India faced many challenges after independence in 1947, including integrating princely states, rehabilitating refugees, and establishing a national language and government. The nation established a Planning Commission to facilitate economic development and adopted a constitution on January 26, 1950. Meanwhile, India pursued a policy of non-alignment during the Cold War and worked to peacefully resolve conflicts with China and Pakistan, fighting several wars over territorial disputes in the following decades. After 70 years, India has grown into one of the world's largest democracies and economies.

1. INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE
NAME-ATHARVA YADAV
CLASS-VIII
SECTION-C
ROLL NO.-11
YEAR-2022-23

2. INDEX
TASKS BEFORE THE NEW NATION
FORMATION OF NEW STATES
INTEGRATION OF PRINCELY STATES
REFUGEES AND THEIR REHABILITATION
NATIONAL LANGUAGE
THE PLANNING COMMISION
THE PANCHSHEEL PRINCIPALS
NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT
FRAMING OF THE CONSTITUTION
WARS AFTER INDEPENDENCE
LOOKING AT THE FUTURE

4. TASKS
India had a massive population, which was
unemployed, which did not have access to
education, land, and other resources of the
country. To progress India needed to
develop industries, improve its economy,
provide education, and generate
employment in the country.
In addition, India also faced the problem of
national integration.

5. FORMATION OF NEW STATES
The Indian Independence Act of 1947 allowed princely states
the choice of joining the newly created dominions of India or
Pakistan, or remaining a sovereign independent state. The first
states to join the union were Travancore, Bikaner, Baroda, and
a few more states from Rajasthan. One of the first princely
states to reject joining the Indian union and contest the
Congress' control over the country was Travancore. Even
though the Rajput princely kingdom had a Hindu ruler and a
sizable Hindu populace, it oddly leaned more toward Pakistan.
But in the end the states joined India.

6. INTEGRATIONOF PRINCELYSTATES
Later that year, 66 states in Gujarat and
the Deccan were merged into Bombay, including
the large states of Kolhapur and Baroda. Other
small states were merged into Madras, East
Punjab, West Bengal, the United Provinces,
and Assam. Not all states that signed Merger
Agreements were integrated into provinces,
however. Thirty states of the former Punjab Hill
States Agency which lay near the international
border and had signed Merger Agreements were
integrated into Himachal Pradesh, a distinct
entity that was administered directly by the
center as a Chief Commissioner's Province, for
reasons of security.

7. REFUGEESANDTHEIRREHABILITATION
Refugees mainly settled in the
northwestern, western, and eastern parts
of India. Most of them were farmers who
wanted land to till in India. However, the
struggle of refugees in the west of India
was more difficult. The refugees were
majorly Sindhi who were culturally very
different from the Marathi and Gujarati
cultures already residing in the region,
unlike in the areas in and around Delhi,
where Punjabis could mold in easily.

8. NATIONAL LANGUAGE
India's national leaders had to confront several language problems in the
first two decades of Independence. Theseincludedthe official language issue,
demands for the linguisticreorganizationof the provinces of India whose
boundaries during British rule did not conformto linguisticdivisions, and
the status of minority languages withinreorganized states. Most of the
problems discussedin this chapter were resolved during theNehru period. In
the post-Nehruperiod, however, several linguistic, ethnic, and regional
movements have escalatedto levels of bitterness. But after all Hindi was made
thenational language

9. THE PLANNING COMMISION
After India achieved independence, a formal model of planning was
adopted, and accordingly the Planning Commission
The first Five-Year Plan was launched in 1951, focusing mainly on
the development of the agricultural sector. Two subsequent Five-
Year Plans were formulated before 1965 when there was a break
because of the Indo-Pakistan conflict. Two successive years of
drought, devaluation of the currency, a general rise in prices, and
erosion of resources disrupted the planning process and after three
Annual Plans between 1966 and 1969, the fourth Five-Year Plan was
started in 1969.

10. THEPANCHSHEELPRINCIPLES
The Panchsheel Agreement served as the foundation for India-China
relations. It would advance economic and security cooperation between the
two nations.
The Five Principles of the Panchsheel Agreement are as follows:
Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty,
Mutual non-aggression
Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs,
Equality and mutual benefit
Peaceful co-existence

11. NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was created and founded during the collapse
of the colonial system and the independence struggles of the peoples of Africa, Asia,
Latin America, and other regions of the world and at the height of the Cold War.
It was formed to stop any wars between USSR and USA
The first NAM summit was held in September 1961 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
At present, the Movement has 120 Member States, 17 Observer Countries, and 10
Observer organizations.

12. FRAMING OF THE CONSTITUTION
The Constitution of India was framed by a constituent
Assembly set up under the Cabinet Mission Plan of
1946. The Assembly held its first meeting on December
9, 1946, and elected Dr. Sachhidannand Sinha, the oldest
member of the Assembly, as the Provisional President.
The Constituent Assembly set up 13 Committees for
framing the constitution. Based on the reports of these
committees, a draft of the constitution was prepared by a
seven-member. Drafting Committee under the
Chairmanship of Dr. B.R.
Finally after 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days the Indian
constitution was framed.
The new Constitution came into effect on January 26,
1950

13. WARS AFTER INDIAN INDEPENDENCE
After Independence India fought many wars
against China and Pakistan
1)The Sino – Indian War of 1962-India lost
and have to give up 43,000 square
kilometers of territory to China
2)The Indo – Pak War of 1965-India won
3)The Sino – Indian War of 1967-India won
and saved Sikkim
4)The Indo – Pak War of 1971-India won
5)The Kargil War of 1999-India won
India always try not to have any conflict with
any country but if they try to take any part or
invade in India then India don’t hesitate in
killing the enemy.

14. AFTER 7 DECADES OF INDEPENDENCE