1)Growth analysis is a mathematical expression of environmental effects on growth and development of crop plants.
2) This is a useful tool in studying the complex interactions between the plant growth and the environment.
3)This analysis depends mainly on primary values (Dry weights) and they can be easily obtained without great demand on modern laboratory equipment.
The presentation is on crop physiology and ecology, basically how the environment affects crop performance and yield. Here different parameters used to describe plant growth are discussed.
1)Growth analysis is a mathematical expression of environmental effects on growth and development of crop plants.
2) This is a useful tool in studying the complex interactions between the plant growth and the environment.
3)This analysis depends mainly on primary values (Dry weights) and they can be easily obtained without great demand on modern laboratory equipment.
The presentation is on crop physiology and ecology, basically how the environment affects crop performance and yield. Here different parameters used to describe plant growth are discussed.
Scaling up Ethiopia’s ‘Seeds for Needs’ approach of using agricultural biodiv...Bioversity International
Bioversity International scientist Carlo Fadda presents to the World Bank on the results we have had so far working with partners in Ethiopia to tap into the genetic diversity of the country and the knowledge of farmers, to help them adapt better to climate change.
Find out more about Seeds for Needs: www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/adaptation-to-climate-change/seeds-for-needs/
Influence of Plant Density and Mulching on Growth and Yield of Lettuce (Lactu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The aim of the paper was to present the influence of plant density and different types of organic mulch on growth and yield of Romain lettuce. The field experiment was carried out in 2014 in the experimental field of University of Forestry – Sofia, with Romaine lettuce cv. Yellow beauty. The seedlings were planted at a distance of 30 x 30 cm and two different schemes were tested: parallel planting to form a 4-row bed and a chess planting to form a 7-row bed. For the purpose of the study were used different organic mulches, which were waste products from organic agriculture: barley straw (BS), well-rotted horse manure (HM), walnut wood sawdust (WS) and grass windrow (GW) and non-mulched control plots (NMC). The mulching materials were spread manually in a 5-6 cm thick layer, after strengthen the seedlings of Romain lettuce. On the 60th day after planting was the beginning of harvesting. It was found out that the seven-row bed and mulching influenced growth and yield of Romain lettuce. Mulching with HM has a significant effect on growth and yield. In the cultivation of lettuce in combination with horse manure mulch and seven-row bed, the yield increased by 18% compared to the non-mulched control in the same planting scheme and was 2.3 times higher than the non-mulched control in a four-row bed. A significant effect on the mulched variants was established. Keywords— grass windrow mulch, horse manure mulch, lettuce, seven-row bed, yield.
Crop modeling for stress situations, cropping system , assessing stress through remote sensing, understanding the adaptive features of crops for survival under stress .
Selected Physical Properties of Soybean In Relation To Storage DesignIJERA Editor
Bulk density, kernel density, internal friction of Soybean were measured over a moisture content range of 7.4 to
22.22%(wb). First and second order polynomial equations are given which describe the kernel density, bulk
density as well as other properties’ dependence on moisture content. For the grain that was tested, bulk density,
kernel density and specific gravity decreased with moisture content while angle of repose, angle of internal
friction and coefficient of sliding friction increased as moisture content increased. One thousand grain weight
and average diameter increased with moisture content for the crop. Frictional coefficients of the crop was
measured on four structural surface namely: concrete, wood, galvanized sheet metal and mild steel sheet. The
values were maximum for concrete among the four surfaces. The angle of repose was found to be higher than
angle of internal friction in all cases tested. These measurements are necessary in selection of the material and in
determination of pressures and angles of the wall of storage structures.
This paper examines the effects of planting date (early planting, mid-season planting and late-season planting) and weeding regimes (two weeding before harvesting, three weeding before harvesting and weed free plots) on yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) in the Tolon district of Northern Ghana. The results show that different weed species, categorized as broad leaves, grasses and sedges, were dominant depending on the planting date and weeding regime. While there was no significant interaction (p>0.05) between planting date and weeding regime on fruit yield, nor significant impact of planting date as a sole treatment on fruit yield, the results showed the existence of significant effect of weeding regime as a sole treatment on yield and yield parameters of okra (p<0.05). Triple weeding resulted in okra yields comparable to the weed-free treatments (mean of 6000 kg/ha to 6300 kg/ha, p>0.05) but significantly higher (p<0.05) and about triple the yield observed in the treatments with double weeding regimes (mean of 1800 kg/ha to 2300 kg/ha). As cost of production, besides the cost of weeding, remains same for all treatments, Triple weeding is recommended for the small-holder farmer. It is associated with less labor cost compared to continuous weeding in the weed free treatments, and the triple gains in yield could offset the additional labor cost incurred in the triple weeding compared to the double weeding regimes.
Longleaf Pine Ecosystems
Productivity and biodiversity patterns of a longleaf pine ecosystem.
Ecological forestry and restoration of longleaf pine ecosystems.
Ecological role of mesopredators, effects of control, and habitat approaches.
Aquatic Ecology and Water Resources
Hydrologic variation and human development in the lower Flint River Basin
Depressional wetlands on the coastal plain landscape: maintenance of regional biodiversity
ABSTRACT- Germination one of the most important stages of development, the basic requirement for having the proper
density is farm. In order to choose wheat lines tolerant to drought during seed germination factorial experiment in a
randomized complete block design with three replications were run Agricultural Research Center in Tehran. The
treatments included 40 genotypes of wheat and different levels of PEG (zero, 3-, 6- and 9-charge time). Traits such as root
length, coleoptile length, stem length, the root / shoot ratio, root dry weight and the percentage of germination rate were
measured. The results showed that all traits of drought stress significantly reduced the decline in all the traits of a potential
change of 3 bar to 6 bar, and the results showed that the root length of shoot length other traits for drought levels was
significant, but the interaction was not significant cultivar × drought. With increasing stress, most traits are reduced, the
minimum impact of drought on root to shoot ratio and root dry weight was the most affected.
Key-words- Polyethylene glycol, Osmotic stress, Germination, Wheat, Genotype
Effect of Varying Rate of Leaf Defoliation on Maize Growth, Development and ...Scientific Review SR
Pot trial was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Kogi State University Anyigba, within the
southern Guinea savanna agro ecological zone of Nigeria, with daily temperature range between 250C - 350C.
The experiment, a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eight treatments (defoliation at 25%
above the ear, 25% under the ear, 50% above the ear, 50% under the ear, 75% above the ear, 75% under the
ear, 100% defoliation and no defoliation as control) was replicated four times. Treatment was imposed at ear
initiation. Growth and yield parameters collected were: number of leaves per plant, leaf area, plant height, stem
girth, days to ear initiation, number of cobs/plant, days to crop maturity, cob weight, cob length, seed rows per
cob, 100-seed weight as well as total cob yield/ha. All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and New Duncan Multiple Range Test (NDMRT) was used to estimate the differences among
significant means at 5% level of probability. Prior to imposition of the treatment, anal yzed results indicate no
significant differences between number of leaves at 2, 4 and 6 WAS, as well as plant heights and stem girth at
2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 WAS. However there were significant differences between leaf areas at 4 and 6 WAS. In
addition, there were significant effects of defoliation on cob length and dry cob weight with the highest cob
weight obtained in 25% defoliation carried out above the ear. In addition, there were significant differences in
the number of rows per cob and grain yield per ha with 0% defoliation giving the highest result while the least
was in 100% defoliation. Generally, it was observed that defoliation at any rate and position influenced maize
yield, notwithstanding that the treatment was imposed at cob initiation, an indication that harvest of solar
radiation post cob initiation plays important role on eventual maize yield
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Scaling up Ethiopia’s ‘Seeds for Needs’ approach of using agricultural biodiv...Bioversity International
Bioversity International scientist Carlo Fadda presents to the World Bank on the results we have had so far working with partners in Ethiopia to tap into the genetic diversity of the country and the knowledge of farmers, to help them adapt better to climate change.
Find out more about Seeds for Needs: www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/adaptation-to-climate-change/seeds-for-needs/
Influence of Plant Density and Mulching on Growth and Yield of Lettuce (Lactu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The aim of the paper was to present the influence of plant density and different types of organic mulch on growth and yield of Romain lettuce. The field experiment was carried out in 2014 in the experimental field of University of Forestry – Sofia, with Romaine lettuce cv. Yellow beauty. The seedlings were planted at a distance of 30 x 30 cm and two different schemes were tested: parallel planting to form a 4-row bed and a chess planting to form a 7-row bed. For the purpose of the study were used different organic mulches, which were waste products from organic agriculture: barley straw (BS), well-rotted horse manure (HM), walnut wood sawdust (WS) and grass windrow (GW) and non-mulched control plots (NMC). The mulching materials were spread manually in a 5-6 cm thick layer, after strengthen the seedlings of Romain lettuce. On the 60th day after planting was the beginning of harvesting. It was found out that the seven-row bed and mulching influenced growth and yield of Romain lettuce. Mulching with HM has a significant effect on growth and yield. In the cultivation of lettuce in combination with horse manure mulch and seven-row bed, the yield increased by 18% compared to the non-mulched control in the same planting scheme and was 2.3 times higher than the non-mulched control in a four-row bed. A significant effect on the mulched variants was established. Keywords— grass windrow mulch, horse manure mulch, lettuce, seven-row bed, yield.
Crop modeling for stress situations, cropping system , assessing stress through remote sensing, understanding the adaptive features of crops for survival under stress .
Selected Physical Properties of Soybean In Relation To Storage DesignIJERA Editor
Bulk density, kernel density, internal friction of Soybean were measured over a moisture content range of 7.4 to
22.22%(wb). First and second order polynomial equations are given which describe the kernel density, bulk
density as well as other properties’ dependence on moisture content. For the grain that was tested, bulk density,
kernel density and specific gravity decreased with moisture content while angle of repose, angle of internal
friction and coefficient of sliding friction increased as moisture content increased. One thousand grain weight
and average diameter increased with moisture content for the crop. Frictional coefficients of the crop was
measured on four structural surface namely: concrete, wood, galvanized sheet metal and mild steel sheet. The
values were maximum for concrete among the four surfaces. The angle of repose was found to be higher than
angle of internal friction in all cases tested. These measurements are necessary in selection of the material and in
determination of pressures and angles of the wall of storage structures.
This paper examines the effects of planting date (early planting, mid-season planting and late-season planting) and weeding regimes (two weeding before harvesting, three weeding before harvesting and weed free plots) on yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) in the Tolon district of Northern Ghana. The results show that different weed species, categorized as broad leaves, grasses and sedges, were dominant depending on the planting date and weeding regime. While there was no significant interaction (p>0.05) between planting date and weeding regime on fruit yield, nor significant impact of planting date as a sole treatment on fruit yield, the results showed the existence of significant effect of weeding regime as a sole treatment on yield and yield parameters of okra (p<0.05). Triple weeding resulted in okra yields comparable to the weed-free treatments (mean of 6000 kg/ha to 6300 kg/ha, p>0.05) but significantly higher (p<0.05) and about triple the yield observed in the treatments with double weeding regimes (mean of 1800 kg/ha to 2300 kg/ha). As cost of production, besides the cost of weeding, remains same for all treatments, Triple weeding is recommended for the small-holder farmer. It is associated with less labor cost compared to continuous weeding in the weed free treatments, and the triple gains in yield could offset the additional labor cost incurred in the triple weeding compared to the double weeding regimes.
Longleaf Pine Ecosystems
Productivity and biodiversity patterns of a longleaf pine ecosystem.
Ecological forestry and restoration of longleaf pine ecosystems.
Ecological role of mesopredators, effects of control, and habitat approaches.
Aquatic Ecology and Water Resources
Hydrologic variation and human development in the lower Flint River Basin
Depressional wetlands on the coastal plain landscape: maintenance of regional biodiversity
ABSTRACT- Germination one of the most important stages of development, the basic requirement for having the proper
density is farm. In order to choose wheat lines tolerant to drought during seed germination factorial experiment in a
randomized complete block design with three replications were run Agricultural Research Center in Tehran. The
treatments included 40 genotypes of wheat and different levels of PEG (zero, 3-, 6- and 9-charge time). Traits such as root
length, coleoptile length, stem length, the root / shoot ratio, root dry weight and the percentage of germination rate were
measured. The results showed that all traits of drought stress significantly reduced the decline in all the traits of a potential
change of 3 bar to 6 bar, and the results showed that the root length of shoot length other traits for drought levels was
significant, but the interaction was not significant cultivar × drought. With increasing stress, most traits are reduced, the
minimum impact of drought on root to shoot ratio and root dry weight was the most affected.
Key-words- Polyethylene glycol, Osmotic stress, Germination, Wheat, Genotype
Effect of Varying Rate of Leaf Defoliation on Maize Growth, Development and ...Scientific Review SR
Pot trial was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Kogi State University Anyigba, within the
southern Guinea savanna agro ecological zone of Nigeria, with daily temperature range between 250C - 350C.
The experiment, a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eight treatments (defoliation at 25%
above the ear, 25% under the ear, 50% above the ear, 50% under the ear, 75% above the ear, 75% under the
ear, 100% defoliation and no defoliation as control) was replicated four times. Treatment was imposed at ear
initiation. Growth and yield parameters collected were: number of leaves per plant, leaf area, plant height, stem
girth, days to ear initiation, number of cobs/plant, days to crop maturity, cob weight, cob length, seed rows per
cob, 100-seed weight as well as total cob yield/ha. All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and New Duncan Multiple Range Test (NDMRT) was used to estimate the differences among
significant means at 5% level of probability. Prior to imposition of the treatment, anal yzed results indicate no
significant differences between number of leaves at 2, 4 and 6 WAS, as well as plant heights and stem girth at
2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 WAS. However there were significant differences between leaf areas at 4 and 6 WAS. In
addition, there were significant effects of defoliation on cob length and dry cob weight with the highest cob
weight obtained in 25% defoliation carried out above the ear. In addition, there were significant differences in
the number of rows per cob and grain yield per ha with 0% defoliation giving the highest result while the least
was in 100% defoliation. Generally, it was observed that defoliation at any rate and position influenced maize
yield, notwithstanding that the treatment was imposed at cob initiation, an indication that harvest of solar
radiation post cob initiation plays important role on eventual maize yield
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
1. Growth and development
• Growth is defined as an irreversible increase in size and it may
be evaluated by measurements of mass, length or height, surface
area or volume.
• Growth is restricted only to living cells and is accomplished by
metabolic processes involving synthesize of macromolecules,
such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and polysaccharides at the
expense of metabolic energy
• Growth is also defined as a vital process which brings about a
permanent change in any plant or its part in respect to its size,
form, weight and volume.
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
2. Patterns of Growth and Development
• Growth in plants is restricted to certain zones, recently produced
by cell division in a meristem.
• It is easy to confuse growth (as defined above as an increase in
size) with cell division in meristems.
• Cell division alone does not cause increased size, but the cellular
products of division also increase in volume and cause growth.
• Root and shoot tips (apices) are meristematic in nature.
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
3. Fig 1. Shoot system with apical meristem Root system with apical meristem
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
4. • Meristematic tissues are found in the vascular cambium and just
above the nodes of monocots or at the bases of grass leaves.
• The root and shoot apical meristems are formed during embryo
development, while the seed develops and are called primary
meristems.
• The vascular cambium and the meristmatic zones of monocot
nodes and grass leaves are indistinguishable until after
germination; they are secondary meristems.
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
5. Kinetics of growth – the course of growth
(Grand period of growth) or sigmoid curve
(Grand period curve)
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
6. • Growth is slow at first (Lag Phase), then gains speed (Log
Phase) and eventually slows down (Decreasing Growth Rate)
to come to a halt (Steady State).
• The total time during which this course of growth takes place
is called as the Grand period of Growth.
• If this growth rate is plotted against time, a slanting S shaped
curve is obtained which is called as Sigmoid Curve or Grand
Period Curve.
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
7. • This is followed by a time period during which there is
exponential increase in cell number which is called as log
period.
• This period of rapid growth does not continue indefinitely and
due to depleted nutrient supply, accumulation of toxic products
and other limiting factors ultimately leads to decreasing cell
number until the population of cells reaches a steady state in
which the number of cells remains constant (stationary) or
even declines. If number of cells per milliliter is plotted
against time (hours), again a sigmoid curve is obtained
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
8. Growth factors
Internal Factors and Environmental Factors
1) Internal factors:
a. Resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses
b. The rate at which plants show resistance towards biotic and
abiotic stresses
c. Respiration
d. Partitioning of assimilate and nitrogen
e. Capacity to store food resources
f. Enzyme activity
g. Direct gene effects (eg. Heterosis).
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
9. 2) Environmental factors:
A) Climatic:
i. Light
ii. Temperature
iii. Water
iv. Photoperiod
v. Gases.
B) Edaphic (soil factors):
i. Texture,
ii. Structure,
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
10. iii. Organic matter,
iv. CEC,
v. pH and
vi. Nutrient availability.
C) Biological:
i. Weeds,
ii. Insects,
iii. Diseases,
iv. Nematodes, and
v. Soil microorganisms.
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
11. Growth Analysis In Horticultural Crops
• The analysis of yield influencing factors and plant development
as net photosynthates accumulation integrated over time is
known as growth analysis.
• Growth analysis can be made at individual plant level or plant
communities.
• The analyses made at individual plant level are RGR, AGR,
NAR, LAR, SLA, SLW and allometry (shoot/root ratio).
• The analyses made at plant community level are LAI, LAD,
CGR
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
12. • The technique of growth analysis is advantageous to crop
scientist as it helps to find out the relationship between
photosynthetic production and rate of increase in dry matter.
• Methods of growth studies provide better understanding of
growth processes and limitations of the crop yield.
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
13. Parameters Arrived Through Growth Analysis
1) Leaf Area (LA)
• It is the surface area of leaf, which aids in photosynthesis.
• Total leaf area per plant is often a useful measurement in bio-
productivity studies.
• Area can be measured by graphic methods,
• weight method, by using Leaf Area Meter and by measuring
length and breadth of the leaf.
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
14. A) Weight method
Where
• X = known area of leaves
• A = dry weight of known area of leaf
• B = dry weight of unknown area of all leaves
• The leaf area of standard leaves, usually 3rd leaf from the top
is measured and dried.
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
15. B) Linear measurement method
• LA = LBK (cm2 or m2)
• Where L=maximum length, B=maximum breadth, K=constant
2) Leaf Area Index (LAI)
• Watson (1947) proposed the term leaf area index which is the
ratio of the leaf area of a plant to the ground area occupied by
the plant.
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
16. 3) Leaf Area Ratio (LAR)
• The term leaf area ratio was suggested by Redford (1967). It
is defined as the ratio of area of the leaf to the total plant
biomass per plant. It is expressed in terms of cm2g-1.
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
17. 4) Leaf Area Duration (LAD)
• It is ability of the plant to maintain the green leaves per unit area of
the land over a period of time. It reflects the vitality of leaves and an
opportunity for assimilation.
• This factor was suggested by Power et al.(1967) and expressed in
days. LAI (i) – Leaf area index at first stage
• LAI (ii) - Leaf area index at second stage
• t2 –t1 – Time interval between the two consequent stages and
expressed in days.
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
18. 5) Specific Leaf Area (SLA)
• It is the ratio of assimilating area to its dry weight. Following
formula was proposed by Kvet et al. (1971) to arrive SLA and
expressed as cm2 g-1.
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
19. 6) Specific Leaf Weight (SLW)
• Using the leaf dry weight and leaf area, SLW is calculated. It is
the ratio of leaf dry weight to its area of assimilating surface.
The formula was suggested by Pearce et.al (1968) and
expressed as mg cm-2.
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
20. 7) Leaf Weight Ratio (LWR)
• It is the ratio of total leaf dry weight to the whole plant dry
weight. It is the measure of leafiness of the plant on a weight
basis. It is expressed in g kg-1.
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
21. 8) Net Assimilation Rate (NAR)
• It is the rate of increase of leaf by dry weight per unit area of leaf per unit
time. Williams (1946) employed the formula and expressed as mg cm-2 day
-1
Where
• Log e L2 = Natural log of leaf area at stage 2.
• Log e L1 = Natural log of leaf area at stage 1.
• L2 & L1 = Leaf area at stage 2 & 1 respectively
• W2 & W1 = Dry weight of the whole plant at stage 2 & 1 respectively
• t2-t1 = Time interval between the two stages
• NAR is expressed as mg cm-2 day -1
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
22. 9) Relative Growth Rate (RGR)
It is the rate of increase of dry weight per unit weight already
present per unit time. Williams (1946) suggested the formula.
W2 & W1 = Whole plant dry weight at t2 & t1 respectively and
expressed as g g-1 day-1
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
23. 10) Crop Growth Rate (CGR)
• CGR is a simple and important aid of agriculture productivity.
It is the rate of increase of dry weight per unit land area per
unit time. Watson (1958) suggested the following formula to
arrive Crop Growth Rate
• Where, W2 and W1 are total plant dry weight at time t2 and t1
and P is plant population
• per unit area.
• CGR is expressed as mg m-2 day -1.
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
24. 11) Harvest Index (HI)
• It reflects the proportion of assimilate distribution between
economic yield and total biomass yield (Donald and Hamblin,
1976).
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD
25. PHOTOSYNTHETIC PRODUCTIVITY
• A simplified energy flow diagram for pondering plant
productivity possibilities. ... Briefly, light absorbed by
photosynthetic pigments in the green cells of plants is used to
power the conversion of CO2 into a simple sugar product. This
product is then used in the synthesis of more complex organic
molecules.
Canopy Photosynthesis
• Scaling or Integrating Carbon Dioxide Fluxes. from Leaf to
Canopy Dimensions. By definition, canopy photosynthesis
(Ac) is equal to the integrated sum of photosynthesis by leaves
throughout the canopy volume.
AgriHORTICO’s WORLD