Culture is defined as the knowledge, values, attitudes, and traditions that guide group behavior and allow people to solve problems. Multicultural education rejects the idea of assimilation and teaches the value of diversity through curriculum changes and an empowering school environment. Social class differences like socioeconomic status affect student outcomes through factors like health, expectations, and parenting styles. Ethnic and racial minorities face challenges from cultural conflicts, discrimination, and stereotypes that can impact achievement and identity formation. Schools aim to overcome these challenges through family/community partnerships, communication, volunteering opportunities, and decision-making roles for all stakeholders.

1. CULTURE and
COMMUNITY
(Theories in Guidance)
EVELYN C. AVILA, RPAE
Discussant
Dr. JINA-LUZ ALFELOR
Professor

2. WHAT IS CULTURE?
• The knowledge, values, attitudes, and
traditions that guide the behavior of a
group of people and allow them to solve
the problems of living in their environment
7 Views of Culture
1. Core societal values
2. Context & Customs
3. Power & Social Positions
4. Intergroup relations
5. Tools & Practices
6. Social Capital
7. Psychological capabilities

3. MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION
- Rejects the idea of the melting pot*
- Education that teaches the value of cultural
diversity
- Is more than a change in the curriculum

4. BANK'S DIMENSIONS OF MULTICULTURAL
EDUCATION
 Content Integration
 The Knowledge Construction Process
 An Equity Pedagogy
 Pre-judice Reduction
 An Empowering School Culture and
Social Structure

5. SOCIAL CLASS DIFFERENCES
SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS (SES)
- variations in power, wealth and prestige
4 General Levels of SES:
1. Upper
2. Middle
3. Working
4. Lower

6. EFFECTS OF LOW S.E.S.
 Poor Health Care
 Low Expectations
 Learned Helplessness
 Peer Influence and Resistance Culture
 Tracking
 Child Rearing Styles

7. ETHNIC AND RACIAL DIFFERENCES
Ethnicity - a cultural heritage shared by a
group of people
Race - a group of people who share
common biological traits that are seen as
self defining by the people of the group.
Minority Group - a group of people who
have been socially disadvantaged--and
not always a minority in actual numbers.

8. ETHNIC AND RACIAL DIFFERENCES
Changing demographics
Cultural conflicts
 Cultural Compatability
Ethnic and Racial Differences in School
Achievement

9. 6 GUIDELINES FOR THE TYPES OF
FAMILY/SCHOOL/COMMUNITY
PARTNERSHIPS
 PARENTING PARTNERSHIPS
 COMMUNICATION
 VOLUNTEERING
 LEARNING AT HOME
 DECISION-MAKING PARTNERSHIPS
 COMMUNITY PATNERSHIPS

10. THE LEGACY OF DISCRIMINATION
 The Development of Pre-judice
 Continuing Discrimination
 Stereotype threat
1. Short Term Effect: Test Performance
2. Long term Effect: Disidentification

11. DIFFERENCES IN THE CLASSROOM
• Gender Role Identity
– gender-role stereotyping in preschool years
– gender bias in the curriculum
– sex discrimination in classrooms
• Sex Differences in Mental Abilities

12. Thank You for Listening!