
Alcoholism Cancers
Dementia Smoking
Hepatitis B
8. Ma na g e me nt of
C h in e s e H e a lt h a n d
Illn e s s
A 1985 survey found
Asian Americans in
general were more
likely than white
Americans to be
without health
insurance.
Socioeconomic status
tends to be lower in
certain Asian American
groups.
9. C h in e s e D o m in a n t H e a lt h
C a r e P r a c t ic e s
May treat minor and chronic
illnesses with Chinese medicine and
acute and serious problems with
Western medicine.
May also use both herbal medicines
and Western medicines concurrently
for the same condition
10. C h in e s e D o m in a n t H e a lt h
C a r e P r a c t ic e s – F o r
E ld e r ly C h in e s e
May hesitate to r i c a n s
Ame
make direct eye
contact, ask
questions or voice
opinions.
Elder patients
should be
permitted time to
“talk story” before
beginning the
clinical interview.
Address patient
11. C h in e s e D o m in a n t H e a lt h
C a r e P r a c t ic e s – F o r
E ld e r ly C h in e s e
A m e r ic a n s
Treat traditional
Chinese Medical
treatments with
respect.
Frequently
extend an
invitation for
questions
12. C u lt u r e A s s e s s me nt
Th e o r y fo r th e
C h in e s e C u lt u r e
Leininger’s Transcultural Theory
Care is universal and varies
transculturally
Goal is to provide care consistent
with the nursing’s emerging science
and knowledge with caring as
central focus
13. Assessment of Client
Information on culture
Cultural assessment
Accurate
Catered to the individual
Unbiased
Knowledge about cultural dynamics and
social structural dimensions
14. S tre ng ths a nd
Strengths: a k n e s s e s
We
Holistic approach
Considered both a vital and
discipline component of
daily nursing practice
Only theory that explicitly
focus on the relationship
between culture and care
on health and wellness
Weakness
Failure of the healthcare
15. C o n c lu s io n
More than 1 billion people live in China today, and many
additional Chinese people live in other countries,
making the Chinese the most populous ancestry in
the world. A common belief among the Chinese states
that "thirty percent of healing depends on curative
means and seventy percent on nursing care“
Chinese medicine defines health as a state of balance
between spiritual, physical, and psychological
harmony. When this system is not in balance, illness
and disease occur. Illness is viewed as an imbalance
between a person and nature and their social
environment. A Chinese-American may treat minor
and chronic illnesses with Chinese medicine and
16. R e fe re n c e s
Chen, Y., D. (1996). Conformity with nature: A theory of
chinese american elders’ health promotion and illness
prevention process. Advances in Nursing Science, 19(2)
17-26. Retrieved July 11, 2008 from Journals@OVID
database.
Chen, M. S. (1994). Health status of Chinese Americans:
Challenges and Opportunities. Paper presented at the
7th International Conference of HealthProblems
Related to the Chinese. July 1-3, 1994.
Cheung, R., Nelson, W., Advincula, L., Cureton, V., &
Canham, D. (2005). Understanding the culture of Chinese
children and families. Journal of School Nursing, 21(1), 3-9.
Retrieved July 12, 2008, from CINAHL Plus with Full Text
database.
17. R e fe re n c e s
Friedman, M., M., Bowden, V., R., & Jones, E., G. (2003).
Family nursing: Research, theory, and practice (5th ed.).
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hsu, W. C., Yoon, H. H. (2007). Building Cultural Competency
for Improved Diabetes Care: Asian Americans and Diabetes.
Supplement to The Journal of Family Practice. September.
Maier-Lorentz, M. (2008). Transcultural nursing: its
importance in nursing practice. Journal of Cultural
Diversity, 15(1), 37-43. Retrieved July 12, 2008, from
University of Phoenix, ProQuest database.
Potter, P., & Perry, A. (2001). Fundamentals of nursing. (5th
ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
18. R e fe re n c e s
Tom, L. (1998). Health and Health Care for
Chinese-American Elders. Department of
Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii.
Retrieved July 10, 2008 from website:
www.stanford.edu/group/ethnoger/chinese.html.
Yu, Mimi. (1993). National Cancer Institute of
health- Epidemiology and Genetics Research.
Singapore cohort of diet and cancer. Retrieved
on July 11, 2008 from website:
http://epi.grants.cancer.gov.
Editor's Notes
More than 1 billion people live in China today, and many additional Chinese people live in other countries, making the Chinese the most populous ancestry in the world (Jayne & Rankin, 2001). It is estimated that by the year 2010, 35% of the children in the United States will be non-White. Currently, first- and second-generation immigrant children under age 15 are the fastest-growing group in the United States (Chen & Rankin, 2002). Twenty-five percent of the 12 million Americans who report themselves as being of Asian descent are under the age of 18 (Yu, Huang, & Singh, 2004). In demographic representations of communities, Asians are commonly categorized as one culture or ethnicity. However, families and communities of Asian origin are in fact quite different from one another, depending on the country of origin, and where in the country they are from, such as north or south. east or west, urban or rural. For example, cultural practices are different among Asians from Hong Kong, Taiwan, or mainland China. Perhaps no other professional group in society has recognized the impact of cultural diversity as much as the health profession (Purnell & Paulanka, 1998). "Nurses constitute the biggest group of health care providers who can potentially deliver culturally competent care to large populations of diverse patients" (DiCicco-Bloom & Cohen, 2003, p. 26). Acknowledgment of and respect for these differences are needed to provide culturally sensitive care. As school nurses encounter more Chinese families, they will have an opportunity to increase their knowledge of families of Chinese descent while heightening their respect for and valuing of the culture. Providing some basic features that are relevant in the Chinese culture and facilitating understanding of the differences within the culture will enhance the ability of school nurses to incorporate more receptive interactions with these families as they deliver health care in the school setting. Chinese people may speak a variety of different languages and dialects. There are seven major language groups, each with many dialects. The national language, putonghua, which means "common speech," is also called Mandarin {Chinese Languages, 2004). Over 2 million Americans speak Chinese regularly at home, making it second to Spanish as the most common foreign language spoken in the United States, according to the 2000 census (Fetto, 2003; U.S. Census Bureau, 2000). A study of the effects of Chinese residents' income, language, and citizenship status found that fluency in English can strongly affect health care access for this population Gang, Lee, & Woo, 1998). For Asian children, health issues are compounded by the problem of adaptation to an unfamiliar culture, particularly for children with limited English. In addition, a study of Asian adolescents revealed significant psychosocial deficits in school and a lack of parental support among those who do not speak English at home (Yu et al., 2004). Health professionals' unfamiliarity with another culture can affect interpretation of important health data. For example, the practitioner may misinterpret a client's pain because of differing personal cultural practices. With such a large number of people in the United States speaking Chinese, advocating for a trusted interpreter may be helpful in overcoming language barriers that may arise when communicating with Chinese community members.
Holism is a valued concept in the Chinese culture. Incorporating this concept can be challenging to nurses who work according to the biomedical or task-based model of care (Wong & Pang, 2000). There have been many studies over the past two decades examining how different cultures conceptualize holism and caring. Having knowledge in this area is helpful in establishing nurse-client interactions. According to Wong and Pang, holism and caring influence every aspect of the health care culture of the Chinese. Health is perceived from the viewpoint that a human being is a dynamic entity. The person is in dynamic interaction with the world, and "illness is perceived as disharmony at the individual or social level" (Wong & Pang, p. 13). For example, while caring for a student with a stomachache, the school nurse would also address the emotional aspect of the student's not being in balance with the environment. Because illness is seen as an imbalance A common belief among the Chinese states that "thirty percent of healing depends on curative means and seventy percent on nursing care" (Wong & Pang, 2000, p. 14). Therefore, caring is seen as more important than medicine among Chinese families. The nature of nursing parallels the Chinese concept of caring. Although the Western culture might view nursing as a servant's work, nurses cherish "treating the patient as their own family member.“ School nurses provide holistic care as they focus on the student and the family as the unit of care, based on the knowledge that health includes physical, psychological, social, and spiritual well-being. The health practices among Chinese Americans vary with the generation of acculturation in the United States. Individuals born in China are more likely to follow the traditional health practices, such as the concept of yin and yang, and be more skeptical of Western medicine than those Chinese individuals who were born in the United States. Yin and yang have a basis in the five fundamental concepts: metal, wood, fire, water, and earth, and qi or chi concepts (Feng, 2002). Yin and yang are opposing forces. Yin is identified as female, negative energy, and cold. Yang is identified as male, positive energy, and hot. It is the balance of yin and yang forces that sustains the body and maintains the health of the individual; a hot or cold imbalance brings about illness. An excess of yin (cold) results in fever and dehydration. An excess of yang (hot) results in gastric and other disorders. Yang represents the external organs, including the small intestine and stomach. Yin represents the internal organs, including the lungs and spleen (Feng). Foods are described as "hot" or "cold." For example, meats, seafood, and fried foods are "hot," whereas vegetables and fresh fruits are "cold." Climates and seasons may require adjustments in food choices. For example, parents may not recommend "cold" foods to their child after surgery, because the child needs to rebuild the warmth of the body because of the blood loss (Chen & Rankin, 2002). In the school setting, a student may eat particular foods for lunch that have been packed or prepared by the parents with respect to the weather or health situation. Qi or chi is the vital energy flowing in the person. When it is absent, the body dies. Chi can be gained from three sources: genetics, air, and food. It can be lost through aging and neglect. When chi is in balance, it promotes the function of the heart and lungs. To maintain the chi balance, tai chi, a series of slow, precise, specific exercises, is performed, nourishing all body parts by improving the blood flow (Feng, 2002). Acupuncture is a common Chinese practice based on the principles of yin and yang and chi. Modern acupuncture may include the use of lasers or electricity. Moxibustion, the practice of applying heat to the acupuncture points, treats conditions such as asthma, arthritis, and bronchitis (Feng, 2002). Chinese people use several other traditional healing methods or practices during illness. Cupping is used to decrease stress and congestion by placing heated cups on parts of the body. This rids the body of unwanted chi by bringing it to the surface of the body and then letting it diffuse away. These therapies work against the imbalances that are thought to cause the illness rather than reducing the symptoms as in Western medicine. Herbology, the use of plant and animal matter, stimulates chi in the body to treat ailments.
Chinese people use several other traditional healing methods or practices during illness. Cupping is used to decrease stress and congestion by placing heated cups on parts of the body. This rids the body of unwanted chi by bringing it to the surface of the body and then letting it diffuse away. These therapies work against the imbalances that are thought to cause the illness rather than reducing the symptoms as in Western medicine. Meditation helps relax the body to reduce stress (Tom, 1999). Although underestimated in scientific medicine, meditation enables people with chronic illnesses to maintain a total sense of mind, body, and spirit (Bonadonna, 2003). To maintain the chi balance, tai chi, a series of slow, precise, specific exercises, is performed, nourishing all body parts by improving the blood flow (Feng, 2002).
Chinese medicine defines health as a state of balance between spiritual, physical, and psychological harmony. When this system is not in balance, illness and disease occur (Friedman, Bowden, & Jones, 2003). The Chinese views of health and illness are based on three philosophical views. The first philosophical view is Confucianism. The key principles of Confucianism guide the Chinese culture in their social interactions. Harmony is achieved when one is loyal to their family, respects their parents and remain unselfish. Taoism is the next philosophical view that guides the Chinese culture. Taoism teaches humans should be in harmony with nature. Harmony between health and illness is explained by Ying and Yang within the body and the environment. Ying and Yang make up the Qi or Chi. Chi is define as the energy that encompasses the human body. The disruption of this energy has been used in traditional Chinese medicine as the basis for the diagnosis and treatment of both illness and health promotion (Chen, 1996). The third philosophical view is that of Buddhism. Love, faith, and compassion for the living are key concepts of Buddhism. This view also involves Inn and Ko. Inn and Ko is a cause and effect system. When people do good, good is what they will receive in turn. When people do not act good, negative consequences occur (Chen, 1996). Based on these three philosophical views the concept of balance within the environment and remaining in harmony are key to the Chinese culture.
Illness is viewed as an imbalance between a person and nature and their social environment (Cheung, Nelson, Advincula, Cureton, & Caham, 2005). A person’s energy, the Yin and Yang are imbalanced during times of illness. Yin is viewed as a negative and cold energy. Yang is a positive and hot energy. Illness, treatments and food are classified into opposing forces of hot and cold. The family unit in the Chinese culture is based on Confucian principles. Based on these principles, the needs of the family are seen as a priority over the needs of an individual. Since illness is viewed as a disruption of balance, family member may avoid medical treatment based on the belief the illness may bring shame to the family. This is especially true within the culture when dealing with mental illness. The individual may not seek treatment for mental illness in order to save face for their family. That is they want to maintain their respect, dignity and status (Friedman, Bowden, & Jones, 2003).
The myth of Asian people being healthy is misleading. Many Chinese-Americans especially those who live in poverty lack health insurance and access to health care. This can greatly affect the risk of diseases to Chinese people. Depression- The Chinese- American woman that is age 65 year or older has a three times high rate of suicide than White women. Unfortunately, the Chinese-American diagnoses for depression is under treated and diagnosed. Alcoholism- Chinese- American consume more alcohol than the migrant Chinese person but the over statistics show that Chinese- Americans consume a high rate of alcohol. Dementia- Vascular Dementia is diagnosed at a higher rate then Alzheimer's in the Chinese- American where as Alzheimer's is often the diagnosis for American white people. Hepatitis B- The Chinese- American people have a higher rate of Hepatitis B then others and thus have a higher rate of liver cancer (Chen, 1994). TB- Chinese- Americans has a 10 times higher rate of TB then the general population (Chen, 1990). Cancers- There are several cancers that are relevant in the Chinese culture. Liver cancer seems to be very high as 80% of all Hepatitis B cases are diagnosed with liver cancer. The Chinese living in the US have the highest rate of nasopharyngeal cancer then if living in China. Breast cancer is the most common cancer for Chinese-American females living in the US. Many Chinese-American females have fewer children, do not use estrogens, have children later in life, and are more likely to be obese which are all factors that increase the risk of breast cancer in Chinese- American females. Prostate cancers is three to five times higher in Chinese males living in the US then in Chinese males living in the mainland of China. Colon cancer risks are based on the diet consumed. The rates of colon cancer is higher in the US and Hong Kong for the Chinese- American then if these people lived in China. Lung cancer rates increase based on the Chinese-American person’s smoking habits. Many Chinese-Americans smoke and 30% of the US people smoke whereas 28% of the Chinese males smoke. These habits greatly increase the risk of lung cancer in the Chinese male. The Chinese-American female has a low risk of lung cancer due to a low rate of smoking. According to US National Institute of Health Epidemiology and Genetics research states that an increase of soy has an adverse effect on bladder cancer, these is an inverse association of soy intake and breast cancer, an adverse effect of n-6 fatty acids with the consumption of fish or n-3 marine fatty acids on breast cancer risks, and these is an association of angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype and breast cancer (Yu, 1993).
Despite the considerable diversity within the Asian American population, certain factors are common to many groups. A 1985 survey found Asian Americans in general were more likely than white Americans to be without health insurance – which limits their access to health care. Socioeconomic status tends to be lower in certain groups – which is an independent risk factor for poor health. The degree of language barriers may contribute to disparities in care. (Hsu, Yoon, 2007) Studies prior to 1985 suggested a lower risk for death and disease in Asians and Pacific Islanders as a whole. Newer studies see a trend towards poorer health status for this group in general. Although Asians are often seen as affluent and healthy, the reality is that the micro-environment of large segments of this ethnic group live in poverty, lack insurance, and do not have access to healthcare (Tom, 1998).
Asian-Americans often use both Western and Eastern medical services (predominantly herbal medicine). For instance, a Chinese-American may treat minor and chronic illnesses with Chinese medicine and acute and serious problems with Western medicine. Asian-Americans may also use both herbal medicines and Western medicines concurrently for the same condition (Friedman, 2003).
There may be generational differences in how health care practices depending on the amount of acculturation. For elderly Chinese-Americans, the following practices are suggested when health care providers are caring for them (Tom, 1998); May hesitate to make direct eye contact, ask questions or voice opinions - so as not to inconvenience others or appear disrespectful. Elder patients should be permitted time to “talk story” before beginning the clinical interview. Address patient with respect by using Mr. or Mrs. With their surname. Pronounce names correctly.
There may be generational differences in how health care practices depending on the amount of acculturation. For elderly Chinese-Americans, the following practices are suggested when health care providers are caring for them (Tom, 1998); Treat traditional Chinese Medical treatments with respect. Frequently extend an invitation for questions multiple times during the interview. Recognizing the basic precepts of Chinese-American culture and examining the personal and family beliefs, values, and behaviors can aid in the development of a template for nursing care (Hsu, Yoon, 2007). A better understanding of a person’s cultural beliefs can improve patient compliance and the relationship with care providers (Tom, 1998).
Leininger’s Transcultural Theory was develop in 1978 by Madeleine M. Leininger with the intent of providing care that is universal and varies transculturally ( Potter & Perry, 2001, p. 91). The goal of nursing is to provide care consistent with nursing’s emerging science and knowledge with caring as central focus (Chinn and Kramer, 1999 as cited in Potter & Perry, 2001, p. 95). With the transcultural theory, caring is central and unifying domain for nursing knowledge and practice. The intended focus on the methods of approach to care is that it means something to the people to whom the care is given. Culture is viewed as framework people use to solve human problems and care always occurs in a cultural context.
Information on culture is essential for holistic assessment of an individual, family, or community. Nurse invites an individual, family, or community to describe their own experience about health and caring. The assessment process must be comprehensive, accurate, and systemic. Individual’s, family’s, or community’s perspective of their culture is needed for an accurate assessment. Assessment needs to unbiased and catered to the individuals’ needs. Nurses needs to approach the individual, family, or community with the intent to gain understanding of the expressions, patterns of health, and care. Nurse also needs to obtain knowledge and document the descriptions about the dynamic cultural and social structural dimensions influencing health, health patterns and concerns of the patient or family.
Leininger’s Transcultural Theory was “the first attempt in the nursing profession to highlight the need for culturally competent nurses” (Maier-Lorentz, 2008, p. 2). This theory when used as a tool to assess the cultural aspect of the patient either as an individual or a family addresses the patient in a holistic approach. This tool is also considered both a vital and a discipline component of the daily nursing process which continues to contribute to new researched-bases and advanced knowledge of transcultural nursing (Maier-Lorentz, 2008, p. 2). Leininger’s theory is the only theory that explicitly focus on the relationship between culture and care on health and wellness. The theory poses to be very vital in the practice of nursing as it addresses the patient may it be individual or family according to their own set of culture they are accustomed. There seems to be no weakness identified regarding the theory itself, the weakness lies on the health care providers who fail to eliminate personal biases during assessment of patients of different culture. In relation to the culture in focus, the Leininger Transcultural Theory is appropriate in the assessment of the Chinese Culture. The growing population of Chinese nationals that migrated to the United States poses a need to understand their culture to better accommodate their healthcare needs. Leininger’s Assessment Tool is very well suited to address the Chinese culture as it addresses the different aspect of the culture and uses it in a positive manner to better address the healthcare needs of the patient may it be the individual of the family.