Nomograms, Tabulations, Conversion from IV to oral dosing, Determination of dosing & dosing intervals, Drug dosing in Elderly, Pediatrics & Obese patients
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
1. Pharmacoepidemiology determines the relationship between drug exposure and disease frequency in a population. It estimates risk but does not prove causation for individuals.
2. Risk is the probability of harm from a risk factor, like a drug. It is relative and uncertain, depending on factors like genetics, environment, and their interactions over time.
3. Epidemiological studies measure risk using measures like relative risk, odds ratio, and attributable risk to quantify relationships between exposure and disease while accounting for biases and confounding variables.
Meta analysis and spontaneous reportinghamzakhan643
This document discusses meta-analysis, which is a statistical technique for combining the results of multiple independent studies on a topic to obtain an overall estimate of treatment effect. It defines meta-analysis and outlines its key functions and steps, including performing a literature search, establishing inclusion/exclusion criteria, collecting and analyzing data, and formulating conclusions. The document also compares fixed and random effect models of meta-analysis and discusses guidelines and software used in conducting meta-analyses.
Prescription event monitoring and record linkage systemRumana Hameed
PEM is a method of pharmacovigilance that studies drug safety in real-world clinical practice. It involves collecting prescription data for new drugs and surveying prescribers about patient outcomes. Advantages include a large national scale and obtaining real-world safety data. Record linkage systems combine different healthcare records to efficiently study relationships between drug exposure and health outcomes. Claims databases contain prescription and medical claims information but may lack clinical details, while medical record databases provide more clinical data but only for illnesses that were medically attended to.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
1. Pharmacoepidemiology determines the relationship between drug exposure and disease frequency in a population. It estimates risk but does not prove causation for individuals.
2. Risk is the probability of harm from a risk factor, like a drug. It is relative and uncertain, depending on factors like genetics, environment, and their interactions over time.
3. Epidemiological studies measure risk using measures like relative risk, odds ratio, and attributable risk to quantify relationships between exposure and disease while accounting for biases and confounding variables.
Meta analysis and spontaneous reportinghamzakhan643
This document discusses meta-analysis, which is a statistical technique for combining the results of multiple independent studies on a topic to obtain an overall estimate of treatment effect. It defines meta-analysis and outlines its key functions and steps, including performing a literature search, establishing inclusion/exclusion criteria, collecting and analyzing data, and formulating conclusions. The document also compares fixed and random effect models of meta-analysis and discusses guidelines and software used in conducting meta-analyses.
Prescription event monitoring and record linkage systemRumana Hameed
PEM is a method of pharmacovigilance that studies drug safety in real-world clinical practice. It involves collecting prescription data for new drugs and surveying prescribers about patient outcomes. Advantages include a large national scale and obtaining real-world safety data. Record linkage systems combine different healthcare records to efficiently study relationships between drug exposure and health outcomes. Claims databases contain prescription and medical claims information but may lack clinical details, while medical record databases provide more clinical data but only for illnesses that were medically attended to.
The document describes Prescription Event Monitoring (PEM), a method of pharmacovigilance that involves collecting information on patient outcomes after being prescribed new medications. PEM was developed in the 1980s in the UK to address limitations of spontaneous adverse event reporting. It involves sending questionnaires to prescribers to obtain follow-up data on patients. Analysis of the data provides incidence rates of adverse events and allows detection of potential safety issues with new drugs. Modified PEM (M-PEM) expands the method to collect additional targeted safety information.
The document discusses drug use evaluation (DUE), which is a systematic, criteria-based process for evaluating drug use and ensuring medications are used appropriately. It describes the DUE cycle, which involves planning, data collection, evaluation, feedback, interventions, and re-evaluation. The goals are to promote optimal medication therapy and ensure drug use meets standards of care. Key aspects of the DUE process include identifying drugs for study, designing the study, defining criteria, collecting and analyzing data, providing feedback, developing and implementing interventions, and re-evaluating drug use to determine if improvements were made.
Spontaneous Reporting and Prescription Event Monitoring.pptxDrRajeshHadia
This document discusses pharmacovigilance and post-marketing drug safety monitoring. It defines key terms like adverse drug reaction and signal. It explains limitations of pre-approval clinical trials in detecting all ADRs. Various pharmacovigilance strategies are outlined like spontaneous reporting, prescription event monitoring, and case studies. Reporting procedures and timelines are provided. The national pharmacovigilance program in India is described with its structure and operations. Benefits and limitations of spontaneous reporting are highlighted. Prescription event monitoring is explained as a form of post-marketing surveillance.
This document discusses various software used in pharmacoepidemiology research. It describes statistical analysis packages like SAS and SPSS that are commonly used to analyze collected data. It also mentions more specialized software like WinBUGS, EpiInfo, and STATA designed for large dataset analysis. Decision-making software like CLEO and TREEAGE are explained. Spreadsheet programs like MS Excel are also used. The benefits of software include reduced analysis time and ability to identify patterns in large data. Potential issues include cost and complexity of software. Training is needed to ensure proper use.
Drug use evaluation (DUE) is a quality improvement process that reviews prescribing patterns to promote appropriate drug use. It involves identifying a drug or therapeutic area, developing criteria and standards, collecting data, evaluating results, providing feedback, and implementing interventions. The process then reevaluates drug use and revises the DUE program as needed. The presented document outlines the 11 steps of a DUE process focusing on monitoring renal function during aminoglycoside therapy.
Definition and scope of Pharmacoepidemiology ABUBAKRANSARI2
In these slides I shared the information of definition and scope of pharmacoepidemiology. Types of studies - cohort studies, cross-sectional studies etc.
adaptive methods are doing with feedback in population pharmacokinetics---- clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring-- fifth pharm D notes
This document discusses the individualization of drug dosage regimens to account for variability between patients. It notes that while humans are alike as a species, there are differences between individuals that impact their responsiveness to drugs. Failing to tailor drug administration to each patient can lead to ineffective therapy in some or toxicity in others. The document outlines the main sources of variability in pharmacokinetics as biological factors like age, weight, gender and genetics, environmental factors like drug interactions and disease states, and cultural factors. It discusses approaches to designing individualized dosage regimens based on estimating pharmacokinetic parameters in individual patients or using population averages with adjustments. The key parameters that can be adjusted are dose size and dosing frequency.
This document discusses drug utilization evaluation (DUE), which is defined as an ongoing quality improvement process to optimize drug use. It describes the types of DUE as drug-focused, indication-focused, quantitative, and qualitative. The roles of the DUE committee and pharmacists in DUE are also outlined. The key aspects of the DUE cycle are planning, data collection, evaluation, feedback, interventions, and re-evaluation. Common metrics used in DUE like defined daily dose and criteria for conducting the DUE cycle are also summarized.
14ab1 t0011 professional relations and practices of hospital pharmacyRamesh Ganpisetti
The document discusses the role of hospital pharmacists and their professional relationships. It begins by defining a hospital pharmacy and its core functions like dispensing and preparing drugs, maintaining records, and providing clinical services. It then describes the various responsibilities of hospital pharmacists like preparing IV medications, providing drug information, monitoring patients, and managing the pharmacy department. The document outlines how pharmacists can build professional relationships with physicians, nurses, patients, and others. It elaborates on their role in activities like teaching, publishing educational materials, participating in committees, and organizing drug rehabilitation programs.
This document discusses drugs that can induce birth defects and the challenges of epidemiological research on this topic. It notes that 3-4% of live births experience major birth defects, and 40-90% of women consume at least one drug during pregnancy. Various drug classes like antibiotics, anticoagulants, NSAIDs, alcohol, and high-dose vitamin A are mentioned as potential teratogens. Methodological issues addressed include the rarity of specific birth defects requiring large sample sizes, recall bias in studies, and the need for cohort and case-control study designs. Solutions discussed involve different types of cohort studies and reviewing case reports to better understand adverse drug effects and design further research.
Concept of risk in pharmacoepidemiology PresentationMdshams244
This document discusses concepts of risk in pharmacoepidemiology. It defines risk as the likelihood of experiencing harm or loss, and risk factors as variables that increase the likelihood of developing a problem. Risk factors can be biological, environmental, or psychosocial. Risk is not certain - not everyone exposed will have an adverse outcome. Risk is also relative and depends on multiple interacting factors over time. In pharmacoepidemiology, risk refers to the probability of developing an outcome from drug exposure, which depends on factors like age, sex, and other medications. Risk is measured using metrics like attributable risk, relative risk, and odds ratio.
Studies of vaccine safety (Pharmacoepidemiology) V PharmDDr.Sohel Memon
This document discusses selected special applications of pharmacoepidemiology, focusing on studies of vaccine safety. It describes various methods used to monitor vaccine safety, including pre-licensure clinical trials, post-licensure surveillance systems like VAERS, and epidemiological studies. It addresses some methodological challenges in vaccine safety studies like assessing causality, accounting for confounding factors, and identifying rare adverse events. Large automated databases like the Vaccine Safety Datalink are highlighted as a valuable tool for monitoring vaccine safety on a population-level.
conversion from INTRAVENOUS TO ORAL DOSING----- design of dosage regimenpavithra vinayak
conversion from INTRAVENOUS TO ORAL DOSING----- TYPES OF IV TO PO THERAPY CONVERSIONS: MEDICATIONS INCLUDED IN AN IV TO PO CONVERSION PROGRAM: SELECTION OF PATIENTS FOR IV TO PO THERAPY CONVERSION: design of dosage regimen--clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring-- fifth pharm D notes
This document discusses therapeutic drug monitoring of lithium, which is used to treat acute mania and bipolar disorder. It outlines the optimal plasma concentration ranges for treatment of mania and prophylaxis, as well as toxic concentration ranges that can cause side effects like renal impairment. TDM is essential for lithium due to its narrow therapeutic index and many drug and disease interactions that influence lithium concentrations. Proper sampling time and monitoring of both lithium levels and clinical response are important for safe and effective treatment.
The document discusses several key points about determining appropriate drug doses and dosing intervals:
1) The starting dose and dosing interval aims to achieve a desirable therapeutic drug level in the body, based on pharmacokinetic parameters from literature.
2) For some drugs without full information, assumptions must be made based on available data.
3) The steady-state average blood concentration equation can be used to calculate multiple dose regimens to maintain levels in the therapeutic range.
4) Both dose and interval should be considered, as changing one affects peak and trough concentrations.
Population pharmacokinetics is the study of the sources and correlates of variability in drug concentrations among individuals who are the target patient population receiving clinically relevant doses of a drug of interest
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
The document describes Prescription Event Monitoring (PEM), a method of pharmacovigilance that involves collecting information on patient outcomes after being prescribed new medications. PEM was developed in the 1980s in the UK to address limitations of spontaneous adverse event reporting. It involves sending questionnaires to prescribers to obtain follow-up data on patients. Analysis of the data provides incidence rates of adverse events and allows detection of potential safety issues with new drugs. Modified PEM (M-PEM) expands the method to collect additional targeted safety information.
The document discusses drug use evaluation (DUE), which is a systematic, criteria-based process for evaluating drug use and ensuring medications are used appropriately. It describes the DUE cycle, which involves planning, data collection, evaluation, feedback, interventions, and re-evaluation. The goals are to promote optimal medication therapy and ensure drug use meets standards of care. Key aspects of the DUE process include identifying drugs for study, designing the study, defining criteria, collecting and analyzing data, providing feedback, developing and implementing interventions, and re-evaluating drug use to determine if improvements were made.
Spontaneous Reporting and Prescription Event Monitoring.pptxDrRajeshHadia
This document discusses pharmacovigilance and post-marketing drug safety monitoring. It defines key terms like adverse drug reaction and signal. It explains limitations of pre-approval clinical trials in detecting all ADRs. Various pharmacovigilance strategies are outlined like spontaneous reporting, prescription event monitoring, and case studies. Reporting procedures and timelines are provided. The national pharmacovigilance program in India is described with its structure and operations. Benefits and limitations of spontaneous reporting are highlighted. Prescription event monitoring is explained as a form of post-marketing surveillance.
This document discusses various software used in pharmacoepidemiology research. It describes statistical analysis packages like SAS and SPSS that are commonly used to analyze collected data. It also mentions more specialized software like WinBUGS, EpiInfo, and STATA designed for large dataset analysis. Decision-making software like CLEO and TREEAGE are explained. Spreadsheet programs like MS Excel are also used. The benefits of software include reduced analysis time and ability to identify patterns in large data. Potential issues include cost and complexity of software. Training is needed to ensure proper use.
Drug use evaluation (DUE) is a quality improvement process that reviews prescribing patterns to promote appropriate drug use. It involves identifying a drug or therapeutic area, developing criteria and standards, collecting data, evaluating results, providing feedback, and implementing interventions. The process then reevaluates drug use and revises the DUE program as needed. The presented document outlines the 11 steps of a DUE process focusing on monitoring renal function during aminoglycoside therapy.
Definition and scope of Pharmacoepidemiology ABUBAKRANSARI2
In these slides I shared the information of definition and scope of pharmacoepidemiology. Types of studies - cohort studies, cross-sectional studies etc.
adaptive methods are doing with feedback in population pharmacokinetics---- clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring-- fifth pharm D notes
This document discusses the individualization of drug dosage regimens to account for variability between patients. It notes that while humans are alike as a species, there are differences between individuals that impact their responsiveness to drugs. Failing to tailor drug administration to each patient can lead to ineffective therapy in some or toxicity in others. The document outlines the main sources of variability in pharmacokinetics as biological factors like age, weight, gender and genetics, environmental factors like drug interactions and disease states, and cultural factors. It discusses approaches to designing individualized dosage regimens based on estimating pharmacokinetic parameters in individual patients or using population averages with adjustments. The key parameters that can be adjusted are dose size and dosing frequency.
This document discusses drug utilization evaluation (DUE), which is defined as an ongoing quality improvement process to optimize drug use. It describes the types of DUE as drug-focused, indication-focused, quantitative, and qualitative. The roles of the DUE committee and pharmacists in DUE are also outlined. The key aspects of the DUE cycle are planning, data collection, evaluation, feedback, interventions, and re-evaluation. Common metrics used in DUE like defined daily dose and criteria for conducting the DUE cycle are also summarized.
14ab1 t0011 professional relations and practices of hospital pharmacyRamesh Ganpisetti
The document discusses the role of hospital pharmacists and their professional relationships. It begins by defining a hospital pharmacy and its core functions like dispensing and preparing drugs, maintaining records, and providing clinical services. It then describes the various responsibilities of hospital pharmacists like preparing IV medications, providing drug information, monitoring patients, and managing the pharmacy department. The document outlines how pharmacists can build professional relationships with physicians, nurses, patients, and others. It elaborates on their role in activities like teaching, publishing educational materials, participating in committees, and organizing drug rehabilitation programs.
This document discusses drugs that can induce birth defects and the challenges of epidemiological research on this topic. It notes that 3-4% of live births experience major birth defects, and 40-90% of women consume at least one drug during pregnancy. Various drug classes like antibiotics, anticoagulants, NSAIDs, alcohol, and high-dose vitamin A are mentioned as potential teratogens. Methodological issues addressed include the rarity of specific birth defects requiring large sample sizes, recall bias in studies, and the need for cohort and case-control study designs. Solutions discussed involve different types of cohort studies and reviewing case reports to better understand adverse drug effects and design further research.
Concept of risk in pharmacoepidemiology PresentationMdshams244
This document discusses concepts of risk in pharmacoepidemiology. It defines risk as the likelihood of experiencing harm or loss, and risk factors as variables that increase the likelihood of developing a problem. Risk factors can be biological, environmental, or psychosocial. Risk is not certain - not everyone exposed will have an adverse outcome. Risk is also relative and depends on multiple interacting factors over time. In pharmacoepidemiology, risk refers to the probability of developing an outcome from drug exposure, which depends on factors like age, sex, and other medications. Risk is measured using metrics like attributable risk, relative risk, and odds ratio.
Studies of vaccine safety (Pharmacoepidemiology) V PharmDDr.Sohel Memon
This document discusses selected special applications of pharmacoepidemiology, focusing on studies of vaccine safety. It describes various methods used to monitor vaccine safety, including pre-licensure clinical trials, post-licensure surveillance systems like VAERS, and epidemiological studies. It addresses some methodological challenges in vaccine safety studies like assessing causality, accounting for confounding factors, and identifying rare adverse events. Large automated databases like the Vaccine Safety Datalink are highlighted as a valuable tool for monitoring vaccine safety on a population-level.
conversion from INTRAVENOUS TO ORAL DOSING----- design of dosage regimenpavithra vinayak
conversion from INTRAVENOUS TO ORAL DOSING----- TYPES OF IV TO PO THERAPY CONVERSIONS: MEDICATIONS INCLUDED IN AN IV TO PO CONVERSION PROGRAM: SELECTION OF PATIENTS FOR IV TO PO THERAPY CONVERSION: design of dosage regimen--clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring-- fifth pharm D notes
This document discusses therapeutic drug monitoring of lithium, which is used to treat acute mania and bipolar disorder. It outlines the optimal plasma concentration ranges for treatment of mania and prophylaxis, as well as toxic concentration ranges that can cause side effects like renal impairment. TDM is essential for lithium due to its narrow therapeutic index and many drug and disease interactions that influence lithium concentrations. Proper sampling time and monitoring of both lithium levels and clinical response are important for safe and effective treatment.
The document discusses several key points about determining appropriate drug doses and dosing intervals:
1) The starting dose and dosing interval aims to achieve a desirable therapeutic drug level in the body, based on pharmacokinetic parameters from literature.
2) For some drugs without full information, assumptions must be made based on available data.
3) The steady-state average blood concentration equation can be used to calculate multiple dose regimens to maintain levels in the therapeutic range.
4) Both dose and interval should be considered, as changing one affects peak and trough concentrations.
Population pharmacokinetics is the study of the sources and correlates of variability in drug concentrations among individuals who are the target patient population receiving clinically relevant doses of a drug of interest
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.