“Super-humans” is usually to be linked to Nietzsche or to Heidegger’s criticism to Nietzsche, or even to the ideology of Nazism. However, they can be properly underlain by philosophical and scientific anthropology as that biological species who will originate from humans eventually in the course of evolution.
There is a series of more or less well-established facts in anthropogenesis, which would be relevant to the philosophical question about the “super-humans”: bipedalism, cooling by sweating, specific hair or its lack, omnivorous-ness, thumb opposition and apposition, vocal system of speech production, human brain, long childhood; our species is evolutionary young (about 200 000 years old), but it is the last survived descendant being genetically exceptionally homogenous (<00,01% genetic differences) of the genus “homo” (about 6 000 000 old). All this generates a few main features of our population: society, technics, language, and mind, which guarantee the contemporary absolute domination of mankind.
The society has reached a natural limitation of earth. The technics depends on how much energy is produced. The mind is restricted by its carrier, i.e. by the brain. Thus only the language seems to be the frontier of any future development inducing a much better use of the former three. The recent informational technologies suggest the same.
Language is defined as symbolic image of the world doubling it by an ideal or virtual world, which is fruitful for creativity and any modeling of the real world. Consequently, a gap between the material and the ideal world produces language. The language increases that gap in turn. Furthermore, the ideal world is secondary and derivative from the material world in origin and objectivity: Language serves for the world to be ordered. Thus language refers to the philosophical categories of ‘being’ and ‘time’. Any “super-language” should transcend some of those definitive borders of language and be a generalization.
The involving of infinity can extend the language. Any human language is finite and addresses some finite reality. Thus the gap between reality and any model in language can be seen as that between infinity and its limitation to any finite representation: Finite representations dominate over society, technics, and the mind use. A “super-language” as an “infinite language” can be approached in a few reference frames:
• Husserl’s “Back to the things themselves!” if “phenomenon” in his philosophy is thought as the ‘word’ of the language of consciousness.
• The semantic and philosophical theory of symbol: from consciousness and language to reality.
• The concept of infinity in mathematics and its foundation: set or category theory.
• Quantum mechanics and information: the coincidence of the quantum model and reality; quantum computer.
Mankind is approached the problem of infinite language as the language of nature.
This document summarizes an academic article that analyzes how modern sovereignty is based on the assumption that only humans can exercise power and authority (anthropocentric sovereignty). It argues that unidentified flying objects (UFOs) challenge this assumption by potentially showing that non-human entities could have agency and influence over human affairs. However, UFOs have been officially disregarded and not seriously investigated due to the threat they pose to the idea that only humans can be sovereign. The article uses UFOs and the taboo around discussing them seriously to illuminate the limits of the human-centered view of sovereignty that forms the basis of modern political systems.
Research quality, bibliometrics and the republic of scienceMichael Peters
Ideologies of Knowledge & Knowledge Cultures
English Renaissance: Forbidden Knowledge – Marlow’s Dr Faustus
French Enlightenment – Encyclopedic Knowledge – Diderot’s L'Encyclopédie
Postmodern Knowledge Economy - Thomson’s ‘total information solution’
2. Byblos, Bibliographies & Bibliometrics
Journals, Journology & The Origins of Peer Review
Bibliometrics and the Architecture of Global Science
Research Quality and the Development of National Systems
3. Peer Review, Bibliometrics & the Governance of Science
Quality Assurance Replaces ‘Truth’ as Core Commitment of Post-normal Science & the Case for ‘Extended Peer Review’
The Centrality of Peer Review to the Republic of Science and the Shift to Bibliometrics
The Limitations of Citation Analysis
Research quality, bibliometrics and the republic ofmpt001
This document discusses the history of knowledge organization and bibliometrics. It begins by outlining different ideologies of knowledge that emerged from the English Renaissance, French Enlightenment, and modern information economy. It then discusses the origins of bibliographies, journals, and peer review in the 17th century. Finally, it addresses the development of bibliometrics and its role in quality assurance and governance of science. Key points include the ideological drives behind encyclopedias like Diderot's to make knowledge widely accessible, and the establishment of peer review and bibliometrics in shaping the "Republic of Science."
This document discusses unidentified flying objects (UFOs) and how they challenge the concept of anthropocentric sovereignty. It argues that modern sovereignty is based on the idea that only humans can be sovereign actors, but UFOs potentially undermine this assumption if they are actually extraterrestrial spacecraft. The document analyzes why UFOs have long been dismissed and disregarded without serious scientific study, suggesting this is due to the threat they pose to the foundations of modern political rule if their non-human origin was confirmed. It explores how acknowledging UFOs could challenge concepts of loyalty, decision-making power and the organization of the state in fundamentally new ways.
The material-ideal dyad of culture and the revolutionary materialism of pract...Brendan Larvor
According to Theodore R. Schatzki, theorists who study practices tend to view them as materially present and changing over history, rather than as determined by rigid abstract structures. This amounts to a revolutionary materialist perspective. The author will illustrate this perspective and discuss how it presents dilemmas for philosophers of mathematical practices. They will also argue that culture is better viewed as the expression of values in practices, rather than as distinct anthropological units, in order to understand cultural change and facilitate cross-cultural communication without falling into materialism or post-humanism.
The document discusses how religions and beliefs have evolved over time based on changing human survival conditions and social developments. It argues that early hunter-gatherer societies developed shamanism while early settlements led to goddess worship. Urbanization around 3000 BC led to the rise of kingdoms, trade, conflicts and the need for higher-level belief systems. It then examines the major world religions that emerged between 1000 BC to 600 AD and their philosophical underpinnings. The document advocates for an evolution of human consciousness towards greater empathy, cooperation and sustainability in light of modern challenges facing the planet.
On culture introduction-comparison and contextMaryjoydailo
This document provides an introduction and overview of cultural anthropology. It discusses some key concepts like culture, society, and the goals and methods of anthropology. Specifically, it notes that anthropology aims to understand both differences and similarities between human societies by studying local contexts in detail through long-term fieldwork using participant observation. While traditionally focused on small-scale societies, anthropology now studies any social system. The concepts of culture and society are complex and have been debated, but culture generally refers to acquired behaviors and meanings, while society refers to patterns of social interaction and organization.
This document summarizes an academic article that analyzes how modern sovereignty is based on the assumption that only humans can exercise power and authority (anthropocentric sovereignty). It argues that unidentified flying objects (UFOs) challenge this assumption by potentially showing that non-human entities could have agency and influence over human affairs. However, UFOs have been officially disregarded and not seriously investigated due to the threat they pose to the idea that only humans can be sovereign. The article uses UFOs and the taboo around discussing them seriously to illuminate the limits of the human-centered view of sovereignty that forms the basis of modern political systems.
Research quality, bibliometrics and the republic of scienceMichael Peters
Ideologies of Knowledge & Knowledge Cultures
English Renaissance: Forbidden Knowledge – Marlow’s Dr Faustus
French Enlightenment – Encyclopedic Knowledge – Diderot’s L'Encyclopédie
Postmodern Knowledge Economy - Thomson’s ‘total information solution’
2. Byblos, Bibliographies & Bibliometrics
Journals, Journology & The Origins of Peer Review
Bibliometrics and the Architecture of Global Science
Research Quality and the Development of National Systems
3. Peer Review, Bibliometrics & the Governance of Science
Quality Assurance Replaces ‘Truth’ as Core Commitment of Post-normal Science & the Case for ‘Extended Peer Review’
The Centrality of Peer Review to the Republic of Science and the Shift to Bibliometrics
The Limitations of Citation Analysis
Research quality, bibliometrics and the republic ofmpt001
This document discusses the history of knowledge organization and bibliometrics. It begins by outlining different ideologies of knowledge that emerged from the English Renaissance, French Enlightenment, and modern information economy. It then discusses the origins of bibliographies, journals, and peer review in the 17th century. Finally, it addresses the development of bibliometrics and its role in quality assurance and governance of science. Key points include the ideological drives behind encyclopedias like Diderot's to make knowledge widely accessible, and the establishment of peer review and bibliometrics in shaping the "Republic of Science."
This document discusses unidentified flying objects (UFOs) and how they challenge the concept of anthropocentric sovereignty. It argues that modern sovereignty is based on the idea that only humans can be sovereign actors, but UFOs potentially undermine this assumption if they are actually extraterrestrial spacecraft. The document analyzes why UFOs have long been dismissed and disregarded without serious scientific study, suggesting this is due to the threat they pose to the foundations of modern political rule if their non-human origin was confirmed. It explores how acknowledging UFOs could challenge concepts of loyalty, decision-making power and the organization of the state in fundamentally new ways.
The material-ideal dyad of culture and the revolutionary materialism of pract...Brendan Larvor
According to Theodore R. Schatzki, theorists who study practices tend to view them as materially present and changing over history, rather than as determined by rigid abstract structures. This amounts to a revolutionary materialist perspective. The author will illustrate this perspective and discuss how it presents dilemmas for philosophers of mathematical practices. They will also argue that culture is better viewed as the expression of values in practices, rather than as distinct anthropological units, in order to understand cultural change and facilitate cross-cultural communication without falling into materialism or post-humanism.
The document discusses how religions and beliefs have evolved over time based on changing human survival conditions and social developments. It argues that early hunter-gatherer societies developed shamanism while early settlements led to goddess worship. Urbanization around 3000 BC led to the rise of kingdoms, trade, conflicts and the need for higher-level belief systems. It then examines the major world religions that emerged between 1000 BC to 600 AD and their philosophical underpinnings. The document advocates for an evolution of human consciousness towards greater empathy, cooperation and sustainability in light of modern challenges facing the planet.
On culture introduction-comparison and contextMaryjoydailo
This document provides an introduction and overview of cultural anthropology. It discusses some key concepts like culture, society, and the goals and methods of anthropology. Specifically, it notes that anthropology aims to understand both differences and similarities between human societies by studying local contexts in detail through long-term fieldwork using participant observation. While traditionally focused on small-scale societies, anthropology now studies any social system. The concepts of culture and society are complex and have been debated, but culture generally refers to acquired behaviors and meanings, while society refers to patterns of social interaction and organization.
Observation, Experiment, Conclusion: the Three Princes of Serendip_essay_Phil...Ioanna Tsalouchidou
This document summarizes an essay about the role of chance and wisdom in scientific discoveries. It discusses how chance can impact scientists, the scientific process, and research outcomes. It defines chance as indeterminism and wisdom as sound judgment. The concept of serendipity, discovered information combined with insight, is examined. Examples from history show chance playing a role through accidental discoveries like penicillin and X-rays. Chance can appear subtly through observations, as in Einstein's insights. Overall, the document categorizes how chance influences scientists, methods, and results through the scientific process.
Talk given at the Modern Cosmism Conference, New York, October 10, 2015
http://turingchurch.com/2015/10/05/reminder-modern-cosmism-conference-saturday-in-new-york/
Preparing for post-human audience: a digital artwork survival toolkitKovács Balázs
The document discusses the concept of the post-human from several perspectives:
1) It provides definitions of the post-human from N. Katherine Hayles' book "How We Became Posthuman", describing it as privileging informational pattern over material form and blurring lines between humans and technology.
2) It examines J-F. Lyotard's view that a solar explosion would leave no human survivors to bear witness, unlike a human war.
3) It discusses Lyotard suggesting the need to enable thought without a body and find a nutrient for the body unrelated to earthly biochemistry, indicating a complete detachment from earth.
This document discusses the thesis that mental time travel, or the ability to mentally experience past and future events, was a key development in human evolution. The author argues that while other primates have memory and anticipation, they do not have the same advanced abilities to re-experience past events or imagine possible futures. The first half examines evidence that episodic memory depends on other cognitive capabilities like self-awareness. The second half contrasts flexible thinking about the future in humans versus other forms of anticipatory behavior in primates. The author proposes that mental time travel was an adaptive ability that contributed to humanity's dramatic impact on the planet.
This document provides a summary of a dissertation analyzing anti-immigrant language and covert racism in British news media. The dissertation examines how a "New Racism" has emerged through subtle discourse that presents negative stereotypes about immigrants as truths. It analyzes how newspapers criminalize immigrants through language like "illegal immigrant." It explores how metaphors of invasion, disease, and overcrowding fuel moral panic about outsiders. The dissertation aims to show how discourse naturalizes xenophobic sentiment and maintains unequal power relations by othering migrant groups. It examines how notions of culture, nation, and race have been conflated to provide cover for new forms of racism. The dissertation draws on theories of discourse analysis, racism, and migration to
The document discusses classical frameworks for understanding society and how ideas have evolved over time. It examines perspectives from figures like Vitruvius, Darwin, and others on topics like human evolution, proportions, and the development of social theories. The key frameworks discussed are:
1) Classical theories providing foundations for understanding society through lenses like nature and culture.
2) Ideas from Vitruvius and da Vinci on ideal human proportions and their influence on architecture.
3) Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and its revolutionary impact on understanding life's development.
Talk at Futurism, Spirituality, and Faith. London Futurists, September 21, 2013Giulio Prisco
The document discusses futurism, spirituality, and faith. It argues that future science and technology may achieve what religions promise, like resurrection and benevolent gods, through advances like mind uploading, time scanning, and synthetic realities. It promotes a "Cosmist Third Way" that combines rational futurism with religious elements like hope, meaning, and transcendence. The author believes super-advanced aliens could seem god-like to humans and that sufficiently advanced technology may be indistinguishable from magic or miracles.
0. Introduction
1. The emancipation of the problem from the legacy of Nietzsche and Heidegger
2. The origin of the super-humans from the humans as a prognostic direction
3. A prognosis for the frontier of the super-humans
4. The language of infinity in the reference frame of contemporary cognition
5. Conclusions
Plato argued that societies require a "noble lie" to maintain social control and stability. In his work The Republic, he describes an ideal city divided into categories of rulers, auxiliaries, and farmers, with each person's place determined by the metal found in their soul - gold, silver, or iron. The rulers would tell the noble lie that this categorization was due to God's will rather than circumstances. The lie was meant to keep the lower classes content with their place in the social structure.
This document provides a summary of Nandor Fodor's 1932 book "Encyclopaedia of Psychic Science". The book comprehensively covers a wide range of psychic and spiritualist phenomena from the 19th century to the early 20th century. It details hundreds of case studies and articles on topics like apparitions, clairvoyance, levitation, and mediumship. The book serves as an important reference work on the history of spiritualism and psychical research during a time of intense study and debate surrounding these supernatural claims.
The document discusses the concept of "The Two Cultures" proposed by C.P. Snow, referring to the lack of communication between sciences and humanities. It also summarizes perspectives from the sociology of scientific knowledge arguing that scientific concepts are social constructs dependent on language and culture rather than objective truths. Critics like Alan Sokal and Steven Pinker argue this "strong form" dismisses the objective realities discovered by science.
Sujay theories of cultural change final final final final finalSujay Rao Mandavilli
This paper articulates new perspectives and integrates existing frameworks on cultural change from the point of view of Twenty-first century anthropology. This paper also identifies the key drivers of cultural change across epochs and investigates the mechanics of cultural change, and our proposed approaches towards cultural change (characterized by Activism which we believe is an adjunct for the globalisation of the field) are intertwined with our core philosophy of Neo-centrism which is intended to be used in a wide variety of domains. The approaches that we adumbrate, bear some resemblance to ‘The Theory of Linguistic Osmosis’ as propounded in an earlier paper, may be referred to as ‘Cultural Osmosis’, and as such are opposed to more simplistic theories of Cultural Change. We refer to this approach as the “Proactive-interactive-symbiotic approach to long-term cultural change”. This eventually leads to what cultural anthropologists refer to Cultural integration in some form with different cultures retaining their own characteristics. The ethics and the pros and cons of activism are also explored, along with their role in ensuring the long-term survivability of civilization, their ability to foster cultural symbiosis, and extirpate other outmoded approaches. This paper also introduces concepts such as Manumittology and Manumittonomics as a part of the Neo-centrist framework, and the ‘Theory of Mindspace’ as well. These approaches are expected to integrate with Applied Anthropology and Developmental Anthropology take them to greater heights.
Sujay Theories of Cultural change FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL.pdfSujay Rao Mandavilli
This document discusses perspectives on cultural change from a neo-centrist viewpoint in 21st century anthropology. It examines drivers of cultural change across time and proposes approaches like "cultural osmosis" and a "proactive-interactive-symbiotic" model of long-term cultural change. These approaches integrate concepts like manumittology and manumittonomics within a neo-centrist framework. The document also provides an overview of anthropology, including its scope, history and key subfields like physical, cultural, archaeological, and linguistic anthropology. It traces interest in other cultures back to ancient times and discusses anthropology's development as a science over the past few centuries.
This document summarizes Hannah Arendt's views on the relationship between science and politics. Arendt was concerned that science could reduce humans from political animals to merely animals by seeking to explain all of human life and values through scientific principles like objectivity and neutrality. She saw this as a threat to human freedom and the autonomy of the political realm. The document also discusses how some modern thinkers have sought to further ground morality and human behavior in scientific concepts like biology and evolution, reflecting Arendt's concern about science dominating the human life-world.
The essay discusses the emergence of modern psychology as a science in the late 19th century. Previously, philosophy and physiology studied the mind but it was not until 1879 that psychology emerged as its own field of scientific study. The essay notes how Descartes' philosophical dualism of mind and body, and his theory of the pineal gland influencing interactions, contributed to early understandings. It also discusses how universities became centers for the new "scientific" knowledge and restricted access primarily to elite classes.
1. The document proposes creating the new field of Anthropological Pedagogy to promote anthropological goals through education. It would combine anthropology and pedagogy with predefined principles and objectives.
2. It provides overviews of the histories and scopes of anthropology, pedagogy, and related fields like sociology. Anthropology studies all aspects of human existence through various subfields and interfaces with many other sciences.
3. Pedagogy and formal education have evolved significantly over time from informal learning among early humans to modern structured education systems. Various early civilizations developed different approaches to literacy, administration training, and other forms of early formal education.
This document provides summaries of various philosophical concepts and movements throughout history. It includes brief explanations of concepts like empiricism, rationalism, positivism, utilitarianism, idealism, pragmatism, existentialism, structural realism, and phenomenology. For each entry it lists one or two prominent thinkers associated with that concept. The document serves as a high-level overview of major topics and figures in the history of philosophy.
Using evidence from psychology, anthropology, sociology and other scientific disciplines, this book shows that there are at least three biological races (subspecies) of man Orientals (i.e., Mongoloids or Asians), Blacks (i.e., Negroids or Africans), and Whites (i.e., Caucasoids or Europeans).
There are recognizable profiles for the three major racial groups on brain size, intelligence, personality and temperament, sexual behavior, and rates of fertility, maturation and longevity.
The profiles reveal that, on average, Orientals and their descendants around the world fall at one end of the continuum, Blacks and their descendants around the world fall at the other end of the continuum, Europeans regularly fall in between.
This worldwide pattern implies evolutionary and genetic, rather than purely social, political, economic, or cultural causes.
Sujay Anthropological Economics FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL.pdfSujay Rao Mandavilli
This document provides an overview of the history and development of anthropology and economics as academic disciplines. It discusses how anthropology emerged as a field to holistically study human beings across different cultures and time periods. It also reviews how economics developed to study problems of resource allocation and wealth. The document then proposes a new field called "Anthropological Economics" that seeks to more tightly integrate concepts from anthropology into economic theory to better account for cultural factors and maximize human welfare and happiness across societies. It argues this new approach could help move mainstream economics away from solely neoclassical perspectives.
Sujay Anthropological Economics FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL.pdfSujay Rao Mandavilli
This document provides an overview of anthropology and its history. It discusses how anthropology aims to study all aspects of human existence across cultures through disciplines like cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, social anthropology, and archaeological anthropology. The document traces the origins and early concepts of anthropology back to ancient Greek scholars but notes it emerged as a distinct field in the 19th-20th centuries. It also discusses how anthropology relates to and differs from the closely-linked field of sociology, examining definitions of both disciplines.
Observation, Experiment, Conclusion: the Three Princes of Serendip_essay_Phil...Ioanna Tsalouchidou
This document summarizes an essay about the role of chance and wisdom in scientific discoveries. It discusses how chance can impact scientists, the scientific process, and research outcomes. It defines chance as indeterminism and wisdom as sound judgment. The concept of serendipity, discovered information combined with insight, is examined. Examples from history show chance playing a role through accidental discoveries like penicillin and X-rays. Chance can appear subtly through observations, as in Einstein's insights. Overall, the document categorizes how chance influences scientists, methods, and results through the scientific process.
Talk given at the Modern Cosmism Conference, New York, October 10, 2015
http://turingchurch.com/2015/10/05/reminder-modern-cosmism-conference-saturday-in-new-york/
Preparing for post-human audience: a digital artwork survival toolkitKovács Balázs
The document discusses the concept of the post-human from several perspectives:
1) It provides definitions of the post-human from N. Katherine Hayles' book "How We Became Posthuman", describing it as privileging informational pattern over material form and blurring lines between humans and technology.
2) It examines J-F. Lyotard's view that a solar explosion would leave no human survivors to bear witness, unlike a human war.
3) It discusses Lyotard suggesting the need to enable thought without a body and find a nutrient for the body unrelated to earthly biochemistry, indicating a complete detachment from earth.
This document discusses the thesis that mental time travel, or the ability to mentally experience past and future events, was a key development in human evolution. The author argues that while other primates have memory and anticipation, they do not have the same advanced abilities to re-experience past events or imagine possible futures. The first half examines evidence that episodic memory depends on other cognitive capabilities like self-awareness. The second half contrasts flexible thinking about the future in humans versus other forms of anticipatory behavior in primates. The author proposes that mental time travel was an adaptive ability that contributed to humanity's dramatic impact on the planet.
This document provides a summary of a dissertation analyzing anti-immigrant language and covert racism in British news media. The dissertation examines how a "New Racism" has emerged through subtle discourse that presents negative stereotypes about immigrants as truths. It analyzes how newspapers criminalize immigrants through language like "illegal immigrant." It explores how metaphors of invasion, disease, and overcrowding fuel moral panic about outsiders. The dissertation aims to show how discourse naturalizes xenophobic sentiment and maintains unequal power relations by othering migrant groups. It examines how notions of culture, nation, and race have been conflated to provide cover for new forms of racism. The dissertation draws on theories of discourse analysis, racism, and migration to
The document discusses classical frameworks for understanding society and how ideas have evolved over time. It examines perspectives from figures like Vitruvius, Darwin, and others on topics like human evolution, proportions, and the development of social theories. The key frameworks discussed are:
1) Classical theories providing foundations for understanding society through lenses like nature and culture.
2) Ideas from Vitruvius and da Vinci on ideal human proportions and their influence on architecture.
3) Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and its revolutionary impact on understanding life's development.
Talk at Futurism, Spirituality, and Faith. London Futurists, September 21, 2013Giulio Prisco
The document discusses futurism, spirituality, and faith. It argues that future science and technology may achieve what religions promise, like resurrection and benevolent gods, through advances like mind uploading, time scanning, and synthetic realities. It promotes a "Cosmist Third Way" that combines rational futurism with religious elements like hope, meaning, and transcendence. The author believes super-advanced aliens could seem god-like to humans and that sufficiently advanced technology may be indistinguishable from magic or miracles.
0. Introduction
1. The emancipation of the problem from the legacy of Nietzsche and Heidegger
2. The origin of the super-humans from the humans as a prognostic direction
3. A prognosis for the frontier of the super-humans
4. The language of infinity in the reference frame of contemporary cognition
5. Conclusions
Plato argued that societies require a "noble lie" to maintain social control and stability. In his work The Republic, he describes an ideal city divided into categories of rulers, auxiliaries, and farmers, with each person's place determined by the metal found in their soul - gold, silver, or iron. The rulers would tell the noble lie that this categorization was due to God's will rather than circumstances. The lie was meant to keep the lower classes content with their place in the social structure.
This document provides a summary of Nandor Fodor's 1932 book "Encyclopaedia of Psychic Science". The book comprehensively covers a wide range of psychic and spiritualist phenomena from the 19th century to the early 20th century. It details hundreds of case studies and articles on topics like apparitions, clairvoyance, levitation, and mediumship. The book serves as an important reference work on the history of spiritualism and psychical research during a time of intense study and debate surrounding these supernatural claims.
The document discusses the concept of "The Two Cultures" proposed by C.P. Snow, referring to the lack of communication between sciences and humanities. It also summarizes perspectives from the sociology of scientific knowledge arguing that scientific concepts are social constructs dependent on language and culture rather than objective truths. Critics like Alan Sokal and Steven Pinker argue this "strong form" dismisses the objective realities discovered by science.
Sujay theories of cultural change final final final final finalSujay Rao Mandavilli
This paper articulates new perspectives and integrates existing frameworks on cultural change from the point of view of Twenty-first century anthropology. This paper also identifies the key drivers of cultural change across epochs and investigates the mechanics of cultural change, and our proposed approaches towards cultural change (characterized by Activism which we believe is an adjunct for the globalisation of the field) are intertwined with our core philosophy of Neo-centrism which is intended to be used in a wide variety of domains. The approaches that we adumbrate, bear some resemblance to ‘The Theory of Linguistic Osmosis’ as propounded in an earlier paper, may be referred to as ‘Cultural Osmosis’, and as such are opposed to more simplistic theories of Cultural Change. We refer to this approach as the “Proactive-interactive-symbiotic approach to long-term cultural change”. This eventually leads to what cultural anthropologists refer to Cultural integration in some form with different cultures retaining their own characteristics. The ethics and the pros and cons of activism are also explored, along with their role in ensuring the long-term survivability of civilization, their ability to foster cultural symbiosis, and extirpate other outmoded approaches. This paper also introduces concepts such as Manumittology and Manumittonomics as a part of the Neo-centrist framework, and the ‘Theory of Mindspace’ as well. These approaches are expected to integrate with Applied Anthropology and Developmental Anthropology take them to greater heights.
Sujay Theories of Cultural change FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL.pdfSujay Rao Mandavilli
This document discusses perspectives on cultural change from a neo-centrist viewpoint in 21st century anthropology. It examines drivers of cultural change across time and proposes approaches like "cultural osmosis" and a "proactive-interactive-symbiotic" model of long-term cultural change. These approaches integrate concepts like manumittology and manumittonomics within a neo-centrist framework. The document also provides an overview of anthropology, including its scope, history and key subfields like physical, cultural, archaeological, and linguistic anthropology. It traces interest in other cultures back to ancient times and discusses anthropology's development as a science over the past few centuries.
This document summarizes Hannah Arendt's views on the relationship between science and politics. Arendt was concerned that science could reduce humans from political animals to merely animals by seeking to explain all of human life and values through scientific principles like objectivity and neutrality. She saw this as a threat to human freedom and the autonomy of the political realm. The document also discusses how some modern thinkers have sought to further ground morality and human behavior in scientific concepts like biology and evolution, reflecting Arendt's concern about science dominating the human life-world.
The essay discusses the emergence of modern psychology as a science in the late 19th century. Previously, philosophy and physiology studied the mind but it was not until 1879 that psychology emerged as its own field of scientific study. The essay notes how Descartes' philosophical dualism of mind and body, and his theory of the pineal gland influencing interactions, contributed to early understandings. It also discusses how universities became centers for the new "scientific" knowledge and restricted access primarily to elite classes.
1. The document proposes creating the new field of Anthropological Pedagogy to promote anthropological goals through education. It would combine anthropology and pedagogy with predefined principles and objectives.
2. It provides overviews of the histories and scopes of anthropology, pedagogy, and related fields like sociology. Anthropology studies all aspects of human existence through various subfields and interfaces with many other sciences.
3. Pedagogy and formal education have evolved significantly over time from informal learning among early humans to modern structured education systems. Various early civilizations developed different approaches to literacy, administration training, and other forms of early formal education.
This document provides summaries of various philosophical concepts and movements throughout history. It includes brief explanations of concepts like empiricism, rationalism, positivism, utilitarianism, idealism, pragmatism, existentialism, structural realism, and phenomenology. For each entry it lists one or two prominent thinkers associated with that concept. The document serves as a high-level overview of major topics and figures in the history of philosophy.
Using evidence from psychology, anthropology, sociology and other scientific disciplines, this book shows that there are at least three biological races (subspecies) of man Orientals (i.e., Mongoloids or Asians), Blacks (i.e., Negroids or Africans), and Whites (i.e., Caucasoids or Europeans).
There are recognizable profiles for the three major racial groups on brain size, intelligence, personality and temperament, sexual behavior, and rates of fertility, maturation and longevity.
The profiles reveal that, on average, Orientals and their descendants around the world fall at one end of the continuum, Blacks and their descendants around the world fall at the other end of the continuum, Europeans regularly fall in between.
This worldwide pattern implies evolutionary and genetic, rather than purely social, political, economic, or cultural causes.
Sujay Anthropological Economics FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL.pdfSujay Rao Mandavilli
This document provides an overview of the history and development of anthropology and economics as academic disciplines. It discusses how anthropology emerged as a field to holistically study human beings across different cultures and time periods. It also reviews how economics developed to study problems of resource allocation and wealth. The document then proposes a new field called "Anthropological Economics" that seeks to more tightly integrate concepts from anthropology into economic theory to better account for cultural factors and maximize human welfare and happiness across societies. It argues this new approach could help move mainstream economics away from solely neoclassical perspectives.
Sujay Anthropological Economics FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL.pdfSujay Rao Mandavilli
This document provides an overview of anthropology and its history. It discusses how anthropology aims to study all aspects of human existence across cultures through disciplines like cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, social anthropology, and archaeological anthropology. The document traces the origins and early concepts of anthropology back to ancient Greek scholars but notes it emerged as a distinct field in the 19th-20th centuries. It also discusses how anthropology relates to and differs from the closely-linked field of sociology, examining definitions of both disciplines.
The paper questions the scientific rather than ideological problem of an eventual
biological successor of the mankind. The concept of superhumans is usually linked to
Nietzsche or to Heidegger’s criticism or even to the ideology of Nazism. However, the
superhuman can be also viewed as that biological species who will originate from humans
eventually in the course of evolution.
While the society is reached a natural limitation of globalism, technics depends on
the amount of utilized energy, and the mind is restricted by its carrier, i.e. by the brain,
it is language which seems to be the frontier of any future development of humans or
superhumans. Language is a symbolization of the world and thus doubling in an ideal or
virtual world fruitful for creativity and the modeling of the former. Consequently, the
gap between the material and the ideal world is both produced by and productive for
language.
Beyond redemption is human perfection rational or nationalAlexander Decker
This document discusses the ideas of several philosophers regarding human perfection, rationality, and redemption. It analyzes Richard Wagner and Friedrich Nietzsche's differing views on Christianity and romanticism, and how their ideas related to those of Hitler. Nietzsche rejected Wagner's notion of redemption through conformity, seeing it as a form of subjugation. The document also discusses Plato's view that knowing oneself is key to perfection, and analyzes how figures like Wagner, Nietzsche and Hitler approached or rejected rationality in their philosophies.
I 3300 51 apologetics postmodern worldviewsS Meyer
The document discusses postmodernism and its relationship to biblical interpretation. Some key points:
1. Postmodernism rejects the idea of universal, objective truth and argues that meaning is determined by individuals and cultures.
2. It views human authority as originating from society rather than external sources.
3. Postmodern biblical interpretation focuses on the cultural context of the reader rather than seeking one objective meaning.
4. Critical social theory, influenced by postmodernism, aims to expose oppression and domination in social structures by privileging marginalized voices.
The Brain as Peacemaker (In the 21St. Century)Das Gehirn Als Friedensstifer a...CrimsonPublishersTNN
The Brain as Peacemaker (In the 21St. Century)Das Gehirn Als Friedensstifer after the, March For Science’ 2017 by Konrad Frischeisen in Techniques in Neurosurgery & Neurology
The document discusses the ideas of John Stuart Mill, Charles Darwin, and Friedrich Nietzsche. It summarizes Mill's views on quality of pleasure and emphasis on poetry and philosophy. It also discusses his works On Liberty and The Subjection of Women. For Darwin, it outlines his theory of natural selection and evolution. For Nietzsche, it briefly discusses his idea in Thus Spoke Zarathustra that humans are a bridge between apes and the Übermensch, and his concept of the "last man."
The generalization of the Periodic table. The "Periodic table" of "dark matter"Vasil Penchev
The thesis is: the “periodic table” of “dark matter” is equivalent to the standard periodic table of the visible matter being entangled. Thus, it is to consist of all possible entangled states of the atoms of chemical elements as quantum systems. In other words, an atom of any chemical element and as a quantum system, i.e. as a wave function, should be represented as a non-orthogonal in general (i.e. entangled) subspace of the separable complex Hilbert space relevant to the system to which the atom at issue is related as a true part of it. The paper follows previous publications of mine stating that “dark matter” and “dark energy” are projections of arbitrarily entangled states on the cognitive “screen” of Einstein’s “Mach’s principle” in general relativity postulating that gravitational field can be generated only by mass or energy.
Modal History versus Counterfactual History: History as IntentionVasil Penchev
The distinction of whether real or counterfactual history makes sense only post factum. However, modal history is to be defined only as ones’ intention and thus, ex-ante. Modal history is probable history, and its probability is subjective. One needs phenomenological “epoché” in relation to its reality (respectively, counterfactuality). Thus, modal history describes historical “phenomena” in Husserl’s sense and would need a specific application of phenomenological reduction, which can be called historical reduction. Modal history doubles history just as the recorded history of historiography does it. That doubling is a necessary condition of historical objectivity including one’s subjectivity: whether actors’, ex-anteor historians’ post factum. The objectivity doubled by ones’ subjectivity constitute “hermeneutical circle”.
Both classical and quantum information [autosaved]Vasil Penchev
Information can be considered a the most fundamental, philosophical, physical and mathematical concept originating from the totality by means of physical and mathematical transcendentalism (the counterpart of philosophical transcendentalism). Classical and quantum information. particularly by their units, bit and qubit, correspond and unify the finite and infinite:
As classical information is relevant to finite series and sets, as quantum information, to infinite ones. The separable complex Hilbert space of quantum mechanics can be represented equivalently as “qubit space”) as quantum information and doubled dually or “complimentary” by Hilbert arithmetic (classical information).
A CLASS OF EXEMPLES DEMONSTRATING THAT “푃푃≠푁푁푁 ” IN THE “P VS NP” PROBLEMVasil Penchev
The CMI Millennium “P vs NP Problem” can be resolved e.g. if one shows at least one counterexample to the “P=NP” conjecture. A certain class of problems being such counterexamples will be formulated. This implies the rejection of the hypothesis “P=NP” for any conditions satisfying the formulation of the problem. Thus, the solution “P≠NP” of the problem in general is proved. The class of counterexamples can be interpreted as any quantum superposition of any finite set of quantum states. The Kochen-Specker theorem is involved. Any fundamentally random choice among a finite set of alternatives belong to “NP’ but not to “P”. The conjecture that the set complement of “P” to “NP” can be described by that kind of choice exhaustively is formulated.
FERMAT’S LAST THEOREM PROVED BY INDUCTION (accompanied by a philosophical com...Vasil Penchev
A proof of Fermat’s last theorem is demonstrated. It is very brief, simple, elementary, and absolutely arithmetical. The necessary premises for the proof are only: the three definitive properties of the relation of equality (identity, symmetry, and transitivity), modus tollens, axiom of induction, the proof of Fermat’s last theorem in the case of n=3 as well as the premises necessary for the formulation of the theorem itself. It involves a modification of Fermat’s approach of infinite descent. The infinite descent is linked to induction starting from n=3 by modus tollens. An inductive series of modus tollens is constructed. The proof of the series by induction is equivalent to Fermat’s last theorem. As far as Fermat had been proved the theorem for n=4, one can suggest that the proof for n≥4 was accessible to him.
An idea for an elementary arithmetical proof of Fermat’s last theorem (FLT) by induction is suggested. It would be accessible to Fermat unlike Wiles’s proof (1995), and would justify Fermat’s claim (1637) for its proof. The inspiration for a simple proof would contradict to Descartes’s dualism for appealing to merge “mind” and “body”, “words” and “things”, “terms” and “propositions”, all orders of logic. A counterfactual course of history of mathematics and philosophy may be admitted. The bifurcation happened in Descartes and Fermat’s age. FLT is exceptionally difficult to be proved in our real branch rather than in the counterfactual one.
The space-time interpretation of Poincare’s conjecture proved by G. Perelman Vasil Penchev
This document discusses the generalization of Poincaré's conjecture to higher dimensions and its interpretation in terms of special relativity. It proposes that Poincaré's conjecture can be generalized to state that any 4-dimensional ball is topologically equivalent to 3D Euclidean space. This generalization has a physical interpretation in which our 3D space can be viewed as a "4-ball" closed in a fourth dimension. The document also outlines ideas for how one might prove this generalization by "unfolding" the problem into topological equivalences between Euclidean spaces.
FROM THE PRINCIPLE OF LEAST ACTION TO THE CONSERVATION OF QUANTUM INFORMATION...Vasil Penchev
In fact, the first law of conservation (that of mass) was found in chemistry and generalized to the conservation of energy in physics by means of Einstein’s famous “E=mc2”. Energy conservation is implied by the principle of least action from a variational viewpoint as in Emmy Noether’s theorems (1918): any chemical change in a conservative (i.e. “closed”) system can be accomplished only in the way conserving its total energy. Bohr’s innovation to found Mendeleev’s periodic table by quantum mechanics implies a certain generalization referring to
the quantum leaps as if accomplished in all possible trajectories (according to Feynman’s interpretation) and therefore generalizing the principle of least action and needing a certain generalization of energy conservation as to any quantum change.The transition from the first to the second theorem of Emmy Noether represents well the necessary generalization: its chemical meaning is the ge eralization of any chemical reaction to be accomplished as if any possible course of time rather than in the standard evenly running time (and equivalent to energy conservation according to the first theorem). The problem: If any quantum change is accomplished in al possible “variations (i.e. “violations) of energy conservation” (by different probabilities),
what (if any) is conserved? An answer: quantum information is what is conserved. Indeed, it can be particularly defined as the counterpart (e.g. in the sense of Emmy Noether’s theorems) to the physical quantity of action (e.g. as energy is the counterpart of time in them). It is valid in any course of time rather than in the evenly running one. That generalization implies a generalization of the periodic table including any continuous and smooth transformation between two chemical elements.
From the principle of least action to the conservation of quantum information...Vasil Penchev
In fact, the first law of conservation (that of mass) was found in chemistry and generalized to the conservation of energy in physics by means of Einstein’s famous “E=mc2”. Energy conservation is implied by the principle of least action from a variational viewpoint as in Emmy Noether’s theorems (1918):any chemical change in a conservative (i.e. “closed”) system can be accomplished only in the way conserving its total energy. Bohr’s innovation to found Mendeleev’s periodic table by quantum mechanics implies a certain generalization referring to the quantum leaps as if accomplished in all possible trajectories (e.g. according to Feynman’s viewpoint) and therefore generalizing the principle of least action and needing a certain generalization of energy conservation as to any quantum change.
The transition from the first to the second theorem of Emmy Noether represents well the necessary generalization: its chemical meaning is the generalization of any chemical reaction to be accomplished as if any possible course of time rather than in the standard evenly running time (and equivalent to energy conservation according to the first theorem).
The problem: If any quantum change is accomplished in all possible “variations (i.e. “violations) of energy conservation” (by different probabilities), what (if any) is conserved?
An answer: quantum information is what is conserved. Indeed it can be particularly defined as the counterpart (e.g. in the sense of Emmy Noether’s theorems) to the physical quantity of action (e.g. as energy is the counterpart of time in them). It is valid in any course of time rather than in the evenly running one. (An illustration: if observers in arbitrarily accelerated reference frames exchange light signals about the course of a single chemical reaction observed by all of them, the universal viewpoint shareаble by all is that of quantum information).
That generalization implies a generalization of the periodic table including any continuous and smooth transformation between two chemical elements necessary conserving quantum information rather than energy: thus it can be called “alchemical periodic table”.
Poincaré’s conjecture proved by G. Perelman by the isomorphism of Minkowski s...Vasil Penchev
- The document discusses the relationship between separable complex Hilbert spaces (H) and sets of ordinals (H) and how they should not be equated if natural numbers are identified as finite.
- It presents two interpretations of H: as vectors in n-dimensional complex space or as squarely integrable functions, and discusses how the latter adds unitarity from energy conservation.
- It argues that Η rather than H should be used when not involving energy conservation, and discusses how the relation between H and HH generates spheres representing areas and can be interpreted physically in terms of energy and force.
Why anything rather than nothing? The answer of quantum mechnaicsVasil Penchev
Many researchers determine the question “Why anything
rather than nothing?” to be the most ancient and fundamental philosophical problem. It is closely related to the idea of Creation shared by religion, science, and philosophy, for example in the shape of the “Big Bang”, the doctrine of first cause or causa sui, the Creation in six days in the Bible, etc. Thus, the solution of quantum mechanics, being scientific in essence, can also be interpreted philosophically, and even religiously. This paper will only discuss the philosophical interpretation. The essence of the answer of quantum mechanics is: 1.) Creation is necessary in a rigorously mathematical sense. Thus, it does not need any hoice, free will, subject, God, etc. to appear. The world exists by virtue of mathematical necessity, e.g. as any mathematical truth such as 2+2=4; and 2.) Being is less than nothing rather than ore than nothing. Thus creation is not an increase of nothing, but the decrease of nothing: it is a deficiency in relation to nothing. Time and its “arrow” form the road from that diminishment or incompleteness to nothing.
The Square of Opposition & The Concept of Infinity: The shared information s...Vasil Penchev
The power of the square of opposition has been proved during millennia, It supplies logic by the ontological language of infinity for describing anything...
6th WORLD CONGRESS ON THE SQUARE OF OPPOSITION
http://www.square-of-opposition.org/square2018.html
Mamardashvili, an Observer of the Totality. About “Symbol and Consciousness”,...Vasil Penchev
The paper discusses a few tensions “crucifying” the works and even personality of the great Georgian philosopher Merab Mamardashvili: East and West; human being and thought, symbol and consciousness, infinity and finiteness, similarity and differences. The observer can be involved as the correlative counterpart of the totality: An observer opposed to the totality externalizes an internal part outside. Thus the phenomena of an observer and the totality turn out to converge to each other or to be one and the same. In other words, the phenomenon of an observer includes the singularity of the solipsistic Self, which (or “who”) is the same as that of the totality. Furthermore, observation can be thought as that primary and initial action underlain by the phenomenon of an observer. That action of observation consists in the externalization of the solipsistic Self outside as some external reality. It is both a zero action and the singularity of the phenomenon of action. The main conclusions are: Mamardashvili’s philosophy can be thought both as the suffering effort to be a human being again and again as well as the philosophical reflection on the genesis of thought from itself by the same effort. Thus it can be recognized as a powerful tension between signs anа symbol, between conscious structures and consciousness, between the syncretism of the East and the discursiveness of the West crucifying spiritually Georgia
Completeness: From henkin's Proposition to Quantum ComputerVasil Penchev
This document discusses how Leon Henkin's proposition relates to concepts in logic, set theory, information theory, and quantum mechanics. It argues that Henkin's proposition, which states the provability of a statement within a formal system, is equivalent to an internal and consistent position regarding infinity. The document then explores how this connects to Martin Lob's theorem, the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox in quantum mechanics, theorems about the absence of hidden variables, entanglement, quantum information, and ultimately quantum computers.
Why anything rather than nothing? The answer of quantum mechanicsVasil Penchev
This document discusses the philosophical question of why there is something rather than nothing from the perspective of quantum mechanics. It argues that quantum mechanics provides a solution where creation is permanent and due to the irreversibility of time. The creation in quantum mechanics represents a necessary loss of information as alternatives are rejected in the course of time, rather than being due to some external cause like God's will. This permanent creation process makes the universe mathematically necessary rather than requiring an initial singular event like the Big Bang.
The outlined approach allows a common philosophical viewpoint to the physical world, language and some mathematical structures therefore calling for the universe to be understood as a joint physical, linguistic and mathematical universum, in which physical motion and metaphor are one and the same rather than only similar in a sense.
Hilbert Space and pseudo-Riemannian Space: The Common Base of Quantum Informa...Vasil Penchev
Hilbert space underlying quantum mechanics and pseudo-Riemannian space underlying general relativity share a common base of quantum information. Hilbert space can be interpreted as the free variable of quantum information, and any point in it, being equivalent to a wave function (and thus, to a state of a quantum system), as a value of that variable of quantum information. In turn, pseudo-Riemannian space can be interpreted as the interaction of two or more quantities of quantum information and thus, as two or more entangled quantum systems. Consequently, one can distinguish local physical interactions describable by a single Hilbert space (or by any factorizable tensor product of such ones) and non-local physical interactions describable only by means by that Hilbert space, which cannot be factorized as any tensor product of the Hilbert spaces, by means of which one can describe the interacting quantum subsystems separately. Any interaction, which can be exhaustedly described in a single Hilbert space, such as the weak, strong, and electromagnetic one, is local in terms of quantum information. Any interaction, which cannot be described thus, is nonlocal in terms of quantum information. Any interaction, which is exhaustedly describable by pseudo-Riemannian space, such as gravity, is nonlocal in this sense. Consequently all known physical interaction can be described by a single geometrical base interpreting it in terms of quantum information.
This document discusses using Richard Feynman's interpretation of quantum mechanics as a way to formally summarize different explanations of quantum mechanics given to hypothetical children. It proposes that each child's understanding could be seen as one "pathway" or explanation, with the total set of explanations forming a distribution. The document then suggests that quantum mechanics itself could provide a meta-explanation that encompasses all the children's perspectives by describing phenomena probabilistically rather than deterministically. Finally, it gives some examples of how this approach could allow defining and experimentally studying the concept of God through quantum mechanics.
This document discusses whether artificial intelligence can have a soul from both scientific and religious perspectives. It begins by acknowledging that "soul" is a religious concept while AI is a scientific one. The document then examines how Christianity views creativity as a criterion for having a soul. It proposes formal scientific definitions of creativity involving learning rates and probabilities. An example is given comparing a master's creativity to an apprentice's. The document argues science can describe God's infinite creativity and human's finite creativity uniformly. It analyzes whether criteria for creativity can apply to AI like a Turing machine. Hypothetical examples involving infinite algorithms and self-learning machines are discussed.
Analogia entis as analogy universalized and formalized rigorously and mathema...Vasil Penchev
THE SECOND WORLD CONGRESS ON ANALOGY, POZNAŃ, MAY 24-26, 2017
(The Venue: Sala Lubrańskiego (Lubrański’s Hall at the Collegium Minus), Adam Mickiewicz University, Address: ul. Wieniawskiego 1) The presentation: 24 May, 15:30
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Super-humans: Super-language?
1. Vasil Penchev
Super-humans: Super-language?
The paper questions the problem of the eventual biological successor of mankind as
scientific rather than ideological. Though there is not enough knowledge for one to be able to
answer it, the contemporary cognition can ask it as a research hypothesis.
A necessary condition is the emancipation from the philosophical legacy of Nietzsche and
Heidegger and especially from the horrible doctrine and practice of Nazism, from any relation to
racism or eugenics.
Furthermore, the natural framework of that question is the study of the genesis of eventual
super-humans’ predecessors, i.e. the genesis of humans: the enumeration of those evolutionary
innovations, which have allowed of our species to blossom, to the extrapolation to new
advantages of that kind.
The contemporary humans can be featured by a few global systems: society, technics,
mind, and language in which all innovations have resulted. While the first three have reached
certain natural limits, language is that frontier, in which any successful future evolutionary
innovations should project in order to specify “super-humans”.
The investigation of the supposed “super-language of the super-humans” addresses
infinity as beyond our finite language designating also only finite objects. Anyway its outlines are
already hinted in contemporary knowledge: the concept of “phenomenon” in Husserl’s
phenomenology; the semantic and philosophical theory of symbol: from consciousness and
language to reality; the concept of infinity in mathematics and its foundation; the coincidence of
the quantum model and reality in quantum mechanics and information.
These questions are considered in the article in consecutive order:
1. The emancipation of the problem about the future super-humans from the legacy of
Nietzsche and Heidegger
“Super-humans” is usually to be linked to Nietzsche or to Heidegger’s criticism to
Nietzsche, or even to the ideology of Nazism. However, they can be properly underlain by
philosophical and scientific anthropology as that biological species, which will originate from
humans eventually in the course of evolution.
2. The first uses of the term of “Übermensh” (overman or superhuman) can be found in
Nietzsche in the fragment 4[75] from 1882 –1883 according to the site “Nietzsche source1
”.
Already Also sprach Zarathustra (1883 –1891) introduced the term in a plurality of uses. One
can find among them the conception about the human being as the link (“a rope over an abyss”)
between the animal and the superhuman2
or as “the middle of the pathway” between them3
. The
human being is the “bridge” or what must overcome on the “road” to the superhuman4
. The
images of “God’s death” and the “superhuman” were connected5
and followed chronologically:
The empty place of the “dead God” was occupied by the “superhuman”. Nietzsche defined the
“notion of ‘superhuman’” as “highest reality”, “infinitely far under” which the human beings and
all for them are, in the autobiographical reflection Esse homo6
.
Heidegger titles the chapter devoted to the “Übermensch” in his monograph Nietzsche
exactly so: “Obermensch”7
. “Über” in the “Übermensch” contents Nietzsche’s relation to
mankind as a whole8
. This relation is metaphysical and nihilistic9
. “The absolute subjectivity of
the will to power is the source of the essential necessity of the superhuman10
. Thus Heidegger
discussed that term in an abstract and philosophical way. Following him, the “over-man” should
be interpreted perhaps as an “among-man” who “at last thinks” in a properly philosophical way
while mankind “do not yet think” according to him11
.
1
http://www.nietzschesource.org accessed 20.02.2014
2
Nietzsche, Friedrich. 1883. Also sprach Zarathustra. Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen. Bd. 1. Chemnitz: Schmeitzner,
p. 12.
3
Nietzsche 1883, 112
4
Nietzsche, Friedrich. 1884. Also sprach Zarathustra. Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen. Bd. 3. Chemnitz: Schmeitzner,
p. 67.
5
Nietzsche, Friedrich. 1891. Also sprach Zarathustra. Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen. Bd. 4. Leipzig: Naumann,
p. 77.
6
Nietzsche, Friedrich. 1928. Gesammelte Werke. Bd. 21, 165-275 (Esse homo). München: Musarion, p. 256
7
Heidegger, Martin. 1997. Gesamtausgabe: 6.2. Nietzsche. Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, pp. 291-314.
8
Heidegger 1997, 292
9
Heidegger 1997, 293
10
Heidegger 1997, 302
11
Heidegger, Martin. 2000. Gesamtausgabe: 7. Vorträge and Aufsätze. Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann,
p. 130.
3. There are also publications equating the Nazi doctrine about racial superiority and
Nietzsche’s concept about super-humans12
:
Nietzsche and Nazism had declared an all-out war against these avowed enemies of the superman
whose rule would be a spiritual, radically aristocratic age aimed at producing a collective evaluation
and self-overcoming humankind towards greatness and perfection on earth, towards the creation of
God-Man13
.
Instead of all that, the problem about the biological specie, which might appear as the
successor of the contemporary humans, should be questioned as scientific, but not as ideological,
speculative, metaphysical and philosophical. It refers to some distant and undetermined future
being hypothetical and prognostic. The outlines of any possible answer cannot be guessed,
however, they might be specified on the base of the contemporary knowledge and tendencies of
cognition:
2. The origin of the super-humans from the humans as a prognostic direction
Paleoanthropology develops14
: new facts and interpretations appear. Nevertheless, there is
a series of more or less well-established facts in anthropogenesis, which would be relevant to the
philosophical question about the “super-humans”: bipedalism15
, cooling by persistence16
, specific
hair or its lack17
, omnivorous-ness18
, thumb opposition and apposition19
, vocal system of speech
12
E.g.: Taha, Abir. 2005. Nietzsche, prophet of Nazism: the cult of the superman: unveiling the Nazi secret doctrine.
Bloomington, Ind.: AuthorHouse.
13
Taha 2005, 73
14
Tattersall, Yan. 2000: “Paleoanthropology: The last half-century,” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and
Reviews 9(1): 2-16.
15
McHenry, Henry M. 2009. “Human Evolution,” In Evolution: The First Four Billion Years, edited by Michael
Ruse and Joseph Travis, 256-280. Cambridge, Mass., London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 269-
271. Also: Harcourt–Smith, William E. H. 2007. “The Origins of Bipedal Locomotion,” in Handbook of
Paleoanthropology, edited by Winfried Henke and Yan Tattersall, 1483–1518. Berlin/ Heidelberg/ New York:
Springer.
16
Liebenberg, Louis. 2008: “The relevance of persistence hunting to human evolution.” Journal of Human Evolution
55: 1156–59.
17
Bergman, Jerry. 2004: “Why Mammal Body Hair Is an Evolutionary Enigma?” Creation Research Society
Quarterly Journal 40(3): 240-243, pp. 242-243.
18
McHenry 2009, 271-272
19
Young, Richard W. 2003: “Evolution of the human hand: the role of throwing and clubbing.” J. Anat. 202: 165–
174, p. 168.
4. production20,21
, human brain22
, long childhood23
; our species is evolutionary young (about 200
000 years old24
), but it is the last survived descendant being genetically exceptionally
homogenous25
(< 0,1% genetic differences26
) of the genus “homo”27
(about 6 000 000 old28
)
originated from Homonidae29
between about 20 000 000 and 6 000 000 years30
. All this
generates a few main features of our population: society, technics, language, and mind31
, which
guarantee the contemporary absolute domination of mankind.
20
Fitch, W. Tecumseh: 2000. “The evolution of speech: a comparative review,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4(7):
258-267.
21
Hauser, Marc D, Chomsky, Noam, Fitch, W. Tecumseh. 2002: “The Language Faculty: What is it, who has it, and
how did it evolve?” Science 298: 1569-1579.
22
McHenry 2009, 268-269
23
Bogin, Barry. 1997: “Evolutionary Hypotheses for Human Childhood,” Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 40:
63–89.
24
Bräuer, Günter. 2007. “Origin of Modern Humans,” in Handbook of Paleoanthropology, edited by Winfried
Henke and Yan Tattersall, 1749-1780. Berlin/ Heidelberg/ New York: Springer, p. 1755.
25
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/genetics/skin-color/modern-human-diversity-genetics accessed 26.02.2014
(Smithsonian National museum of Natural History).
26
Jorde, Lynn, B. and Wooding, Stephen P. 2004: “Genetic variation, classification and 'race',” Nature Genetics
36(11): S28–S33, p. S28.
27
Collard, Mark and Wood, Bernard: 2007. “Defining the Genus Homo” in: Handbook of Paleoanthropology, edited
by Winfried Henke and Yan Tattersall, 1575–1610. Berlin/ Heidelberg/ New York: Springer.
28
Strait, David, Grine, Frederick E., and Fleagle, John G: 2007. “Analyzing Hominid Phylogeny” In: Handbook of
Paleoanthropology, edited by Winfried Henke and Yan Tattersall, 1781–1806. Berlin/ Heidelberg/ New York:
Springer, p. 1801 (Fig. 15.8). However the common progenitor of the apes and homos lived about 12 000 000 years:
Senut, Brigitte. 2007. “The Earliest Putative Hominids,” in Handbook of Paleoanthropology, edited by Winfried
Henke and Yan Tattersall, 1519-1538. Berlin/ Heidelberg/ New York: Springer, p. 1534.
29
Schwartz, Jeffrey H. 2007. “Defining Hominidae” In: Handbook of Paleoanthropology, edited by Winfried Henke
and Yan Tattersall, 1379–1408. Berlin/ Heidelberg/ New York: Springer.
30
Koufos, George D. 2007. “Potential Hominoid Ancestors for Hominidae,” in Handbook of Paleoanthropology,
edited by Winfried Henke and Yan Tattersall, 1347–1378. Berlin/ Heidelberg/ New York: Springer, p. 1354.
31
Mithen, Steven. 2007. “The Network of Brain, Body, Language, and Culture,” in Handbook of
Paleoanthropology, edited by Winfried Henke and Yan Tattersall, 1965–2000. Berlin/ Heidelberg/ New York:
Springer.
5. Almost all of those evolutionary innovations featuring the contemporary humans can be
substituted by corresponding technical devices. However, some of them, such as the brain and
long childhood, are yet irreproducible by technics. Others refer to the species only as a whole but
not as a collection of individuals.
Anyway they can offer some ground about the prognosis of those innovations, which
could enisle super-humans:
An evolutionary innovation, which can be reproduced by human technics, does not make
any sense and accordingly it cannot become established. Even more, genetic engineering is
gradually entering the evolution and also the human one in particular. The development of
technics is much, much faster than that of natural evolution of mankind. Thus human evolution
can survive only out of any competition of technics. Those areas, in which the technics has not
yet entered, are: human brain, long childhood, jump-like mutations, which would allow of
inhabiting some radically new environment such as space, et cetera. However, none of them
seems to be probable and even possible as that area, in which one can expect any breakthrough.
3. A prognosis for the frontier of the super-humans
Another approach is not less possible therefor: The main systems featuring mankind can
be investigated in order to find out those apt to intensive development. Which of them are most
relevant for that, might be the next frontier for superhuman evolution.
The society has reached a natural limitation of earth. The technics depends on how much
energy is produced. The mind is restricted by its carrier, i.e. by the brain. Thus only the language
seems to be the frontier of any future development inducing a much better use of the former
three. The recent informational technologies suggest the same.
Language creates human mind: The “ability to perceive the minds of others” plays the
crucial role: “the human mind itself, and not just its fruits or results, would have originated in the
perception of the minds of others32
”.
Language is defined as symbolic image of the world doubling it by an ideal or virtual
world, which is fruitful for creativity and for any modeling of the real world. Consequently, a
gap between the material and the ideal world produces language. The language increases that gap
in turn. Furthermore, the ideal world is secondary and derivative from the material world in
32
Bejarano, Teresa. 2011. Becoming Human: From pointing gestures to syntax. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John
Benjamins, p. 4.
6. origin and objectivity: Language serves for the world to be ordered. Thus language refers to the
philosophical categories of ‘being’ and ‘time’. Any “super-language” should transcend some of
those definitive borders of language and be a generalization.
The involving of infinity can extend the language. Any human language is finite and
addresses some finite reality. Thus, the gap between reality and any model in language can be
seen as that between infinity and its limitation to any finite representation: Finite representations
dominate over society, technics, and the mind use.
Even more, language seems to be only possible access to infinity at least as to mankind.
Indeed language can be considered as that semiotic system designated to denote anything
doubling it by its name, which is an image from the world into the language. That object become
a word is much more easily to be manipulated mentally. However, one can suggest a special kind
of objects such as infinity, which can be indicated or transformed only mentally: as to them, the
three primary semiotic elements (sign, signified, signifier) should be reduced to two ones therefor
excluding redundancy and conventionality of natural language.
For example, any infinite collection unlike any finite one cannot be enumerated by its
members: It can be denoted only by its signifier and sign while the corresponding signified can
be only mentally complemented in an unambiguous way. In a sense, one can state that infinite
collections or the true infinity are accessible only by the mediation of language as a semiotic
system.
Furthermore, if matter and energy as the physical fundament of the world can be
considered as some finite measure or quantity of infinite information, that super-language is also
definable as the generalization of language identifiable with reality and therefore supplying
another access to it.
4. The language of infinity in the reference frame of contemporary cognition
A “super-language” as an “infinite language” can be approached in a few reference
frames:
One of them is Husserl’s motto “Back to the things themselves!” if the “phenomenon” in
his philosophy can be thought as the ‘word’ of the language of consciousness. Husserl’s famous
words from “Logical investigations” are: “We want to return to the things themselves33
”. Its
33
Husserl, Edmund. 1901. Logische Untersuchungen. Zweiter Theil: Untersuchungen zur Phänomenologie and die
Theorie der Erkenntnis. Halle: Max Niemeyer, p. 7.
7. context elucidates that the logical abstraction should be within the “thing themself”. One can say
that the things themselves can be obtained by “eidetic reduction”, using another Husserl’s notion,
varying its meaning in a free plurality of uses and restoring the obviousness of the contemplated
thing in a logical way as itself and by itself. “The appeal to the things and facts themselves”
should be the base of the “universal science of absolute foundation34
” as what he considered that
philosophy, which would be a “rigorous science35
”. Though the concept of ‘phenomenon’ in
Husserl is implicitly rather explicitly expressed and correspondingly defined in final analysis36
, it
can be thought as the unity of a concrete experience or insight of correlative extension (“Noema”)
and intension (“Noesis”)37
.
The words of that “super-language” can be seen in the above terms of Husserl as the unity
of abstraction and reality representing an exact choice among an infinite set of alternatives.
Cassirer’s concept of symbol can serve as the link between Husserl’s phenomenon and
symbol as the latter occurs in human experience. The sense (or Hussel’s “noesis”) correlative to
some objects originates from the human ability of symbolizing them: “Cassirer regards the ability
to symbolize as the distinguishing feature of human thought and considers all [the] knowing as
symbolic”38
. Symbol is the only form of thought, in which it can occur. It is the essential link
which manages to unify a plurality of fundamental physical oppositions.
34
Husserl, Edmund. 1973. Husserliana: 1. Cartesianische Meditationen und Pariser Vorträge (2. Auflage). Haag:
Martinus Nijhoff, p. 188.
35
Husserl, Edmund. 1911. Philosophie als strenge Wissenschaft. Logos, 1, 289-341, p. 291.
36
“Husserl's later writings follow the lines laid down in his Ideas. He quite often uses the word "phenomenon," and
he does this to indicate that he is talking about the reduction or epoche or that he is talking about "something."
However, in Husserl's later transcendental Phenomenology, "phenomenon" is no longer an essential concept nor a
problematic one; it is more or less just a word used at times” (Kienzler, Wolfgang.1991. What Is a Phenomenon?
The Concept of Phenomenon in Husserl’s Phenomenology. Analecta Husserliana. The Yearbook of
Phenomenological Research. Vol. 34. The Turning Points of the New Phenomenological Era: Husserl research,
drawing upon the full extent of his development (ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka), pp. 517-528. Dordrecht; Boston:
Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 524).
37
Husserl, Edmund. 1976. Husseliana: 3.1 Ideen za einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologiaschen
Philososphie. Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, p. 215.
38
Verene, Donald. 1966. Cassirer’s view of myth and symbol. The Monist, 50(4), 517-528, p. 524.
8. Indeed the extension is an “incomplete symbol”: it can “gain its sense by the relation to an
intension39
”. “A symbol denotes” “by virtue of these intellectual and symbolic underlying acts”
“the previously far distant and seemingly disconnected as a whole40
”. This processes leads to
infinitesimal analysis41
studying infinity by scientific methods.
The “super-language” can be thought as that generalization of language, which develops a
series of words for infinity to be denoted by a complete system of relevant symbols. The
contemporary semantic and philosophical theory of symbol: from consciousness and language to
reality, would be included in it as that part, which is devoted to finite symbols.
What both unifies and divides Husserl’s “things themselves” and Cassirer’s “symbols” is
the choice of a link between some plurality of individuals and its finite designation
correspondingly either necessary or conventional, but necessary as the form of thought. Leaping
into the super-language supposedly indicating those infinite pluralities each of them separately,
one can use only the choice, which cannot be yet conventional, and the name in order to denote
one single infinite item separately. For example, what is “super-thought” can be the name being
linked to some observed object in reality by the form of that “necessary choice” among the
infinite number of items in reality: Just one seen thing starts as if lighting to indicate its only
relevance to what the observer is thinking at this moment. Consequently, that “super-language”
would seem poetic according to a human. One can find a hint to Heidegger’s philosophical
consideration of poetry and poetic thought in the context of his thesis that “we do not yet
think42
”: “Hölderlin says therefore of poetic living not the same as our thinking43
”. “Writing
poetry and thinking meet each other in one and the same only then and insofar they have decided
to remain in the difference of their essence44
”.
The concept of infinity in mathematics supplies another reference frame for the human
cognition of infinity. George Cantor was who created the foundation of set theory and introduced
39
Cassirer, Ernst. 1929. Philosophie der symbolischen Formen. T. 3. Phänomenologie der Erkenntnis. Berlin: B.
Cassirer, p. 343.
40
Cassirer 1929, 466
41
Cassirer 1929, 466
42
Heidegger 2000, 130
43
Heidegger 2000, 196
44
Heidegger 2000, 196
9. infinite sets as a basic subject45
for it. He clearly understood actual infinity as the philosophical
generalization of his work46
. He generated an absolute new area of scientific investigation, that of
transfinite numbers representing the infinite generalization of arithmetic47
, and managed to define
cardinal and ordinal numbers as well as their calculus48
. However the unlimited use of ‘set’
allowed a series of antinomies. Ernst Zermelo put the foundations of the contemporary axiomatic
set theory49
avoiding the known paradoxes. He introduced a version of the axiom of choice50
to
prove the well-ordering theorem51
. By utilizing the axiom of choice, Thoralf Skolem managed to
demonstrate the “relativity of the concept of ‘set’”52
and thus even the relativity of infinity at all:
Any infinity can be enumerated by the positive integers53
and even equated to any finite set54
.
Kurt Gödel published two fundamental papers concerning the cognition of infinity by
mathematical means. Finiteness under the condition of his theorems does not generate any
statements, which can be simultaneously true and false in a strict logical sense55
while infinity
can generate those statements56
. Infinity unlike finiteness turns out to be “incomplete” under a
45
Cantor, Georg. 1874. “Ueber eine Eigenschaft des Inbegriffes aller reellen algebraischen Zahlen,” J. Reine Angew.
Math. 77: 258–262.
46
Cantor, Georg. 1886. “Über die verschiedenen Standpunkte in bezug auf das actuelle Unendliche (Aus einem
Schreiben des Verf. an Herrn G. Eneström in Stockholm vom 4. Nov. 1885),” Ztschr. Philos. und philos. Kritik, 88:
224—233.
47
Cantor, Georg. 1895: “Beiträge zur Begründung der transfiniten Mengenlehre,” Math. Ann. 46: 481–512.
48
Cantor, Georg. 1895: “Beiträge zur Begründung der transfiniten Mengenlehre,” Math. Ann. 49: 207–246.
49
Zermelo, Ernst. 1908: “Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der Mengenlehre I,” Mathematische Annalen 65(2):
261-281.
50
Zermelo, Ernst. 1904: “Beweis, dass jede Menge wohlgeordnet werden kann,” Mathematische Annalen 59 (4):
514–516, p. 516.
51
Zermelo 1904, 514-516
52
Skolem, Thoralf. 1922. “Einige Bemerkungen zur axiomatischen Begründung der Mengenlehre,” in Selected
works in logic of Thoralf Skolem, edited by Jens Erik Fenstad, 137-152. Oslo: Univforlaget (1970), p. 144.
53
Skolem 1922, 143
54
Skolem 1922, 143-144
55
Gödel, Kurt. 1930: “Die Vollständigkeit der Axiome des logischen Funktionenkalküls,” Monatshefte der
Mathematik und Physik. 37(1), 349-360.
56
Gödel, Kurt. 1931: “Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia mathematica und verwandter Systeme I,”
Monatshefte der Mathematik und Physik 38(1): 173-198.
10. rigorous mathematical definition of the term “incompleteness” as to the axiomatic base of any
theory.
Einstein, a close friend of Gödel as refuges in Princeton57
, reckoned quantum mechanics,
another fundamental physical theory, to be “incomplete”, too. In order to demonstrate that
alleged incompleteness, entanglement was theoretically forecast by him, Boris Podolsky and
Nathan Rosen58
and independently by Ervin Schrödinger,59
in 1935. An experimentally verifiable
criterion in order to distinguish classical from quantum correlation (entanglement) was deduced
by John Bell in 196460
. The existence of quantum correlations exceeding the upper limit of the
possible classical correlations was confirmed61,62
experimentally. The theory of quantum
information has thrived since the end of the last century in the areas of quantum computer,
quantum communication, and quantum cryptography. The theorems about the absence of hidden
variables in quantum mechanics63,64
demonstrate that the mathematical formalism of quantum
mechanics implies that no well-ordering of any coherent state might exist before measurement.
Information can be discussed as an order reached by a series of successive choices and the
quantity of information is the minimal amount of elementary choices necessary for this order to
be created. The unit of the quantity of information is that elementary choice defined as the choice
between two alternatives with an equal probability: one bit of information.
However, that concept of information is not applicable to infinite series or sets, which are
the interesting area in set theory. The notion of quantum information involved by quantum
57
Yourgrau, P. 2006. A World without Time: The Forgotten Legacy of Gödel and Einstein. New York: Perseus
Books Group.
58
Einstein, Albert, Podolsky, Boris, and Rosen, Nathan: 1935. “Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical
Reality Be Considered Complete?” Physical Review 47 (10): 777-780.
59
Schrödinger, Ervin. 1935. “Die gegenwärtige situation in der Quantenmechanik,” Die Naturwissenschaften 23(48),
807-812; 23(49), 823-828, 23(50), 844-849.
60
Bell, John. 1964: “On the Einstein ‒ Podolsky ‒ Rosen paradox”, Physics (New York), 1(3): 195-200.
61
Aspect, Alain., Grangier, Philippe., Roger, Gérard. 1981: “Experimental Tests of Realistic Local Theories via
Bell’s Theorem,” Physical Review Letters, 47(7): 460-463.
62
Aspect, Alain, Grangier, Philippe, and Roger, Gérard: 1982: “Experimental Realization of Einstein-Podolsky-
Rosen-Bohm Gedanken Experiment: A New Violation of Bell’s Inequalities,” Physical Review Letters 49(2): 91-94.
63
Neumann, John von: 1932. Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik, Berlin: Springer, pp. 157-163.
64
Kochen, Simon and Specker, Ernst. 1968. “The problem of hidden variables in quantum mechanics,” Journal of
Mathematics and Mechanics 17 (1): 59-87.
11. mechanics can be considered as a relevant generalization as to infinity. The unit of quantum
information, one quantum bit, is a generalization of bit as a choice among a continuum of
alternatives. Furthermore Hilbert space, in which quantum information is definable, can be
introduced as a generalization of the positive integers, after which any positive integer is replaced
by a corresponding cell of a quantum bit. The quantity of quantum information is the ordinal
corresponding to the infinity series. Both definitions of ordinal65;66
are applicable as the ordinals
are small. The ordinal defined in Cantor – Russell67
generates a statistical ensemble while that in
Neumann, a well-ordering. Both correspond one-to-one to a coherent state as the one and same
quantity of quantum information containing in it.
“Hume’s principle”68
can be relevantly and rather heuristically generalized, too:
In the quantum principle of Hume “Gs” should be interpreted as some “many” and “Fs” as some
“much” of one and the same abstraction. Indeed abstraction and thus any sign can be interpreted
as a set of tautologies, in which each name designates a set as a whole, i.e. as a “much”, while the
collection of elements designates as a “many” consisting of separated individuals. That quantum
principle of Hume is quite meaningful and exceptionally well interpretable in terms of quantum
mechanics and the theory of quantum information.
5. Conclusion
Mankind is approached the idea of infinite language as the language of nature. Whether
that “super-language” will arise for the relevant innovations in the human culture or it would
need some corresponding evolutionary perfection is a question, the answer of which is not
forthcoming. However the problem can be put.
Furthermore, it can be even generalized in a few ways:
What is the correspondence between the fundamental innovations in human culture and
the essential evolutionary perfections apt to generate a new species?
65
Cantor, Georg. 1897: “Beiträge zur Begründung der transfiniten Mengenlehre,” Math. Ann. 49: 207–246.
66
Neumann, J. von: 1923. “Zur Einführung der trasfiniten Zahlen,” Acta litterarum ac scientiarum Ragiae
Universitatis Hungaricae Francisco-Josephinae, Sectio scientiarum mathematicarum, 1(4): 199–208.
67
Whitehead, Alfred North and Russell, Bertrand: 1912. Principia Mathematica, Volume II. Cambridge: University
Press, 334-338; Whitehead, Alfred North and Russell, Bertrand: 1913. Principia Mathematica, Volume III.
Cambridge: University Press, 18-26.
68
Boolos, George. 1987. “The Consistency of Frege's Foundations of Arithmetic,” in On Beings and Sayings: Essays
in Honor of Richard Cartwright, edited by Judith Jarvis Thomson, 3-20. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
12. Are there those perfections, which cannot be reached for culture development?
Can human progress be discussed in terms of an eventual or virtual competition with a
biological rival or a potential successor?
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Aspect, Alain., Grangier, Philippe., Roger, Gérard. 1981: “Experimental Tests of Realistic Local Theories
via Bell’s Theorem,” Physical Review Letters, 47(7): 460-463.
Aspect, Alain., Grangier, R Philippe., Roger, Gérard. 1982: “Experimental Realization of Einstein-
Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm Gedanken Experiment: A New Violation of Bell’s Inequalities,” Physical Review
Letters 49(2): 91-94.
Bejarano, Teresa. 2011. Becoming Human: From pointing gestures to syntax. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia:
John Benjamins.
Bell, John. 1964: “On the Einstein ‒ Podolsky ‒ Rosen paradox”, Physics (New York), 1(3): 195-200.
Bergman, Jerry. 2004: “Why Mammal Body Hair Is an Evolutionary Enigma?” Creation Research
Society Quarterly Journal 40(3): 240-243.
Bogin, Bary. 1997: “Evolutionary Hypotheses for Human Childhood,” Yearbook of Physical
Anthropology 40: 63–89.
Boolos, George. 1987. “The Consistency of Frege's Foundations of Arithmetic,” in On Beings
and Sayings: Essays in Honor of Richard Cartwright, edited by Judith Jarvis Thomson, 3-20.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bräuer, Günter. 2007. “Origin of Modern Humans,” in Handbook of Paleoanthropology, edited
by Winfried Henke and Yan Tattersall, 1749-1780. Berlin/ Heidelberg/ New York: Springer.
Cantor, Georg. 1874: “Ueber eine Eigenschaft des Inbegriffes aller reellen algebraischen
Zahlen,” J. Reine Angew. Math. 77: 258–262.
Cantor, Georg. 1886: “Über die verschiedenen Standpunkte in bezug auf das actuelle Unendliche
(Aus einem Schreiben des Verf. an Herrn G. Eneström in Stockholm vom 4. Nov. 1885),” Ztschr.
Philos. und philos. Kritik, 88: 224—233.
Cantor, Georg. 1895: “Beiträge zur Begründung der transfiniten Mengenlehre,” Math. Ann. 46:
481–512.
Cantor, Georg. 1897: “Beiträge zur Begründung der transfiniten Mengenlehre,” Math. Ann. 49:
207–246.
13. Cassirer, Ernst.1929. Philosophie der symbolischen Formen. T. 3. Phänomenologie der
Erkenntnis. Berlin: B. Cassirer.
Collard, Mark and Wood, Bernard: 2007. “Defining the Genus Homo.” In: Handbook of
Paleoanthropology, edited by Winfried Henke and Yan Tattersall, 1575–1610. Berlin/
Heidelberg/ New York: Springer.
Einstein, Albert, Podolsky, Boris, and Rosen, Nathan: 1935. “Can Quantum-Mechanical
Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?” Physical Review 47 (10): 777-780.
Fitch, W. Tecumseh. 2000: “The evolution of speech: a comparative review,” Trends in
Cognitive Sciences 4(7): 258-267.
Gödel, Kurt. 1930: “Die Vollständigkeit der Axiome des logischen Funktionenkalküls,”
Monatshefte der Mathematik und Physik. 37(1), 349-360.
Gödel, Kurt. 1931: “Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia mathematica und
verwandter Systeme I,” Monatshefte der Mathematik und Physik 38(1): 173-198.
Harcourt–Smith, William E. H. 2007. “The Origins of Bipedal Locomotion,” in Handbook of
Paleoanthropology, edited by Winfried Henke and Yan Tattersall, 1483–1518. Berlin/
Heidelberg/ New York: Springer.
Hauser, Marc D, Chomsky, Noam, Fitch, W. Tecumseh. 2002: “The Language Faculty: What is
it, who has it, and how did it evolve?” Science 298: 1569-1579.
Heidegger, Martin. 1997. Gesamtausgabe: 6.2. Nietzsche. Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio
Klostermann.
Heidegger, Martin. 2000. Gesamtausgabe: 7. Vorträge and Aufsätze. Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio
Klostermann.
Husserl, Edmund. 1901. Logische Untersuchungen. Zweiter Theil: Untersuchungen zur
Phänomenologie and die Theorie der Erkenntnis. Halle: Max Niemeyer.
Husserl, Edmund. 1911. Philosophie als strenge Wissenschaft. Logos, 1, 289-341.
Husserl, Edmund. 1973. Husserliana: 1. Cartesianische Meditationen und Pariser Vorträge
(2. Auflage). Haag: Martinus Nijhoff.
Husserl, Edmund. 1976. Husseliana: 3.1 Ideen za einer reinen Phänomenologie und
phänomenologiaschen Philososphie. Haag: Martinus Nijhoff.
Jorde, Lynn, B. and Wooding, Stephen P. 2004: “Genetic variation, classification and 'race',” Nature
Genetics 36(11): S28–S33.
14. Kienzler, Wolfgang.1991. What Is a Phenomenon? The Concept of Phenomenon in Husserl’s
Phenomenology. Analecta Husserliana. The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research. Vol. 34.
The Turning Points of the New Phenomenological Era: Husserl research, drawing upon the full
extent of his development (ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka), pp. 517-528. Dordrecht; Boston:
Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Kochen, Simon and Specker, Ernst: 1968. “The problem of hidden variables in quantum
mechanics,” Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics 17 (1): 59-87.
Koufos, George D. 2007. “Potential Hominoid Ancestors for Hominidae,” in Handbook of
Paleoanthropology, edited by Winfried Henke and Yan Tattersall, 1347–1378. Berlin/
Heidelberg/ New York: Springer.
Liebenberg, Louis. 2008: “The relevance of persistence hunting to human evolution.” Journal of
Human Evolution 55: 1156–59.
McHenry, Henry M. 2009. “Human Evolution.” In Evolution: The First Four Billion Years,
edited by Michael Ruse and Joseph Travis, 256-280. Cambridge, Mass., London: Belknap Press
of Harvard University Press.
Mithen, Steven. 2007. “The Network of Brain, Body, Language, and Culture,” in Handbook of
Paleoanthropology, edited by Winfried Henke and Yan Tattersall, 1965–2000. Berlin/
Heidelberg/ New York: Springer.
Neumann, J. von: 1923. “Zur Einführung der trasfiniten Zahlen,” Acta litterarum ac scientiarum
Ragiae Universitatis Hungaricae Francisco-Josephinae, Sectio scientiarum mathematicarum,
1(4): 199–208.
Neumann, John von: 1932. Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik, Berlin: Springer.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. 1883. Also sprach Zarathustra. Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen. Bd. 1.
Chemnitz: Schmeitzner.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. 1884. Also sprach Zarathustra. Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen. Bd. 3.
Chemnitz: Schmeitzner.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. 1891. Also sprach Zarathustra. Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen. Bd. 4.
Leipzig: Naumann.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. 1928. Gesammelte Werke. Bd. 21, 165-275 (Esse homo). München:
Musarion.
15. Schrödinger, Ervin. 1935. “Die gegenwärtige situation in der Quantenmechanik,”
Die Naturwissenschaften 23(48), 807-812; 23(49), 823-828, 23(50), 844-849.
Schwartz, Jeffrey H. 2007. “Defining Hominidae.” In: Handbook of Paleoanthropology, edited
by Winfried Henke and Yan Tattersall, 1379–1408. Berlin/ Heidelberg/ New York: Springer.
Senut, Brigitte. 2007. “The Earliest Putative Hominids,” in Handbook of Paleoanthropology,
edited by Winfried Henke and Yan Tattersall, 1519-1538. Berlin/ Heidelberg/ New York:
Springer.
Skolem, Thoralf. 1922. “Einige Bemerkungen zur axiomatischen Begründung der Mengenlehre,”
in Selected works in logic of Thoralf Skolem, edited by Jens Erik Fenstad, 137-152. Oslo:
Univforlaget (1970).
Strait, David, Grine, Frederick E., and Fleagle, John G: 2007. “Analyzing Hominid Phylogeny”
In: Handbook of Paleoanthropology, edited by Winfried Henke and Yan Tattersall, 1781–1806.
Berlin/ Heidelberg/ New York: Springer.
Taha, Abir. 2005. Nietzsche, prophet of Nazism: the cult of the superman: unveiling the Nazi
secret doctrine. Bloomington, Ind.: AuthorHouse.
Tattersall, Yan. 2000: “Paleoanthropology: The last half-century,” Evolutionary Anthropology:
Issues, News, and Reviews 9(1): 2-16.
Verene, Donald. 1966. Cassirer’s view of myth and symbol. The Monist, 50(4), 517-528.
Whitehead, Alfred North and Russell, Bertrand: 1912. Principia Mathematica, Volume II.
Cambridge: University Press.
Whitehead, Alfred North and Russell, Bertrand: 1913. Principia Mathematica, Volume III.
Cambridge: University Press.
Yourgrau, P. 2006. A World without Time: The Forgotten Legacy of Gödel and Einstein. New
York: Perseus Books Group.
Young, Richard W. 2003: “Evolution of the human hand: the role of throwing and clubbing,”
J. Anat. 202: 165–174.
Zermelo, Ernst. 1904: “Beweis, dass jede Menge wohlgeordnet werden kann,” Mathematische
Annalen 59 (4): 514–16.
Zermelo, Ernst. 1908: “Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der Mengenlehre I,” Mathematische
Annalen 65(2): 261-281.