study

1. SWATI .R. THAKUR
1ST SEM, M. ARCH
1.SATELLITE TOWNS
2. GARDEN CITY BY EBENEZER
HOWARD

2. Satellite town/ Satellite Growth
 Satellite growth:
Term Satellite is used indicate a
body under the influence of a
more powerful body but
possessing its own identity
Example: Gurugram, Noida,
Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Navi
Mumbai, Kanchipuram,
Mamallapuram
Satellite
town
Satellite
town Satellite
town
Parent City
Green Belt

3. Satellite town/ Satellite Growth
 Features of satellite town:
• Own local government
• It is town itself, but it depends to a certain extent upon parent city
• Well connected by local trains, buses etc
• Free to decide its economic, social and cultural activities
• Situated beyond green belt of parent city
• Its neither a village nor a suburb
• Mainly residential area with only local shops, schools for children etc
• It need not have zoning regulations
• It can be even considered as part of market for goods and services being
produced in parent city
 Disadvantage:
 necessity of the journey to work
 Depends on efficient transport system

4. Satellite town/ Satellite Growth
 Factors for growth of Satellite Town
 Presently after Second World War, 6 major factors are considered as the
basis of emergence of Satellite Town.
 Rapid population growth of the mother city:
 This is the problem of developing countries. E.g. Delhi which has yearly
growth of 4 lakhs similar to Mumbai. According to World Disaster Report, the
phenomenal growth of Mumbai and Delhi is like a disaster.
 Ecologists call it unprecedented and unsustainable growth of the colonial
cities.
 Mother city planners intend to develop the Satellite Towns to accommodate
the increasing population. Around Delhi, Ghaziabad, Faridabad has emerged
as the Satellite Towns for industrial functions, but its major factor was the
population explosion of Delhi.
 E.g. Kawasaki as industrial town of Tokyo.
 Functional specialization:
 It is the tendency in both developed and developing countries
 Old towns have mixed functions. Now there is tendency to develop a Satellite
Town for a particular function. E.g. dormitory towns in Europe.
 Development of transport:
 Whenever some major transport line emerges at some distance from the main
town, then the transport stations become a centre of satellite town.
 The particular transport centre becomes a provider of transportation facilities
to the main city.
 E.g. Jasidih as satellite town of Deogarh, Khurda road as satellite town of

5. Satellite town/ Satellite Growth
 Environmental factors:
 It is more important factor in developed countries.
 Old towns are polluted and congested which leads to the development of
satellite towns for residential purpose.
 It also shifts more polluting functions to satellite towns. E.g. New London near
Boston, Sparrow point near Baltimore, where steel plant has been shifted from
Baltimore.
 Implementation of urban planning principles:
 Now a day urban planning is being regionally planned. Before the Second
World War, urban planning was simply to make a master plan for the town.
Townships were planned in isolation without considering the regional factors.
 But now regional planning is emphasised under which satellite towns are
developed.
 E.g. NCR Planning under which 7 satellite towns are developed so that
pressure on Delhi is not further increased.
 Nearby villages developing into satellite towns:
 It is prevalent in developing countries mainly due to diffusion of urban
elements.
 Village people near the city develop interaction with them. Their economy is
dependent on city. Everyday earning has bearing on the standard of living of
the people of the village. Gradually the morphology of village is changed.
Even urban people began to settle in these villages. Gradually structure
emerges.
 E.g. Bahadurgarh and Ballabhgarh near Delhi, Sarnath near Varanasi.

6. Satellite town/ Satellite Growth
 Satellite towns can be classified into 6 types
 Dormitory satellite town: During the day time they have deserted look. Male
working population is absent. During the evening with return of commuters, the
township gets a new life. Roads are busy in morning to evening. E.g. Loni in Delhi,
New Ghaziabad, Patliputra colony in Patna.
 Industrial satellite town: It is developed to provide industrial functions. There may
be other functions but industry is the basis of origin of towns and industry is its basic
function. E.g. Faridabad, Ghaziabad
 Administrative satellite towns: They have recently emerged due to rapid growth of
old administrative towns as administrative towns are getting more developed. E.g.
Gandhinagar is the satellite town of Ahmadabad; Dispur is the satellite town of
Guwahati.
 Transport satellite town: Waltare is the satellite town of Vizag, emerged due to
railway station for surrounding city.
 Educational satellite town: These towns are developed due to establishment of
educational institutes. E.g. Cambridge is the satellite town of London, Shantiniketan
is the satellite town of Ballarpur, BHU is the satellite town of Varanasi, etc.
 Mixed satellite town: In this type of satellite town generally the village has turned
into a satellite town having mixed functions. E.g. South Hill of London, Phulwarisharif
of Patna, Bahadurgarh of Delhi.

7. Satellite town/ Satellite Growth
 Recently there has been a tendency of urban sprawl and this tendency has been
basically due to two factors:
 Spread of farmhouse tendency (cottage houses in Europe): here it is seen
that people in urban areas have the tendency to remain in the city at day time
and they prefer open space to take rest at night. This provides a continuum to
main city with satellite towns.
 Environmental consciousness.
 Due to above factors mother city satellite town continuum is emerging.

8. Satellite town/ Satellite Growth
 In India the growth of satellite town is continuous along the transportation line,
which is due to:
 Social factors: People tend to remain near to their urban relatives and
friends, which leads to the development of satellite town in close proximity to
the city.
 Transport: Indian workers don’t own fast moving vehicles, therefore depend
on public transport system tend to settle near city.
 In both the cases there is impact of diffusion of urban elements

9. GARDEN CITY BY EBENEZER
HOWARD
 The garden city movement is a method of urban planning in which self-
contained communities are surrounded by "greenbelts", containing
proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. The idea was
initiated in 1898 by Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom and aims to
capture the primary benefits of a countryside environment and a city
environment while avoiding the disadvantages presented by both. Howard
was knighted in 1927. During his lifetime Letchworth, Brentham Garde
Suburb and Welwyn Garden City were built in or near London according to
Howard's concept and many other garden cities inspired by his model have
since been built all over the world.
 Garden City Concept was an effective response for a better quality of life in
over crowded and dirty industrial towns which had deteriorated the
environment and posed serious threat to health. Howard suggested various
additions which were related to green spaces and open spaces. Garden city
model featured the greenbelt in its urban design and as a part of country
planning.

10. GARDEN CITY BY EBENEZER
HOWARD
 These 3 magnets can also be regarded as the garden city principles. Open
spaces, central park and green spaces were given a lot of importance in
Howard’s plan.
 Town – The pull of ‘Town Magnet’ are the opportunities for work and high wages,
social opportunities, amusements and well – lit streets. The pull of ‘Country
Magnet’ is in natural beauty, fresh air, healthfulness. It was closing out of nature,
offered isolation of crowds and distance from work. But it came at a cost of foul
air, costly drainage, murky sky and slums.
 Country – It offered natural beauty, low rents, fresh air, meadow but had low
wages and lack of drainage. Country has dullness, lack of society, low wages,
lack of amusements and general decay.
 Town- Country – it was a combination of both town and countryside with aim of
providing benefits of both and offered beauty of nature, social opportunity, fields
of easy access, low rent, high wages and field of enterprise. Thus, the solution
was found in a combination of the advantages of Town and Country – the ‘Town –
Country Magnet’ – it was proposed as a town in the Country, and having within it
the amenities of natural beauty, fresh air and healthfulness. Thus advantages of
the Town – Country are seed to be free from the disadvantages of either.

11. GARDEN CITY BY EBENEZER
HOWARD
How cities were supposed
to be developed as per
Garden City Movement
Sir Ebenezer Howard’s garden city
movement was one of the first
inspirations for modern day urban
planning. The garden city is a place that
acts as a community where people from
different walks of life can live and work
in harmony. The concept originated from
the book by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the
early 1900’s. It was important for
Howard to spread his ideas, and the
Garden City Movement was a way of
doing it. He wanted people to move out
of cities and into a new type of
community that he called the Garden
City. A garden city is an ideal type of
settlement or urban design that has
been created using a holistic approach
to planning and architecture. Garden city

12. GARDEN CITY BY EBENEZER
HOWARD
 An ideal garden city is a compact town of 6000 acres, 5000 of which is
permanently reserved for agriculture. It accommodates a maximum population of
32,000. There are parks and private lawns everywhere. Also the roads are wide,
ranging from 120 to 420 feet for the Grand Avenue, and are radial rather than
linear. Within the town, functional zoning is basic. Commercial, industrial,
residential, and public uses are clearly differentiated from each other spatially.
Additional elements include unified land ownership co-operatives, there was no
individual ownership of land. Local community also participated in the decision
making regarding development. As we can see in the diagram, there is a central
park containing public buildings. It is surrounded by shopping streets which are
further surrounded by dwelling units in all directions. The outer circle contains
factories and industries. Rail road’s bypass the town, meeting the town at a
tangent.
 After a city reaches its target population, new interconnected nodes can be
developed. A Garden City is built up and its population has reached 32,000. How
will it grow? It will grow by establishing another city some little distance beyond
its own zone of ‘country’, so that the new town may have a zone of its own. But
the inhabitants of one could reach the other in a very few minutes; for rapid
transit would be specially provided for, and thus the people of the two towns
would in reality represent one community. There will be a cluster of cities so
grouped around a Central City that each inhabitant of the whole group, though in
one sense living in a town of small size, would be in reality living in, and would
enjoy all the advantages of, a great and most beautiful city; and yet all the fresh

13. GARDEN CITY BY EBENEZER
HOWARD
 Main Components of Garden City Concept
 Planned Dispersal: The organized outward migration of industries and people to
towns of sufficient size to provide the services, variety of occupations, and level
of culture needed by a balanced cross – section of modern society.
 Limit of Town – size: The growth of towns to be limited, in order that their
inhabitants may live near work, shops, social centers, and each other and also
near open country.
 Amenities: The internal texture of towns to be open enough to permit houses
with private gardens, adequate space for schools and other functional purposes,
and pleasant parks and parkways.
 Town and Country Relationship: The town area to be defined and a large area
around it reserved permanently for agriculture; thus enabling the farm people to
be assured of a nearby market and cultural center, and the town people to have
the benefit of a country situation.
 Planning Control: Pre – planning of the whole town framework, including the
road – scheme, and functional zoning; the fixing of maximum densities; the
control of building as to quality and design, but allowing for individual variety;
skillful planting and landscape garden design.
 Neighbourhoods: The town to be divided into wards, each to some extent a
developmental and social entity.

14. GARDEN CITY BY EBENEZER
HOWARD
 Some of the important features of Garden City are –
 1000 acres of towns designed for healthy living and industry
 5000 acres if permanent green belt which surrounds the whole town
 Density of 12 families per acre
 A large central park having public buildings.
 limited size of approx 32000 people, planned in advance and land in single
ownership to eliminate overcrowding

15. GARDEN CITY BY EBENEZER
HOWARD
 Garden cities examples as a result of garden city
movement
 Two garden cities were built using Howard’s garden city movement concept are
Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City, both in Hertfordshire, England.
 1. Letchworth Garden City – The first garden city developed in 1903 by Barry
Parker & Raymond Unwin after having won the competition to build the first
garden city. It is 34 miles away from London. It has an area of 5000 acres with
3000 acres of green belt. It had an agricultural strip at its periphery to check the
invasion of urban areas i.e. the sprawling. It showed Howard’s general principles,
including the communal ownership of the land and the permanent green belt has
been carried through. It was a town of homes and gardens with ample open
spaces and a spirited community life. A great attention was paid to landscaping
and planting.
 Its plan was based on a population of 30000 with a living area of 1250 acres and
2500 acres of rural green belt.
 Communities ranged from 12000 – 18000 people, small enough which required
no vehicular transportation.
 Industries were connected to the central city by rapid transportation.

16. GARDEN CITY BY EBENEZER
HOWARD
 Welwyn – It was the second Garden City founded by Sir Ebenzer Howard and
designed by Louis De Soissions in 1920 and was located 20 miles from Kings
Cross. It was designed for a 4000 population in 2400 acres. It was a town
visually pleasing and was efficient technically and was human in scale.
 It started with area of 2400 acres and 4000 population
 Had a parkway, almost a mile long central mall
 Town laid out along tree-lined boulevards with Neo Georgian town center
 Every road had a wide grass verge
 Garden city concept spread to various parts of the world and influenced all
English, American, Canadian & Australian planning but housing was most
influenced. Other examples include Glenrother, Bedford Park, Milton Keynes in
the United Kingdom, Village Homes, Reston in the United States, Helleran in
Germany, Tapiola in Finland.

17. GARDEN CITY BY EBENEZER
HOWARD
 Conclusion on garden city movement
 The idea of garden city, which has economic and social advantages that urban
aggregation had destroyed, was seen in the first two garden cities only. It was
seen as the “marriage of town and country, in an increasingly coherent urban and
regional pattern”. These new town towns offer a more pleasing environment than
crowded and squalid quarters in old cities. The movement succeeded in
emphasizing the need for urban planning policies that eventually led to the New
Town movement.