The document summarizes the costs of transporting various substances like oil, gas, water, ammonia, biofuels, hydrogen, coal, iron and beer via pipeline. It provides details on transportation costs for different regions and examples of costs to transport a barrel of substance across various distances. It also lists current market prices for these materials in both international and Vietnam markets.
Le 03 Natural Gas (NG) Transportation and DistributionNsulangi Paul
This module describes means of transportation and distribution of natural gas from production area to the end user or consumers. The module analyzes various methods such as pipeline, liquefied natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG), gas to liquid fuel (GtL), gas to wire (GtW) as well as gas to hydrate (GtH).
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Life Cycle; LNG a safe fuel? ; Quality of LNG ; Sales LNG/Gas Specifications ; NATURAL GAS VALUE CHAIN; LNG TRANSPORTATION; Global Movement of Natural Gas; Movement of Natural Gas; Movement: Pipelines and Storage; Natural Gas Infrastructure: Pipeline Systems; Types of Pipelines; Offshore Pipelines; Movement: LNG; Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG); LNG Markets (R)evolution; LIQUEFACATION; REGASIFICATION; PIPELINE NETWORK; Revolutionary LNG Technologies: FLNG and FSRU; FLOATING LNG (FLNG); FLOATING STORAGE AND REGASIFICATION (FSRU); Global Natural Gas Trade; Natural Gas Price Formation; Liberalizing Market Dynamics; Natural Gas Contracts
Le 03 Natural Gas (NG) Transportation and DistributionNsulangi Paul
This module describes means of transportation and distribution of natural gas from production area to the end user or consumers. The module analyzes various methods such as pipeline, liquefied natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG), gas to liquid fuel (GtL), gas to wire (GtW) as well as gas to hydrate (GtH).
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Life Cycle; LNG a safe fuel? ; Quality of LNG ; Sales LNG/Gas Specifications ; NATURAL GAS VALUE CHAIN; LNG TRANSPORTATION; Global Movement of Natural Gas; Movement of Natural Gas; Movement: Pipelines and Storage; Natural Gas Infrastructure: Pipeline Systems; Types of Pipelines; Offshore Pipelines; Movement: LNG; Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG); LNG Markets (R)evolution; LIQUEFACATION; REGASIFICATION; PIPELINE NETWORK; Revolutionary LNG Technologies: FLNG and FSRU; FLOATING LNG (FLNG); FLOATING STORAGE AND REGASIFICATION (FSRU); Global Natural Gas Trade; Natural Gas Price Formation; Liberalizing Market Dynamics; Natural Gas Contracts
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Production Process ; Production of LNG; LNG industry and Technology (or LNG Value Chain); Liquefaction :Train Size; Compressor Drive Efficiency; Transportation; Pipe; Shipping; Tanker; Major Natural Gas Trade Movements ; Regasification; Storage ; How much does LNG cost?
Introduction to Gas Transportation and Storage technology including pipeline, CNG, LNG, GTL, GTW, methane hydrate, and the importance of gas sales agreement in a gas value chain.
Application: Chemical agents employed in natural gas processing include drilling fluid additives, methanol injection for freeze protection, glycol injection for hydrate inhibition, produced water treatment chemicals, foam and corrosion inhibitors, de-emulsifiers,and drag reduction agents. Chemicals are frequently administered by way of chemical injection skids.
Challenges: Level monitoring controls chemical inventory
and determines when the tanks require filling.The careful
selection and application of level controls to chemical injection systems can effectively protect against tanks running out of chemicals or overfilling.
What's the difference between WTI and Brent Crude Oil? [PPT] Arne Pohlman
If you are not too familiar with traded commodities, odds are that crude oil is one you know a little about. Oil, the magical elixir that much of our lives run on, even if we are not aware of it, is being consumed at a higher rate globally every year. But did you know that there are different kinds of crude oil? If you did, you may have heard of Brent and WTI Crude Oil. Do you know what the difference is between Brent and WTI Crude oil? Did you know there was a difference between the crude oils extracted around the world? If you didn’t, you’re not alone – most people likely don’t know the difference between the two. If you are curious as to what sets various crude oils apart, especially Brent and WTI, this blog post will shed some light on the differences as well as explain a bit about the Crude Oil futures markets and what role Brent and WTI play in the global oil commodity trade. But, before getting into the specifics of Brent and WTI, it might be helpful to first go through what quality metrics differentiate crude oils from one another.
Download a FREE sample of
Commodities FocusEconomics Consensus Forecast
http://www.focus-economics.com/commodities2016
Nepal is currently reeling under acute fuel crisis due to undeclared economic blockade by India. Transportation and cooking are two main areas that have been severely affected due to the fuel shortages. Alternative sources of cooking fuels have become a crucial topic of research and investigation on an international scale and Nepal may require such unconventional solutions to cope with the crisis that does not seem to be winding down anytime soon. The utilization of Hydrogen as an energy carrier with regards to domestic cooking has been explored and studied by countless experts over the years and is still a relatively novel concept that requires further exploration.
Toyota Mirai Is one of the best innovations of the 21st century. It's leading us to a new Hydrogen economy which seems to be a crucial turning point for a sustainable development. This presentation was something I made for the Toyota Lanka company, but somehow never subjected to examined. Hence after 3 years, I decided it make available to all who are interested in innovation and eco-sustainable advance technologies.
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Production Process ; Production of LNG; LNG industry and Technology (or LNG Value Chain); Liquefaction :Train Size; Compressor Drive Efficiency; Transportation; Pipe; Shipping; Tanker; Major Natural Gas Trade Movements ; Regasification; Storage ; How much does LNG cost?
Introduction to Gas Transportation and Storage technology including pipeline, CNG, LNG, GTL, GTW, methane hydrate, and the importance of gas sales agreement in a gas value chain.
Application: Chemical agents employed in natural gas processing include drilling fluid additives, methanol injection for freeze protection, glycol injection for hydrate inhibition, produced water treatment chemicals, foam and corrosion inhibitors, de-emulsifiers,and drag reduction agents. Chemicals are frequently administered by way of chemical injection skids.
Challenges: Level monitoring controls chemical inventory
and determines when the tanks require filling.The careful
selection and application of level controls to chemical injection systems can effectively protect against tanks running out of chemicals or overfilling.
What's the difference between WTI and Brent Crude Oil? [PPT] Arne Pohlman
If you are not too familiar with traded commodities, odds are that crude oil is one you know a little about. Oil, the magical elixir that much of our lives run on, even if we are not aware of it, is being consumed at a higher rate globally every year. But did you know that there are different kinds of crude oil? If you did, you may have heard of Brent and WTI Crude Oil. Do you know what the difference is between Brent and WTI Crude oil? Did you know there was a difference between the crude oils extracted around the world? If you didn’t, you’re not alone – most people likely don’t know the difference between the two. If you are curious as to what sets various crude oils apart, especially Brent and WTI, this blog post will shed some light on the differences as well as explain a bit about the Crude Oil futures markets and what role Brent and WTI play in the global oil commodity trade. But, before getting into the specifics of Brent and WTI, it might be helpful to first go through what quality metrics differentiate crude oils from one another.
Download a FREE sample of
Commodities FocusEconomics Consensus Forecast
http://www.focus-economics.com/commodities2016
Nepal is currently reeling under acute fuel crisis due to undeclared economic blockade by India. Transportation and cooking are two main areas that have been severely affected due to the fuel shortages. Alternative sources of cooking fuels have become a crucial topic of research and investigation on an international scale and Nepal may require such unconventional solutions to cope with the crisis that does not seem to be winding down anytime soon. The utilization of Hydrogen as an energy carrier with regards to domestic cooking has been explored and studied by countless experts over the years and is still a relatively novel concept that requires further exploration.
Toyota Mirai Is one of the best innovations of the 21st century. It's leading us to a new Hydrogen economy which seems to be a crucial turning point for a sustainable development. This presentation was something I made for the Toyota Lanka company, but somehow never subjected to examined. Hence after 3 years, I decided it make available to all who are interested in innovation and eco-sustainable advance technologies.
COLD IRONING Ships - Alternative Maritime PowerPawanexh Kohli
Maritime emission control, shore to ship electric power. Controlling air pollution from ocean going ships. Marine Air pollution due to furnace oil as fuel. Download from www.crosstree.info Power requirement of ships while docked in port. Alternative Maritime Power, global warming
Energy Transition in global Aviation - ETSAP Workshop TurinIEA-ETSAP
Energy Transition in global Aviation - ETSAP Workshop Turin
Mr. Felix Lippkau, IER University of Suttgart, Germany
16–17th november 2023, Turin, Italy, etsap meeting, etsap winter workshop, semi-annual meeting, november 2023, Politecnico di Torino Lingotto, Torino
Well-To-Wake Analysis of Ethanol-To-Jet and Sugar-To-Jet Pathways Jeongwoo Han
To reduce the environmental impacts of the aviation sector as air traffic grows steadily, the aviation industry has paid increasing attention to bio-based alternative jet fuels (AJFs), which may provide lower life-cycle petroleum consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than petroleum jet fuel. This study presents well-to-wake (WTWa) results for four emerging AJFs: ethanol-to-jet (ETJ) from corn and corn stover, and sugar-to-jet (STJ) from corn stover via both biological and catalytic conversion. Three H2 options for STJ via catalytic conversion are investigated: external H2 from natural gas (NG) steam methane reforming (SMR), In-situ H2 and H2 from biomass gasification. Results demonstrate that the feedstock is a key factor in the WTWa GHG emissions of ETJ: corn- and corn stover-based ETJ are estimated to produce WTWa GHG emissions that are 16% and 73%, respectively, less than those of petroleum jet. As for the STJ pathways, this study shows that STJ via biological conversion could generate WTWa GHG emissions 59% below those of petroleum jet. STJ via catalytic conversion could reduce the WTWa GHG emissions by 28% with H2 from NG SMR or 71% with H2 from biomass gasification than those of petroleum jet. Corn- and corn stover-based ETJ as well as corn-stover-based STJ show potentials to reduce WTWa GHG emissions compared to petroleum jet. On the other hand, ETJ offers unique opportunities to exploit extensive existing corn ethanol plants and infrastructure, and to provide a boost to staggering ethanol demand, which is largely being used as gasoline blendstock.
Topuria R., Sharabidze I., Markelia B. Some specifications of diesel engine r...Елена Овечкина
The paper dwells on the effectiveness the transition of diesel transport–energy equipment to the alternative gaseous fuel, as well as its specific design features. There is justified the possibility of the ignition of a gaseous fuel mixture through the assessment of dosing of the explosive charge, and its influence on the functioning of the process of a gas–air mixture combustion.
There are also described the possible positive phenomena, which have sprung during the operation on gaseous fuel.
Upgrading the bottom of the barrel through in situ oil recovery (THAI CAPRI) ...Sinthujan Pushpakaran
As world reserves of light crude oil are gradually running out, alternative vast deposits of heavy oil and bitumen have been considered to balance rising fuels demand. Upgrading is the breakdown of heavy oil into oil that features similar characteristics to light oils. The THAI – CAPRI (Toe – to – heel air injection with catalytic upgrading process in-situ) aims at accomplishing upgrading down – hole.
In light of catalyst deactivation issues with hydrodesulphurization (HDS) catalysts highlighted in previous THAI – CAPRI process studies, novel synthetic NiAlCO3-HTlc anionic clays catalysts at different concentrations are explored with aim of controlling catalyst deactivation due to coking while enhancing level of upgrading. In this study, the THAI – CAPRI process was replicated using a batch autoclave reactor. Effects of increasing catalyst concentration of NiAlCO3-HTlc anionic clay catalysts on the extent of upgrading were investigated via thermal cracking upgrading experiments carried out at 425 °C to evaluate performance.
It was found that at high reaction temperature of 425 °C, cracking deteriorated as well as decrease in API gravity (6 to 2°), viscosity reduction of (99.5 to 99.1 %) and lower yield of fuel distillates with increasing catalyst concentration. Despite improvement in produced oil in the 2:1 NiAlCO3-HTlc anionic clay catalyst, coke content of spent catalysts reduced from 33.2 to 24.4 wt. % as catalyst concentration increased. A reduction in asphaltene content with increasing catalyst concentration was also noted.
The synergistic effect of increasing nickel content lessen level of upgrading and diminishes oil production, detriments pipeline transportation via increment in viscosity, however produces less impurities thus reducing impact on the environment and downstream processes.
Study on incentives for production and utilization of biomethaneGeorgii Geletukha
Seminar of Sustainable Agribusiness Forum (SAF Ukraine) for business leaders in the agricultural sector.
April 26, 2018
Details: https://saf.org.ua/en/
Purification of Natural GasDavid Luong, Jassim Alajmi, Jesse.docxwoodruffeloisa
Purification of Natural Gas
David Luong, Jassim Alajmi, Jesse Reyes, Siwanet Ratanasiripornchai
Fantastic Four
Chemical Engineering Design, ChE 470, Sec 01 5111
Chemical Engineering Department
California State University, Long Beach
Table of Contents
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
A. Problem Statement
B. Related Work and Market Analysis
3. Process Design/Methodology/Approach
4. Components Description and Process
5. Cost Analysis
6. Results
7. Summary/Conclusion
8. Future Work
9. References
10. Appendix
Abstract
As the population of the world continues to increase, there is an increase in energy demand. Though there are many ways to produce energy, it is important that the energy can be easily obtained and produce less pollution than methods used in the past. One solution that has emerged and is currently continuing to grow today is natural gas. Burning natural gas for energy produces less pollution than other methods and can be easily extracted from underground. However, natural gas directly extracted from the earth has impurities such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and water that needs to be removed. Thus, to remove carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, a process called amine sweetening is performed. Natural gas will also go through a process called glycol dehydration to remove water contaminates out of the stream. If the natural gas is shipped overseas then the natural gas will also go through a process called natural gas liquefaction. Our goal is to purify natural gas and sell it for a lower price than our competitors by burning some of our natural gas and using water and a steam turbine to capture the energy in a steam power cycle. Our process will not include the liquefication of natural gas as we will be shipping natural gas only nationally and countries nearby but not overseas.
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) processes started in the 1960s; the product can be used as a fuel for vehicles or residential needs and some industrial consumption. basically the liquified natural gas process is essentially is a natural gas mixture that has been cooled down to a liquid for several purposes like storage and transport. Liquified natural gas can be profitable for energy consumption and transportation over other methods. One of the reasons liquifying would be beneficial to companies is that when gases are liquified, they take only a fraction of the volume that it would require to transport gases, making it possible to transport a larger volume after the gases have been liquified.
Introduction
When drilling for petroleum or crude oil, there is a release of natural gases from the ground.These gases are a mixture of hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane and propane, hydrogen sulfide, water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
Previously, these gases were burned off or flared during the drilling process because there was no marketable uses for them. Additionally, since they could not be st ...
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1. COST OF PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION
AND
COST OF TYPES BY PIPELINE
TRANSPORTED SUBSTANCE
Group : Trần Hồng Quân
Đỗ Huệ Anh
Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Lê
Đinh Quang Mạnh
NGô Thị Mai Diễm
2. TYPES BY TRANSPORTED SUBSTANCE
Oil or natural gas
Ammoniac
Biofuels (ethanol and biobutanol)
Coal and ore
Hydrogen
Water
Beer
3. COST OF TRANSPORTING OIL BY
PIPELINE AND PRICE OF OIL
Cost of cost of transporting oil by pipeline
- In Canada (Source:http://business.financialpost.com)
4. COST OF TRANSPORTING OIL BY
PIPELINE AND PRICE OF OIL
Cost of cost of transporting oil by pipeline
- Interstate pipelines deliver over 11.3 billion barrels of petroleum each year.
(There are 42 gallons in a barrel.) About 52% of the petroleum transported
by pipelines is crude oil and 47% is in the form of refined petroleum
products. The cost to transport a barrel of petroleum products from Houston
to the New York harbor is about $1, or about 2 1/2 ¢ per gallon at your local
gasoline station. The price to transport petroleum products through pipelines
does not change, regardless of fluctuations in the price of a gallon of gas.
(Source : http://www.earthlyissues.com)
- Example of cost of transporting oil by pipeline in USA
It costs about $2 for a barrel of oil to travel across the country by pipeline,
only $0.04 cents per gallon by pipeline (Source: www.aopl.org)
5. COST OF TRANSPORTING OIL BY
PIPELINE AND PRICE OF OIL
Price of oil
- Oil Price History (Source : http://www.wtrg.com)
- )
6. COST OF TRANSPORTING OIL BY
PIPELINE AND PRICE OF OIL
Price of oil
- Crude oil price per Barrel on July 12,2012(Source: http://www.aopl.org)
7. COST OF TRANSPORTING OIL BY
PIPELINE AND PRICE OF OIL
Price of gasoline ,diesel around the world
Source :
http://www.mytravelcost.co
m
8. COST OF TRANSPORTING OIL BY
PIPELINE AND PRICE OF OIL
Price of oil
- In Viet Nam,price of crude oil
5/2010 : 738.8 thousand tons/$ 443 million
(Source:http://www.thuongmai.vn)
- In Viet Nam,price of gasoline and Do oil ( VND/L)
(Source:http://www.petrolimex.com.vn/)
Product Area 1 Area 2
Gasoline Ron 95 23.650 24.120
Gasoline Ron 92 23.150 23.610
Do 0,05s 21.550 21.980
Do 0,02s 21.600 22.030
9. COST OF TRANSPORTING GAS BY
PIPELINE AND PRICE OF GAS
Cost of transporting gas by pipeline
Source: www.polinares.eu
10. COST OF TRANSPORTING GAS BY
PIPELINE AND PRICE OF GAS
Cost of transporting gas by pipeline
A recent example of this has been the Rockies Express Pipeline(REX)
which carries Natural Gas from Colorado to Ohio, and thence to points
East. Out in the West NG is still abundant and so well head prices are low –
in 2009 for example it averaged $3.21 per kcf in Colorado (source:
http://bittooth.blogspot.com)
12. COST OF TRANSPORTING GAS BY
PIPELINE AND PRICE OF GAS
Price of gas
In Viet Nam,price of gas of some areas ( source:http://pvgasn.vn)
Area 12 kg 45kg
Hòa Bình
L ng S nạ ơ
B c K nắ ạ
Tuyên Quang
Yên Bái
13. COST OF TRANSPORTING CO2BY
PIPELINE AND PRICE OF CO2
Cost of transporting CO2 by pipeline
Transport costs derived from various information sources for offshore and
onshore pipelines. Costs exclude possible booster stations, applying a
capital charge rate of 15% and a load factor of 100% (Source: www.ipcc.ch)
14. COST OF TRANSPORTING CO2BY
PIPELINE AND PRICE OF CO2
Price of CO2
- CO2 price in 2012 (source: http://www.co2prices.eu/)
15. COST OF TRANSPORTING CO2BY
PIPELINE AND PRICE OF CO2
Price of CO2
- In Viet Nam,price of C02 is 10 USD / ton CO2 (Source:http://eere.vn/) or
3-14 USD / ton (Source: http://www.cesti.gov.vn)
16. COST OF TRANSPORTING WATER BY
PIPELINE AND PRICE OF WATER
Cost of transporting water by pipeline
- In Tukey (source: www.sawmillcove.com)
17. COST OF TRANSPORTING WATER BY
PIPELINE AND PRICE OF WATER
Price of water
- In City & County of Honolulu,price of water (source:
http://www.hbws.org)
18. COST OF TRANSPORTING WATER BY
PIPELINE AND PRICE OF WATER
Price of water
- In Viet Nam,price of water (source:download.com.vn)
Consumer Price(VND/m3)
Household
- 4 m3/person/month 3100
- More than 4 m3
-6m3/person/mont
4700
-More than/6
m3/person/month
6.900
Office 4.700
production company 5.900
Bussiness and service
company
7.800
19. COST OF TRANSPORTING AMMONIA
BY PIPELINE AND PRICE OF
AMMONIA
Cost of transporting Ammonia by pipeline
- Tthe cost for the pipeline transport of ammonia over a distance of 1,610 km
and its storage for 45 days at $34/ton and $32/ton respectively, i.e. $66/ton
in total or €45/t at an exchange rate of 1$ for €0.684. This cost added to the
costs presented in the previous table gives the FOB price of NH3 (source:
www.probatex.info/)
20. COST OF TRANSPORTING AMMONIA
BY PIPELINE AND PRICE OF
AMMONIA
Price of Ammonia
21. COST OF TRANSPORTING AMMONIA
BY PIPELINE AND PRICE OF
AMMONIA
Price of Ammonia
- In Viet Nam,price of ammonia is 400 USD/ per ton(source:
http://www.mamxanh.vn), 13.500.000 VND/ per ton
(http://hoathuca.blogspot.com)
22. COST OF TRANSPORTING BIOFUELS
(ETHANOL AND BIOBUTANOL)
BY PIPELINE AND PRICE OF BIOFUELS
(ETHANOL AND BIOBUTANOL)
Cost of transporting ethanol by pipeline
- Source: Alternative transportation fuels: Infrastructure requirements and
environmental impacts for ethanol and hydrogen- Wakeley, Heather L.,
Ph.D., Carnegie Mellon University, 2008
23. COST OF TRANSPORTING BIOFUELS
(ETHANOL AND BIOBUTANOL)
BY PIPELINE AND PRICE OF
BIOFUELS (ETHANOL AND
BIOBUTANOL)
Price of biofuels (ethanol and biobutanol)
- Price of ethanol (source: http://hypertextbook.com)
24. COST OF TRANSPORTING BIOFUELS
(ETHANOL AND BIOBUTANOL)
BY PIPELINE AND PRICE OF
BIOFUELS (ETHANOL AND
BIOBUTANOL)
Price of biobutalnol
- Price of biobutanol are over $2800/metric ton (source: http://seekingalpha.com)
25. COST OF TRANSPORTING BIOFUELS
(ETHANOL AND BIOBUTANOL)
BY PIPELINE AND PRICE OF
BIOFUELS (ETHANOL AND
BIOBUTANOL)
Price of biofuels (ethanol and biobutanol) in Viet Nam
- Price of ethanol (VND/KG)(source:vatgia.com)
26. COST OF TRANSPORTING BIOFUELS
(ETHANOL AND BIOBUTANOL)
BY PIPELINE AND PRICE OF
BIOFUELS (ETHANOL AND
BIOBUTANOL)
Price of biofuels (ethanol and biobutanol) in Viet Nam
- Price of biobutanol (167kg/phi)(source:vatgia.com)
27. COST OF TRANSPORTING
HYDROGEN BY PIPELINE AND
PRICE OF HYDROGEN
Cost of transporting hydrogen by pipeline
- Source: Costs of Storing and Transporting Hydrogen- Wade A. Amos
28. COST OF TRANSPORTING
HYDROGEN BY PIPELINE AND
PRICE OF HYDROGEN
Price of hydrogen
- Cost per gallon: $1.00 – 1.80kg (gge)
Source cost: $1.50 per 1000/gal
Refinery Costs: $700 – $3,500/bpd
(source: http://heshydrogen.com)
- In Viet Nam,price of HYDROGEN PEROXIDE H2O235%: 481.0
USD/240kg (source: http://www.baomoi.com)
29. COST OF OTHER KIND
TRANSPORTING BY PIPERLINE
Price of Coal and iron
- Price of iron (source:http://www.indexmundi.com)
30. COST OF OTHER KIND
TRANSPORTING BY PIPERLINE
Price of Coal and iron
- Price of coal (source:http://www.infomine.com)
31. COST OF OTHER KIND
TRANSPORTING BY PIPERLINE
Price of Coal and iron in Viet Nam
- Price of Coal (source:http://pvcoal.com.vn)
- Price of Iron:120 USD/per ton (source:http://vinanet.com.vn)
32. COST OF OTHER KIND
TRANSPORTING BY PIPERLINE
Price of beer
- In Germany (source:http://www.pintprice.com)
33. COST OF OTHER KIND
TRANSPORTING BY PIPERLINE
Price of beer
- In Viet Nam,price of beer
Ha Noi Beer : 240.000 VND/1 barrel
Halida Beer:195.000/1 barrel
Henikel Beer: 380.000/1 barrel