The document provides an overview of 19th century music. It discusses how social and political changes in the 19th century impacted the arts. Composers began establishing music as a profession and writing for public performances rather than just royal courts. Instrumental styles of the period included chamber music, piano music, symphonies, and program music. Vocal styles included German Lieder and opera in both French and German styles. The development of instruments like the French horn is also covered. The 19th century saw major innovations and growth in musical composition and performance.

1. 19th CENTURY
MUSIC
By
SERGIO ANDRÉS GÓMEZ
RAMÍREZ

2. INTRODUCTION
The Nineteenth century was marked by a lot of social and political change.
The growth of industry and trade led to a commercially driven society. After the
revolutions of the late 18th century the public viewed any self-proclaimed
authority with skepticism. The independence and leisure of the individual
became all-important.
All of the above had an impact on the fine arts. In fact, it wasn't until the 19th
century that music, poetry, literature, painting, architecture, and sculpture were
lumped together and distinguished from other forms of art. Philosophers such
as Kant, Schopenhauer, and Hegel all sought to define the significance of
Romantic music.

3. INTRODUCTION
As the 18th century drew to a close so too did the days of patronage. The
only way for many artists to make a living was through a court
appointment or the support of a patron. Mozart may have been one of the
first composers to try his hand as a freelance composer but the
composers of the 19th century really established this as a trade. Public
performance was growing in popularity so composers were no longer
only writing music for royal courts and the events that took place within.
Operas were also being increasingly performed as ticketed events rather
than just a gathering place for the nobility.

4. INDEX
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8. COMPOSITIONAL STYLES FORMS
The 19th century was marked by a number of distinctive compositional styles
and forms. Many of these began during the Classical period but major revisions
and new standards were applied by the composers of the Romantic era. The
emerging aesthetics of the period remain popular and are adhered to by many
modern composers. The symphony and opera are two excellent examples of
this and they are examined in the following two sections respectively:
•Instrumental Styles and Forms
•Vocal Styles and Forms

9. INSTRUMENTAL STYLES
FORMS
Instrumental music styles of the 19th century varied from short to lengthy
works written for single instruments or large orchestras. These pieces can
be categorized as either absolute or program music. Although there is an
abundance of instrumental music styles and forms common to the period,
chamber and piano music, the symphony, and program music are
distinctively 19th century.

10. CHAMBER PIANO MUSIC
Chamber music, as its name implies, is a work written for a small ensemble
(generally from one to five players) well suited to performances in mid-sized
rooms or chambers. Composers had been writing for string quartets for some
time but with the larger diversity of instruments, quintets became common as
did music for small ensembles of wind instruments. As the piano gained in
popularity it was added to these sting and wind ensembles, often as a
featured instrument. Many concertos and sonatas were written for the piano
as it became a symbol of gentility. Franz List and Frederic Chopin were two
of the best known piano virtuoso's of the day.

11. SYMPHONY
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12. PROGRAM MUSIC
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13. VOCAL STYLES FORMS
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15. PERIOD INSTRUMENTS
The 19th Century was an important period of development for a number of
orchestral instruments. This was partly driven by the advance of industry and
its impact on the craft of instrument making. The popularity of solo
performance and the incredible skill of the musicians and composers also
pushed the limits of instruments throughout the period.

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