Stella Bruzzi criticized other documentary theorists' views on documentary making. She thought that categorizing documentaries into strict modes confined creators and made it impossible to realistically recreate reality. Steven Barnett's "Disneyfication Theory" argued that less intellectual, more entertaining documentaries are being produced to appeal to mass audiences and be more profitable, replacing important real documentaries. Gordon Quinn said documentary makers have an ethical duty to tell the truth and get to the full story accurately. Recent documentaries have been criticized for prioritizing drama and ratings over ethics.

1. Criticisms of Documentary
Theory
Gareth Daniel

2.  In 2000, Stella Bruzzi published the book
‘New Documentary: A Critical Introduction’
which in part criticized Bill Nichols, John
Grierson and Andre Bazin’s theories and
opinions on documentary creation. She
particularly criticized Nichols for thinking
that film makers were ‘trying’ to replicate
reality, aiming for as close a representation of
the real as possible and were therefore failing
in their efforts. In her opinion this
undermined the caliber of documentary
creators. She thought that the classification of
documentaries in to only six modes was
unnecessary, as many would blur the lines
and could be fit in to 2 or even three
categories without having a dominant ‘mode’.
She found that the modes system didn’t work
and that documentary creators should be free
to make a documentary with whatever they
saw fit without regulations as to what is
considered a ‘real’ documentary.
What did she do?
Criticised other theorists views
on documentary making. She
thought that the categories
confined creators and made it
impossible to recreate reality.
Stella Bruzzi

3.  Steven Barnett’s ’Disneyfication’ theory looks
at the state of documentaries being put in to
the public eye, specifically on television. The
theory states that the quality of content in
documentaries is lessening in intellectual
quality and gaining more entertaining
qualities to make them more attractive to a
mass audience. Steven believed that this was
being done to appease the audience, as this is
the type of content already being released on
mainstream television, but also for the
organizations behind the creation of such
products to cash out by making an overall
cheaper product. The theory also states that
the showings of documentaries of actual
importance is declining, reducing the
saturation of ‘real’ documentaries on
mainstream tv.
What did he do?
Disneyfication Theory
The theory that less serious,
dumbed down and cheaper
documentaries are being made
to entertain the audience that
accepts this as the norm.
Steven Barnett

4. The Ethics of Documentary Making
Gordon Quinn to IndieWire: ‘We as documentary
filmmaker, I feel, have a responsibility towards
ethics’. ‘ You owe your audience to tell the truth
to get to the bottom of the story & to be
accurate.’
In my opinion this shows a lot about
documentary makers specifically. When Quinn
for example feels a moral duty to create content
that is truthful and would therefore be filmed
and edited as faithfully as possible. However, as
we have seen in more recent years, some
filmmakers seem to lack this type of moral
judgement, instead finding drama and viewing
figures more important.
Ethical Issues
Disneyfication Theory
The theory that less serious,
dumbed down and cheaper
documentaries are being made
to entertain the audience that
accepts this as the norm.

5. Recent Ethical Criticisms of Documentaries
 As mentioned in the previous slide, certain
filmmakers decide to bend the rules of ethics
in favor of making interesting television. A
highly controversial recent documentary
series was ‘Benefits Street’ which saw the
residents portrayed as drug addicts,
alcoholics, criminals and most importantly
benefits scroungers. After the show aired
there was mass controversy surrounding the
origins of the documentary. When the
residents were interviewed they said that they
were lied to and that the documentary was
supposed to be about the tight knit community
which is only featured in a minor way in the
final product. From this example, although
quite simple, we can see how the ‘intended
purpose’ can be manipulated by the
filmmakers with no penalty other than a
scalding from the press.
Recent Controversy
Disneyfication Theory
The theory that less serious,
dumbed down and cheaper
documentaries are being made
to entertain the audience that
accepts this as the norm.