Introduction
Uses and aims of epidemiology
Qualification
Jobs included
List of skills
Role of epidemiologists
Specializations
Courses offered
Public health significance
The unusual occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg. Smoking) or other health related events (eg. Traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence.
Specific Learning Objectives
At the end of session, the learner shall be able to:
Differentiate Control, elimination and eradication.
Apply Levels of prevention.
Apply Modes of intervention.
Describe International Classification of Disease
Survillance and notification of communicable diseasemubeenButt5
Ongoing, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health data.
Surveillance and notification of communicable disease
1-Closely integrated with the timely dissemination to those who need to know.
Application of the data to preventing and controlling disease.
2-Authoritative or urgent, formal or legal notice.
The action of notifying someone or something.
Something that gives official information to someone : the act of notifying someone.
3-Monitor closely to all patients.
Collect patient’s data for clinical decision making.
Monitor different diagnostic tests and lab investigations if needed.
Implement interventions on patients and evaluate for the outcomes.
To conduct researches nurse can collect data.
To assess status of community and identify problems.
To detect changes in health care practices .
Administration of general and specific health survey.
Participation in early diagnosis and treatment
Identification and notification of certain specific diseases.
Health education.
5-Crude birth rate
Crude death rate
Infant mortality rate
Morbidity rate
Perinatal mortality rate
Maternal mortality rate
Life expectancy
General fertility rate
A description of the five successive stages of disease and the corresponding stages of prevention for each of these. The new model can be useful in healthcare planning, public health, and counseling of individual patients.
Lesson Plan on Epidemiological triad - Community Health NursingJaice Mary Joy
The epidemiologic triad is a model for explaining the organism causing the disease and the conditions that allow it to reproduce and spread.
Epidemiological triad model demanded a broader concept of disease causation that synthesized the basic concept of agent, host and environment. This model helped epidemiologist to focus on different classes of factors, especially with regard to infectious disease.
Introduction
Uses and aims of epidemiology
Qualification
Jobs included
List of skills
Role of epidemiologists
Specializations
Courses offered
Public health significance
The unusual occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg. Smoking) or other health related events (eg. Traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence.
Specific Learning Objectives
At the end of session, the learner shall be able to:
Differentiate Control, elimination and eradication.
Apply Levels of prevention.
Apply Modes of intervention.
Describe International Classification of Disease
Survillance and notification of communicable diseasemubeenButt5
Ongoing, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health data.
Surveillance and notification of communicable disease
1-Closely integrated with the timely dissemination to those who need to know.
Application of the data to preventing and controlling disease.
2-Authoritative or urgent, formal or legal notice.
The action of notifying someone or something.
Something that gives official information to someone : the act of notifying someone.
3-Monitor closely to all patients.
Collect patient’s data for clinical decision making.
Monitor different diagnostic tests and lab investigations if needed.
Implement interventions on patients and evaluate for the outcomes.
To conduct researches nurse can collect data.
To assess status of community and identify problems.
To detect changes in health care practices .
Administration of general and specific health survey.
Participation in early diagnosis and treatment
Identification and notification of certain specific diseases.
Health education.
5-Crude birth rate
Crude death rate
Infant mortality rate
Morbidity rate
Perinatal mortality rate
Maternal mortality rate
Life expectancy
General fertility rate
A description of the five successive stages of disease and the corresponding stages of prevention for each of these. The new model can be useful in healthcare planning, public health, and counseling of individual patients.
Lesson Plan on Epidemiological triad - Community Health NursingJaice Mary Joy
The epidemiologic triad is a model for explaining the organism causing the disease and the conditions that allow it to reproduce and spread.
Epidemiological triad model demanded a broader concept of disease causation that synthesized the basic concept of agent, host and environment. This model helped epidemiologist to focus on different classes of factors, especially with regard to infectious disease.
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DL-100T485 is a temperature and humidity data logger module. It contains an RS-485 communication interface and an LCD display to show a variety of temperature, humidity and module ID data. The data storage memory can store up to 4088 temperature and humidity records. The Data Logger Utility is included to allow installation, configuration, retrieval and display of data in a powerful chart format that can be exported to Excel.
10. The DL-303 Data Logger devices is used for recording time-stampled Temperature, Humidity, CO (carbon monoxide), CO2 (carbon dioxide) (DL-302 and DL-303), and Dew Point information sensor / detector. Data is recordable to up 450,000 records. Mobile access of real time data with iOS app makes it an easy to use tool to use at your fingertips.
11. DL-303 can be used in greenhouse automation, home automation, building automation and other data logging applications. It can not only monitor temperatures and humidity, but can also measure CO and CO2 levels. It can be used in greenhouse automation applications to keep the temperature and humidity level in control. It can also be used in home automation by monitoring the room temperatures and automatically turn on the AC if the temperature goes too high.
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CHAPTER 1 ITRODUCTION TO EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS.pptxjohnsniky
Technique:
The needle is held with the needle holder and it should enter the tissues at right angles and be no less than 2-3mm from the incision.
The needle is then carried through the tissue where it follows the needle’s curvature.
Sutures of any type that are placed in the interdental papilae should enter and exit the tissue at a point located below the imaginary line that forms the base of the triangle of the interdental papilla.
Introduction to Epidemiology
History of Epidemiology.
Definition of Epidemiology and its components.
Epidemiological Basic concepts.
Aims of Epidemiology.
Ten Uses of Epidemiology.
Scope or The Areas of Application .
Types of Epidemiological Studies.
Epidemiology is a basic discipline essential to both clinical and community medicines. It also helps to develop the way of thinking about health and disease.
Presented by Hung Nguyen-Viet and Jakob Zinsstag at a technical workshop of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) regional initiative on One Health, Bangkok, Thailand, 11–13 October 2017.
1. “One Health – One Medicine”
Design Proposal for a Distance Education Course:
Introduction to Zoonotic Diseases in Humans and Animals
Tracy L Middleton, DVM, BS
MPH-VPH Candidate
Veterinary Public Health Resident
2. “One Health – One Medicine”
Project Objective
To create an introductory (online) course
on zoonotic diseases, focused on teaching
students foundational infectious disease
concepts and then using these to describe
common and important zoonoses
3. “One Health – One Medicine”
Project Objective
• Undergraduate interest taking VPM 7721 Epidemiology of
Zoonotic Diseases demonstrated a need for a introductory
level course
– This course is not a replacement for VPM 7721
• The underlying goals in the development of this distance
education course are to:
– Raise awareness of the global impact of zoonoses on the
health of both humans an animals
– Encourage collaboration of medical, veterinary, and public
health professionals in research, prevention, and control of
zoonoses
4. “One Health – One Medicine”
Definition of Zoonoses
• A zoonotic disease or zoonoses (pl.) is an infectious
disease transmissible between vertebrate animals and
humans under natural conditions
– Etymology: Greek. “zoion” animal + “nosos” disease
• Animal reservoirs maintain the disease agent in
nature
• Many zoonoses are multifactorial, with complex
cycles of infection
• Humans are often dead end hosts BUT zoonoses
have also originated great pandemics
5. “One Health – One Medicine”
Zoonotic Disease Burden
• Zoonoses exist in the environment anywhere humans
and animals intersect
• Of the ~1400 infectious diseases recognized in
humans, 60% are zoonoses
• In the last 40+ years, 75% of the recently emerging
or re-emerging infectious diseases have been
zoonoses
7. “One Health – One Medicine”
Salmonella
Zoonotic Disease Burden
8. “One Health – One Medicine”
• Zoonotic diseases often seen as a veterinary issue
– Public Health Veterinarians are in short supply in
the United States (GAO, 2009)
• Physicians will not recognize or consider a disease
they do not know about
• Public Health is a diverse field with a population
health focus with the least amount of infectious or
zoonotic disease training
Zoonotic Disease Problem
9. “One Health – One Medicine”
Benefits of an Undergraduate
Zoonoses Course
1. Physicians
Human Disease
General
Infectious
Disease
Individual Patient
focused Medicine
2. Veterinarians
Animal Disease
Zoonoses
Prevention and
Control
Population
Medicine
3. Public Health
Epidemiology
Biostatistics
Environmental
Health
Population Health
Principles
Undergraduate Education
IncreasingSpecialization
11. “One Health – One Medicine”
• Target audience is 3rd/4th year undergraduates in Public Health
– 5 year BS/MPH degree program course elective
– Pre-Med, Pre-Vet, and other Pre-Professional students
– Prerequisite courses in Biology and Microbiology
• Instructional delivery –
– Traditional lecture-learn format
– Asynchronous and Synchronous Components
– Weekly virtual class discussion every Friday
Course Development
12. “One Health – One Medicine”
Course Development
1. Identify
desired results.
• Educational
needs
• Create Goals
and Objectives
2. Determine
acceptable
evidence
• Plan student
exercises
• Create exams
and quizzes
3.Plan learning
experiences
and instruction
• Create lesson
plans
• Select course
materials
Backward Design is a method of designing education curriculum by setting
goals prior to choosing instructional methods and forms of assessment
14. “One Health – One Medicine”
Course Development
• Representative zoonotic diseases were chosen using three
criteria:
1. Important human or animal morbidity/mortality
2. Economic impact upon society (i.e. agricultural,
productivity, or tourism)
3. Bioterrorism potential
• Course overlaid on a OSU Academic Calendar to determine
timing of modules and exam schedule
• Objective attainment will be measured by in unit quizzes,
news article analysis, and 3 proctored exams
15. “One Health – One Medicine”
Academic Calendar
Each Wednesday, students will be required to submit discussion questions for the Friday
virtual class session
17. “One Health – One Medicine”
Future Challenges
1. Development educational content suitable for
eLearning environment
– Accessibility is paramount!
– Copyright law and educational content
2. ODEE approval process plus Quality Matters
accreditation
3. Funding mechanism for teaching and further
course development
18. “One Health – One Medicine”
Human
Medicine
Public
Health
Veterinary
Medicine
Public Health Significance
• Approximately 75% of
emerging/reemerging
diseases are zoonotic
• Zoonoses are responsible
for 2.1B human illnesses
and 1.2M deaths annually
• Improvement needed in
collaboration of Physicians,
Veterinarians, and Public
Health
19. “One Health – One Medicine”
Human
Medicine
Veterinary
Medicine
Public
Health
Conclusion
Animal reservoirs maintain growth of the disease agent in nature
Human morbidity and mortality - lasting chronic health effects (i.e. congenital toxoplasmosis, leptospirosis)
Animal morbidity and mortality - in livestock, exotic animals, and pets (i.e. human tuberculosis in elephants)
Zoonoses interfere with the production of animal products and create obstacles to international trade for agricultural economies (i.e. Avian Influenza, Q-fever)
Cost of starting vs. maintaining current disease control programs (i.e. Brucellosis, Rabies)
ILRI reported that endemic zoonoses are responsible for an estimated 99.9% of human illness and 96% of deaths.5 While epidemic zoonoses, like Ebola or WNV in the US, are much more sporadic in both their temporal or spatial distributions, and are much more feared because of their unpredictability and often severity (i.e. Ebola virus).5
The first Ebola case in the outbreak in west Africa dates back to December 2013 in Gueckedou, a forested region of Guinea near the border with Liberia and Sierra Leone. The origin of the virus is the consumption of bushmeat. (Image source: http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2014/12/ebola-graphics?fsrc=scn%2Ftw%2Fte%2Fbl%2Fed%2Fthetollofatragedy)
Image Source: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/infographic-mers-pictogram
As of 2 December 2014, the WHO has been notified of 927 laboratory-confirmed cases of infections with MERS-Cov, including at least 338 related deaths.
Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonella Infections linked to live poultry in backyard flocks (363 cases, 43 States, 0 deaths, 33% required hospitalization) Trace back investigations identified Mt. Healthy Hatcheries in Ohio as source of chicks and ducklings. This same hatchery associated with multiple outbreaks linked to poultry in 2012 and 2013. Image Source: 2 ducklings public domain: http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=39159&picture=ducklings-d
Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonellosis infectious linked to pet bearded dragons. (166 cases, 36 states, 0 deaths, 37% required hospitalization) Reptiles can be carriers of Salmonella bacteria but appear healthy. They are intermittent shedders of the bacteria.
Human infections with a new avian influenza A (H7N9) virus were first reported in China in March 2013. During the spring of 2013, WHO reported 132 human H7N9 infections with 44 deaths. While some mild illnesses in human H7N9 cases have been seen, most patients have had severe respiratory illness, with about one-third resulting in death. Cases decreased over the summer but picked back up in the fall/winter. Most cases reported had poultry exposure and lived in areas where H7N9 had been found previously. No evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission.
Chikungunya virus first introduced into the Americas in 2013. Since November 21, 2014 local transmission jas been identified in 40 countries and territories in the Caribbean, Central America, South America or North America. A total of 914, 960 suspected and 18,142 laboratory-confirmed cases of CHIKV have been reported. Since this virus is new to the Americas, most people in these regions are immunologically naïve.
Image Source: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/pdf/avianflu/h7n9-reassortment-diagram.pdf
The research clearly demonstrates that zoonotic diseases affect all aspects of our lives whether at home, work, or play.
Medical and Veterinary curriculums are already burgeoning with content. Veterinarians are taught population medicine as a rule while Physicians are taught to focus on a single patient at a time. Public Health Graduate students are training to be researchers, not Public Health Practitioners.
Public Health has recognized the need for a broadening of Public Health education and is now taking it to the undergraduate level.
Image: he Physician http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician#mediaviewer/File:The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg
Image: The veterinarian http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/perez/images/vet.jpg
The destination is chosen first and then the road map is used to plan the trip to the desired destination. So you are teaching to an end point.
ADDIE Model of Design
Dick and Carey Model (Systems Approach Model)
Quality Matters –
ODEE Office of Distance Education and eLearning
Need to restate the objective but solved.
Introductory course not a replacement for VPM 7721