Cultivation of apple
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a presentation which include all necessary details for any agriculture student of B.Sc. . Through this you will get to know about some diseases and pest along with nutritional and physiological disorder of Apple with Taxonomy.
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Nematodes
Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)
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Management Strategies
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Biological Control: Encourage or introduce natural predators and parasitoids that target specific pests, such as lady beetles for aphid control or parasitic wasps for caterpillar management.
Chemical Control: Use insecticides and nematicides judiciously. It's vital to follow integrated pest management (IPM) practices to minimize environmental impact and avoid developing resistance.
Mechanical Control: Physical barriers, such as nets, can protect the plants from bird and some insect pests.
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SESBANIA
BORERS
1. Sesbania stem borer, Azygophleps scalaris, Cossidae, Lepidoptera
Symptom of damage: Drying of sesbania plants.
Nature of damage: Stoutly built larva bores into the stem and feeds, the faecal matter getting accumulated at the entrance hole.
Egg: Laid in masses attached to the leaflets.
Larva: Robust larva of 7 cm length, light brown with a reddish brown head.
Pupa: Pupa has spines anteriorly with the help of which it moves up and down inside the tunnel in the stem.
Adult: Sluggish yellowish brown moth.
2. Stem weevil, Alcidodes bubo, Curculionidae, Coleoptera
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Nature of damage: Grubs riddle into stem and cause thickenings on stem. The growth and vigour of the plants are impaired to a great extent.
Egg: Laid on the stem.
Grub : Apodous whitish grub.
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LEAF FEEDERS
3. Green semilooper, Pericyma glaucinans, Noctuidae, Lepidoptera
Symptom of damage: Defoliation of plants preceding with leaflets damage.
Nature of damage: Caterpillar feeds on the leaflets remaining along the ribs of leaves.
Larva : Pale green, semilooper with broad yellow lateral stripes.
Adult: Dark brown with black lines
4. Green looper, Semiothisa pervelgata, Semiothisa emersaria, Geometridae, Lepidoptera
Symptom of damage: Defoliation of plants preceding with leaflets damage.
Nature of damage: Larvae feed on the leaves.
Egg: Oval greenish eggs laid singly on leaves.
Larva : Pale green looper with white lines and when full grown becomes pink with horizontal bands of violet patches dorsally on the abdominal segments.
Pupa: Pupates in the soil.
Adult: White colour with three dark lines and spots on the wings.
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Kingdom animalia
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This document discusses several insect pests that damage wheat, maize, and sorghum crops. For wheat, it describes termites as a major pest, providing details on their identification, lifecycle, and damage symptoms. It lists management practices like using organic manure and pesticide application. For maize, it identifies stem borer and provides information on its identification, lifecycle, damage symptoms like dead hearts, and management using resistant varieties, pesticides, and biological control agents. For sorghum, it discusses shoot fly and armyworm as key pests, describing identification, damage symptoms, and recommended management practices.
Lec. 3 rkp pcgm_wheat, maize, sorghum
This document discusses several insect pests that damage wheat, maize, and sorghum crops. For wheat, it describes termites as a major pest, providing details on their identification, lifecycle, and damage symptoms. It lists management practices like using organic manure and pesticide application. For maize, it identifies stem borer and provides information on its identification, lifecycle, damage symptoms which include dead hearts, and management using resistant varieties, biocontrol agents, and pesticides. For sorghum, it discusses shoot fly and armyworm as pests, giving identification and listing control measures for each.
Pests of jatropha_Bionomics_identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
Jatropha, particularly Jatropha curcas, is a tropical plant valued for its seeds from which biodiesel is produced. It's also known for its rapid growth and adaptability to arid conditions. However, like many crops, it is susceptible to various pests that can significantly affect its growth and productivity. Here's a list of some common pests that affect Jatropha and management strategies to control them:
Insects
Jatropha Budworm (Stomopteryx subtropica)
These caterpillars attack the flower buds, flowers, and developing fruits, potentially causing significant loss in seed production.
Jatropha Fruit Borer (Pempelia morosalis)
The larvae bore into fruits and feed on the seeds, severely affecting seed yield and quality.
Jatropha Leaf Miner (Stomopteryx subsecivella)
Larvae mine the leaves of Jatropha plants, causing them to dry and fall off, which can reduce photosynthesis and overall plant vigor.
Jatropha Leaf Webber and Capsule Borer (Pempelia palumbella)
These pests can cause damage both by webbing the leaves together and boring into capsules, reducing plant productivity.
Aphids
Aphids can cause damage by sucking the sap from the plant, weakening it and potentially transmitting diseases.
Mealybugs
These pests suck sap from the plant and excrete honeydew, which promotes the growth of sooty mold on the leaves.
Whiteflies
Similar to aphids and mealybugs, whiteflies feed on plant sap and can transmit various plant viruses.
Red Spider Mites
They cause damage by sucking cell contents from the leaves, leading to speckled, discolored, and sometimes curled leaves.
Nematodes
Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)
These nematodes infect the roots, causing the formation of galls that impair the plant’s ability to absorb water and nutrients.
Management Strategies
Cultural Control: Regular monitoring and removal of infected plant parts can help reduce pest populations. Crop rotation and maintaining good field sanitation are also beneficial.
Biological Control: Encourage or introduce natural predators and parasitoids that target specific pests, such as lady beetles for aphid control or parasitic wasps for caterpillar management.
Chemical Control: Use insecticides and nematicides judiciously. It's vital to follow integrated pest management (IPM) practices to minimize environmental impact and avoid developing resistance.
Mechanical Control: Physical barriers, such as nets, can protect the plants from bird and some insect pests.
Effective pest management in Jatropha cultivation involves integrating these strategies in a way that balances pest control with environmental considerations. Regular monitoring and timely intervention are crucial to maintaining healthy plants and achieving optimal production levels.
Major pests of Black Pepper,cinnamon and clove
Insect pests of Black paper
1.) Pollu beetle(Longitarsus nigripennis,coleoptera, Chrysomelidae
2.) Leaf gall thrips (Liothripskaryi,Thysanoptera,Phleothripidae
Insect pests of cinnamon
1.) Cinnamon butterfly (Papilio clytia L.) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
2.)Leaf miner (Conopomorpha civica Meyr.) (Lepidoptera: Gracillaridae)
Scientific name of crop pest
This document provides information on the common name, scientific name, family, order, distribution, and economic threshold level of various crop pests that affect rice, sorghum, maize, stored grains, ragi, cotton, millet, sunnhemp, wheat, sugarcane, guava, citrus, mango, brinjal, cucurbits, tomato, potato, cruciferous vegetables, oilseed crops, and ornamental crops. A total of 22 categories of crop pests are listed along with descriptions of 13-15 major pest species for each crop category.
AEN Lec. 21. Pests of cotton| entomology..
This document lists and describes various insect pests that affect cotton, categorizing them into sucking pests, borers, defoliators, and other pests. It provides details on the biology and management of major sucking pests like leafhopper, thrips, whitefly, and borers like stem weevil, spotted bollworm, pink bollworm. Control measures include resistant varieties, cultural practices, use of pheromone traps, biological control agents, and selective insecticides.
Pests of Green Manures_Bionomics_IPM_Dr.UPR.pdf
PESTS OF GREEN MANURE CROPS AND FORAGE CROPS
SESBANIA
BORERS
1. Sesbania stem borer, Azygophleps scalaris, Cossidae, Lepidoptera
Symptom of damage: Drying of sesbania plants.
Nature of damage: Stoutly built larva bores into the stem and feeds, the faecal matter getting accumulated at the entrance hole.
Egg: Laid in masses attached to the leaflets.
Larva: Robust larva of 7 cm length, light brown with a reddish brown head.
Pupa: Pupa has spines anteriorly with the help of which it moves up and down inside the tunnel in the stem.
Adult: Sluggish yellowish brown moth.
2. Stem weevil, Alcidodes bubo, Curculionidae, Coleoptera
Symptom of damage: Drying of the terminal branches or whole plant, lodging of the plants during monsoon seasons; affected stem with numerous bore holes and swelling symptoms. Presence of apodous grub inside the stem.
Nature of damage: Grubs riddle into stem and cause thickenings on stem. The growth and vigour of the plants are impaired to a great extent.
Egg: Laid on the stem.
Grub : Apodous whitish grub.
Adult: Reddish brown weevil with white transverse markings on the elytra.
LEAF FEEDERS
3. Green semilooper, Pericyma glaucinans, Noctuidae, Lepidoptera
Symptom of damage: Defoliation of plants preceding with leaflets damage.
Nature of damage: Caterpillar feeds on the leaflets remaining along the ribs of leaves.
Larva : Pale green, semilooper with broad yellow lateral stripes.
Adult: Dark brown with black lines
4. Green looper, Semiothisa pervelgata, Semiothisa emersaria, Geometridae, Lepidoptera
Symptom of damage: Defoliation of plants preceding with leaflets damage.
Nature of damage: Larvae feed on the leaves.
Egg: Oval greenish eggs laid singly on leaves.
Larva : Pale green looper with white lines and when full grown becomes pink with horizontal bands of violet patches dorsally on the abdominal segments.
Pupa: Pupates in the soil.
Adult: White colour with three dark lines and spots on the wings.
0a47027e11f077f56a78e42016376fb2 (1).pdf
This document provides information on the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae). It discusses the three main subfamilies: Papilionaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, and Mimosaceae. For each subfamily, it describes key diagnostic features including plant structure, leaves, flowers, fruits, and economic importance. It also lists many examples of plant genera and species within the family and their uses.
Pests of tea
The document discusses various insect pests and non-insect pests that affect tea plants, including sucking pests like aphids and leafhoppers, defoliators like tea tortrix and bunch caterpillar, borers like the red borer and shot hole borer, and mites. It describes the life cycles, symptoms of damage, and management strategies for many of the major pests. Effective management involves practices like collection and destruction of infested parts, use of biological controls, and spraying of appropriate insecticides or acaricides.
Tylenchulus
The citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, is a semi-endoparasitic nematode that causes slow decline in citrus trees. It was first discovered in California in 1913. Mature females have an enlarged posterior end that protrudes from infected root tissues. Eggs are laid in a gelatinous mass on the root surface. Symptoms include yellowing leaves, defoliation, premature fruit drop, and reduced fruit size and number. Control methods include using nematode-free nursery soil, fumigation with carbofuran, and intercropping with resistant plants like onions and garlic.
Kingdom animalia
1. Systematics studies the diversity and classification of organisms to reconstruct their evolutionary history. Taxonomy classifies life into groups based on observable characteristics.
2. There are six kingdoms of life - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia. Key characteristics define each kingdom.
3. Carolus Linnaeus established the system of binomial nomenclature for classifying organisms using their genus and species. This provided advantages over common names.
Diseases of leafy vegetables
This document discusses important leafy vegetables, their botanical names, and plant protection measures from pests and diseases. It lists seven common leafy vegetables - amaranth, spinach, fenugreek, Indian spinach, portulaca, drumstick, and curry leaf. It then describes the main insect pests (aphids, caterpillars, whiteflies, stink bugs) and diseases (damping off, leaf spot, downy mildew, white rust, root rot, powdery mildew, rust) affecting these crops and recommends control methods.
Up s at-risk_presentation
United Plant Savers (UpS) recognizes the importance of sustainable cultivation and conservation of native medicinal plants to ensure their availability for future generations. UpS maintains a list of at-risk native medicinal plants that are declining due to overharvesting and loss of habitat. Their goal is to conserve these plants through cultivation programs and by raising awareness. UpS operates botanical sanctuaries and an educational internship program to promote the restoration and protection of at-risk native medicinal plants.
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Cultivation of apple
- 1. T A X O N O M Y A R E A & P R O D U C T I O N D I S E A S E S I N S E C T & P E S T N U T R I T I O N A L & P H Y S I O L O G I C A L D E F I C I E N C Y Apple
- 2. Taxonomy Scientific Name – Malus domestica Family – Rosaceae Origin - Central , Southwestern Asia Chromosome No. – 2n=34 Soil pH – 5.5 – 6.5
- 3. Area & Production India Area – Himachal Pradesh > Jammu & Kashmir > Uttaranchal Production – Jammu & Kashmir(70%) > Himachal Pradesh(21.5%) > Uttarakhand(6.4%) Global Production - China > USA > India
- 4. Diseases Scab – Venturia inaequalis Powdery mildew – Podosphaera leucotricha Fire blight – Erwinia amylovora Soft rot – Penicillium expansum Bitter rot – Glomerella cingulata Marssonina leaf blotch – Marssonina coronaria (teleomorph Diplocarpon mali)
- 5. Diseases Black rot - Botryosphaeria obtusa Collar rot – Phytopthora (P. cactorum) Sooty blotch & Flyspeck – Gloeodes pomigena & Saprophytic fungi Alternaria leaf spot / Blight – Alternaria spp. Core rot – Penicillium sp. , Alternaria sp. , Botrytis sp.
- 6. Insect & Pest Woolly aphid – Eriosoma lanigerum San jose scale – Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Codling moth – Cydia(Carpocapsa) pomonella Cottony cushion scale – Icerya purchasi Stem borer – Apriona cinera Apple leaf folder & Fruit scrapper – Archips termias
- 7. Insect & Pest Indian gypsy moth – Lymantria obfuscata Apple blossom thrips – Thrips flavus Schrank Red spider mite – Panonychus ulmi (Koch) Apple fruit moth – Argyresthia conjugella Tent hairy caterpillar – Malacosome indica Apple maggot – Rhagoletis pomonella
- 8. Nutritional & Physiological Disorder Necrotic leaf blotch – Zn deficiency Lenticel breakdown – (less Sun exposion)Ca deficiency Water core – Bo deficiency Bitter pit – Ca deficiency Rosset leaf – Zn deficiency