This document summarizes John Cole's presentation on new genomic tools for dairy cattle. Some key points:
1) Genomic selection works well in dairy cattle due to extensive historical data, genetic evaluation programs, widespread AI use, and high-value animals. Genomics can reduce generation intervals.
2) Different genotyping arrays like BovineSNP50 and BovineHD are used, with over 300,000 animals genotyped as of 2013.
3) Genomic predictions provide information equivalent to dozens of progeny, improving reliability of selection, especially for lowly heritable traits. This allows more rapid genetic improvement.
This study examines genetic variation in the Alabama hog sucker (Hypentelium etowanum) across river drainages in the southeastern United States using DNA sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Tissue samples were collected from seven locations and DNA was extracted and amplified via PCR. Approximately 1150 base pairs of the cyt b gene were sequenced. Preliminary results found genetic variations between populations that are consistent with a previous study. The sequences from a new location in the Little Tallapoosa drainage were most closely related to those from the Chattahoochee drainage. This ongoing study aims to increase sampling to further resolve the genetic structure of H. etowanum across its range.
This study reports on the development of 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the red sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus). The loci were highly polymorphic, with the number of alleles ranging from 7 to 62. However, 12 of the 14 loci showed significant heterozygote deficits, which is likely due to the presence of null alleles. While these microsatellites can be useful markers, caution should be used and some loci may need redesign of primers or sequencing of alleles to address issues like null alleles and size homoplasy.
Loss of pollen-specific phospholipase NOT LIKE DAD triggers gynogenesis in maizePGS
This lecture was a part of Plant Genetics Seminars - PGS 2017/2018 at Assiut University. These seminars organized by Dr. Ahmed Sallam, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University
Abstract
Gynogenesis is an asexual mode of reproduction common to animals and plants, in which stimuli from the sperm cell trigger the development of the unfertilized egg cell into a haploid embryo. Fine mapping restricted a major maize QTL (quantitative trait locus) responsible for the aptitude of inducer lines to trigger gynogenesis to a zone containing a single gene NOT LIKE DAD (NLD) coding for a patatin-like phospholipase A. In all surveyed inducer lines, NLD carries a 4-bp insertion leading to a predicted truncated protein. This frameshift mutation is responsible for haploid induction because complementation with wild-type NLD abolishes the haploid induction capacity. Activity of the NLD promoter is restricted to mature pollen and pollen tube. The translational NLD::citrine fusion protein likely localizes to the sperm cell plasma membrane. In Arabidopsis roots, the truncated protein is no longer localized to the plasma membrane, contrary to the wild-type NLD protein. In conclusion, an intact pollen-specific phospholipase is required for successful sexual reproduction and its targeted disruption may allow establishing powerful haploid breeding tools in numerous crops.
The Value Of Genomic Predictions in Beef CattleJared Decker
The document discusses the value of genomic predictions in beef cattle breeding. It provides examples showing how genomic-enhanced EPDs (GE-EPDs) increase the reliability and precision of EPDs by incorporating genomic test results. Using GE-EPDs allows producers to identify genetic differences between animals earlier and reduce selection risk. Simulation studies show the total value of genetic improvement from genomic testing can be $204 to $1,119 per animal. Programs like Show-Me-Select that use GE-EPDs see premiums of $130 to $460 per head for genomically-tested replacement females. The document also discusses how genomic testing can aid in selection for local genetic adaptation across cattle environments and regions.
This document discusses the use of genetic markers to characterize livestock breeds for conservation purposes. It explains that livestock breeds represent a valuable genetic resource but many are at risk of extinction. Molecular genetic characterization using DNA markers provides a precise way to measure genetic diversity and relationships between breeds. This can help prioritize breeds for conservation in order to maintain maximum genetic diversity.
This document summarizes John Cole's presentation on new genomic tools for dairy cattle. Some key points:
1) Genomic selection works well in dairy cattle due to extensive historical data, genetic evaluation programs, widespread AI use, and high-value animals. Genomics can reduce generation intervals.
2) Different genotyping arrays like BovineSNP50 and BovineHD are used, with over 300,000 animals genotyped as of 2013.
3) Genomic predictions provide information equivalent to dozens of progeny, improving reliability of selection, especially for lowly heritable traits. This allows more rapid genetic improvement.
This study examines genetic variation in the Alabama hog sucker (Hypentelium etowanum) across river drainages in the southeastern United States using DNA sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Tissue samples were collected from seven locations and DNA was extracted and amplified via PCR. Approximately 1150 base pairs of the cyt b gene were sequenced. Preliminary results found genetic variations between populations that are consistent with a previous study. The sequences from a new location in the Little Tallapoosa drainage were most closely related to those from the Chattahoochee drainage. This ongoing study aims to increase sampling to further resolve the genetic structure of H. etowanum across its range.
This study reports on the development of 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the red sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus). The loci were highly polymorphic, with the number of alleles ranging from 7 to 62. However, 12 of the 14 loci showed significant heterozygote deficits, which is likely due to the presence of null alleles. While these microsatellites can be useful markers, caution should be used and some loci may need redesign of primers or sequencing of alleles to address issues like null alleles and size homoplasy.
Loss of pollen-specific phospholipase NOT LIKE DAD triggers gynogenesis in maizePGS
This lecture was a part of Plant Genetics Seminars - PGS 2017/2018 at Assiut University. These seminars organized by Dr. Ahmed Sallam, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University
Abstract
Gynogenesis is an asexual mode of reproduction common to animals and plants, in which stimuli from the sperm cell trigger the development of the unfertilized egg cell into a haploid embryo. Fine mapping restricted a major maize QTL (quantitative trait locus) responsible for the aptitude of inducer lines to trigger gynogenesis to a zone containing a single gene NOT LIKE DAD (NLD) coding for a patatin-like phospholipase A. In all surveyed inducer lines, NLD carries a 4-bp insertion leading to a predicted truncated protein. This frameshift mutation is responsible for haploid induction because complementation with wild-type NLD abolishes the haploid induction capacity. Activity of the NLD promoter is restricted to mature pollen and pollen tube. The translational NLD::citrine fusion protein likely localizes to the sperm cell plasma membrane. In Arabidopsis roots, the truncated protein is no longer localized to the plasma membrane, contrary to the wild-type NLD protein. In conclusion, an intact pollen-specific phospholipase is required for successful sexual reproduction and its targeted disruption may allow establishing powerful haploid breeding tools in numerous crops.
The Value Of Genomic Predictions in Beef CattleJared Decker
The document discusses the value of genomic predictions in beef cattle breeding. It provides examples showing how genomic-enhanced EPDs (GE-EPDs) increase the reliability and precision of EPDs by incorporating genomic test results. Using GE-EPDs allows producers to identify genetic differences between animals earlier and reduce selection risk. Simulation studies show the total value of genetic improvement from genomic testing can be $204 to $1,119 per animal. Programs like Show-Me-Select that use GE-EPDs see premiums of $130 to $460 per head for genomically-tested replacement females. The document also discusses how genomic testing can aid in selection for local genetic adaptation across cattle environments and regions.
This document discusses the use of genetic markers to characterize livestock breeds for conservation purposes. It explains that livestock breeds represent a valuable genetic resource but many are at risk of extinction. Molecular genetic characterization using DNA markers provides a precise way to measure genetic diversity and relationships between breeds. This can help prioritize breeds for conservation in order to maintain maximum genetic diversity.
What can your dog teach you about Genetics?rlanchantin
The following is a presentation to supplement a genetics class. The intention is to help build interest by showing dog breeding and how the scientific method has uncovered remarkable information about the morphological changes in dog breeds.
Genomic selection has been successful in the dairy cattle industry by increasing genetic progress. Several challenges remain, including pre-selection bias when young genotyped bulls are selected for further breeding before progeny testing, and developing across-breed genomic evaluations. While genomic selection is widely used and has increased the rate of genetic improvement, continuing work is needed to address these challenges to ensure the most accurate genomic evaluations.
Gene pyramiding in tomato involves combining desirable genes from multiple parents into a single genotype to improve specific traits. It can enhance disease resistance, drought tolerance, yield, and fruit quality. One study found that pyramiding two virus resistance genes (Ty-2 and Ty-3) in tomato improved resistance to three viruses and had higher yields than lines with single genes. Another study found that pyramiding introgressions from wild tomato species S. pennellii improved drought tolerance, yield, soluble solids content, and the ratio of soluble solids to fruit weight. A third study showed that pyramiding quality trait genes increased antioxidant levels, soluble solids, and yield compared to lines with single introgressions. Gene
Marker assisted selection (MAS) uses DNA markers linked to traits of interest to assist plant breeders in selecting desirable plants. MAS can increase the efficiency and precision of plant breeding by allowing selection at early generations or at the seedling stage before phenotypic selection. It also reduces the influence of environmental effects and allows selection of homozygous plants. While MAS has advantages over conventional breeding, its use in actual breeding programs remains limited due to technical and cost constraints. Further optimization and integration of molecular genetics with plant breeding is needed to fully realize the potential of MAS.
This document discusses marker-assisted backcrossing (MAB) for introgressing traits from a donor parent into a recipient line. MAB uses DNA markers linked to target genes/QTLs to aid in selection. Markers can be used for foreground selection of target genes, background selection to recover the recipient genome, and recombinant selection to minimize linkage drag. A case study is described where MAB was used over multiple generations to introgress 5 drought resistance QTLs from a donor rice variety into a recipient variety. Through foreground, background, and recombinant selection using DNA markers, lines were developed with the target QTLs and most of the recipient genetic background.
marker assisted selection in breeding for nematode resistanceBothwell Madhanzi
1) Marker assisted selection (MAS) is an indirect selection process where plant breeders select for traits linked to DNA markers rather than the traits themselves.
2) Molecular markers, such as strings of DNA sequences, are linked to desired genes and can be used to identify plants with particular genes through their genotype rather than phenotype.
3) For breeding nematode resistance, the Mi gene from a wild tomato species confers resistance to several root-knot nematode species and has been mapped on chromosome 6 along with other linked markers used to select for the gene through MAS.
Haploid induction of allelic diversity populations in maizeNaveen Jakhar
This document summarizes a power point presentation on haploid induction of allelic diversity in maize populations. It discusses two hypotheses for how haploid embryos are formed, outlines the objectives and methods used, and summarizes the results. The methodology involved selecting maize races from different elevations and examining their haploid induction rates when crossed with a maternal haploid inducer. Races from low elevations had significantly higher haploid induction rates than mid or high elevation races. Certain races like TuxpeñoNorteño also had significantly higher rates than others like Conico. The document provides background on haploid induction and doubling techniques in maize breeding.
Deleterious Alleles in maize, talk from PAGXXIIjrossibarra
This document discusses deleterious alleles in maize and their implications. It finds that:
1) Maize accumulates around 90 new mutations per meiosis, most of which are deleterious. Studies have found many new mutations of large effect in maize.
2) Genes show signatures of purifying selection, with deleterious variants found at lower frequencies compared to non-genic regions. These deleterious variants likely contribute to inbreeding depression.
3) Analysis of a panel of 282 maize inbreds found that genes containing deleterious alleles were enriched in genome-wide association studies hits for traits related to heterosis.
4) The patterns observed are consistent with a model of complementation playing
This document discusses marker-assisted selection for improving orphan crops. It provides examples of MAS for cassava, pearl millet, and chickpea. For cassava, markers can be used to select for resistance to cassava mosaic virus and reduce cyanide levels. In pearl millet, markers linked to drought tolerance genes can be introgressed. For chickpea, markers linked to drought tolerance quantitative trait loci and fusarium wilt resistance genes allow selection of these traits. However, limitations include a lack of resources, marker polymorphism, and integration with conventional breeding in orphan crops.
Seven polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized for the snakehead murrel fish Channa striata. The markers were tested on 25 individuals and showed polymorphism, with alleles ranging from 2 to 7 per locus. Most loci were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium except for one locus that showed excess heterozygosity, possibly due to past population changes. The microsatellite markers will be useful for assessing genetic diversity and population structure of C. striata.
Cleft lip and palate: Examining variations on ZEB1 geneJingwen Zhang
Examining variations on the ZEB1 gene in individuals with cleft lip and palate (CL/P), the researcher found:
(1) 13 new variants in ZEB1, including 1 nonsynonymous change, as well as 7 known SNPs;
(2) Some known SNPs were found at significantly higher frequencies in CL/P cases; and
(3) The newly identified variants showed varying levels of conservation across species. Further research is needed to understand how genetic and environmental factors interact to cause CL/P.
Best practices for genotyping analysis of plant and animal genomes with Affym...Affymetrix
This document describes best practices for analyzing genotyping data from Affymetrix Axiom arrays for plant and animal genomes. It discusses an analysis workflow that combines standard practices for human genotyping with new steps tailored to complex non-human genomes. The workflow uses the SNPolisher R package to generate quality control metrics, classify SNPs, visualize clusters, and identify off-target variants. The overall goal is to maximize high-quality genotype calls while flagging SNPs that require further examination.
Heritability is the proportion of phenotypic variation caused by genetic factors rather than environmental factors. It can be estimated as broad sense heritability, using total genetic variance, or narrow sense heritability, using only additive genetic variance. High heritability combined with high genetic advance indicates a character is controlled by additive genes and is best improved through selection. Low heritability with low genetic advance means a character is strongly influenced by the environment. Heritability and genetic advance help plant breeders understand the genetic basis of traits and determine the most effective breeding methods.
- Backcross breeding is used to transfer one or few genes from a donor plant to an elite cultivar, while recovering the genome of the elite cultivar. It involves repeated crossing of an F1 hybrid to one of the parental lines.
- Six backcrosses are typically required using conventional methods to recover 99.2% of the elite cultivar's genome. Marker assisted selection can reduce the number of backcrosses needed.
- During backcrossing, recombination and crossing over occurs, resulting in gametes with different combinations of parental genomes. Marker assisted selection uses co-dominant markers to identify plants in early backcross generations with higher percentages of the elite cultivar's genome recovered. This allows for more
This document discusses different types of mapping populations that can be used for genetic mapping and molecular breeding programs. It describes F2, F2:F3, backcross, doubled haploid (DH), recombinant inbred line (RIL), and near-isogenic line (NIL) populations. For each type, it provides details on how they are developed, their characteristics, and merits and demerits relative to mapping objectives. The document emphasizes that the choice of mapping population depends on the research goals, availability of markers, and existing molecular maps. RILs and DHs allow for replication over environments but require more time and resources to develop.
The Microbiome of Research Animals : Implications for Reproducibility, Transl...QIAGEN
The human gut microbiota (GM) has emerged as a key factor in susceptibility to, as well as a potential biomarker of, several diseases and conditions. Similarly, researchers now appreciate that the GM of laboratory animals could affect the reproducibility and translatability of many disease models, including a complete loss of phenotype. While associations between characteristics of the GM and differential disease model phenotypes are of concern, they can also be viewed as sources of discovery related to disease pathogenesis. As such, there is considerable interest in factors that inadvertently influence the composition of the GM and methods of manipulating the GM prospectively to investigate such associations and standardize or optimize disease models. The webinar will present data on variables capable of influencing the GM of laboratory rodents citing several examples and animal models, considerations related to manipulation of the GM in mice and rats, and recent data supporting the use of “dirty” mice in biomedical research.
Peter Morrell Ag Experimental Station Talk 2018PeterMorrell4
Peter L. Morrell presented the objectives and progress of his research group. The group has 7 papers assessing the impact of deleterious variants in crops, 3 papers using environmental association to identify variants for traits like cold tolerance in barley, and 2 papers on admixture approaches to study crop domestication. They also have 4 papers on linkage disequilibrium in crops and provide computational training. The group identified candidate variants for cold tolerance and found they were in regions of high linkage disequilibrium.
The science behind the selection of native plant materialsAlexis Gibson
This dissertation examines several topics related to the selection of native plant materials for ecological restoration. Through a literature review and experiments, it explores how local adaptation, response to invasion, polyploidy, and seed transfer zones should inform restoration practices. A greenhouse study found that populations experienced with spotted knapweed invasion developed higher tolerance but lower suppression abilities than naïve populations. Field research showed bluebunch wheatgrass commonly has both diploid and tetraploid cytotypes distributed across ecoregions. Comparing climate matching and ecoregion models revealed that seed transfer zones based on climate often better predicted plant performance traits. The dissertation concludes some species-specific data is still needed but considers balancing scientific ideals with practical restoration needs.
What can your dog teach you about Genetics?rlanchantin
The following is a presentation to supplement a genetics class. The intention is to help build interest by showing dog breeding and how the scientific method has uncovered remarkable information about the morphological changes in dog breeds.
Genomic selection has been successful in the dairy cattle industry by increasing genetic progress. Several challenges remain, including pre-selection bias when young genotyped bulls are selected for further breeding before progeny testing, and developing across-breed genomic evaluations. While genomic selection is widely used and has increased the rate of genetic improvement, continuing work is needed to address these challenges to ensure the most accurate genomic evaluations.
Gene pyramiding in tomato involves combining desirable genes from multiple parents into a single genotype to improve specific traits. It can enhance disease resistance, drought tolerance, yield, and fruit quality. One study found that pyramiding two virus resistance genes (Ty-2 and Ty-3) in tomato improved resistance to three viruses and had higher yields than lines with single genes. Another study found that pyramiding introgressions from wild tomato species S. pennellii improved drought tolerance, yield, soluble solids content, and the ratio of soluble solids to fruit weight. A third study showed that pyramiding quality trait genes increased antioxidant levels, soluble solids, and yield compared to lines with single introgressions. Gene
Marker assisted selection (MAS) uses DNA markers linked to traits of interest to assist plant breeders in selecting desirable plants. MAS can increase the efficiency and precision of plant breeding by allowing selection at early generations or at the seedling stage before phenotypic selection. It also reduces the influence of environmental effects and allows selection of homozygous plants. While MAS has advantages over conventional breeding, its use in actual breeding programs remains limited due to technical and cost constraints. Further optimization and integration of molecular genetics with plant breeding is needed to fully realize the potential of MAS.
This document discusses marker-assisted backcrossing (MAB) for introgressing traits from a donor parent into a recipient line. MAB uses DNA markers linked to target genes/QTLs to aid in selection. Markers can be used for foreground selection of target genes, background selection to recover the recipient genome, and recombinant selection to minimize linkage drag. A case study is described where MAB was used over multiple generations to introgress 5 drought resistance QTLs from a donor rice variety into a recipient variety. Through foreground, background, and recombinant selection using DNA markers, lines were developed with the target QTLs and most of the recipient genetic background.
marker assisted selection in breeding for nematode resistanceBothwell Madhanzi
1) Marker assisted selection (MAS) is an indirect selection process where plant breeders select for traits linked to DNA markers rather than the traits themselves.
2) Molecular markers, such as strings of DNA sequences, are linked to desired genes and can be used to identify plants with particular genes through their genotype rather than phenotype.
3) For breeding nematode resistance, the Mi gene from a wild tomato species confers resistance to several root-knot nematode species and has been mapped on chromosome 6 along with other linked markers used to select for the gene through MAS.
Haploid induction of allelic diversity populations in maizeNaveen Jakhar
This document summarizes a power point presentation on haploid induction of allelic diversity in maize populations. It discusses two hypotheses for how haploid embryos are formed, outlines the objectives and methods used, and summarizes the results. The methodology involved selecting maize races from different elevations and examining their haploid induction rates when crossed with a maternal haploid inducer. Races from low elevations had significantly higher haploid induction rates than mid or high elevation races. Certain races like TuxpeñoNorteño also had significantly higher rates than others like Conico. The document provides background on haploid induction and doubling techniques in maize breeding.
Deleterious Alleles in maize, talk from PAGXXIIjrossibarra
This document discusses deleterious alleles in maize and their implications. It finds that:
1) Maize accumulates around 90 new mutations per meiosis, most of which are deleterious. Studies have found many new mutations of large effect in maize.
2) Genes show signatures of purifying selection, with deleterious variants found at lower frequencies compared to non-genic regions. These deleterious variants likely contribute to inbreeding depression.
3) Analysis of a panel of 282 maize inbreds found that genes containing deleterious alleles were enriched in genome-wide association studies hits for traits related to heterosis.
4) The patterns observed are consistent with a model of complementation playing
This document discusses marker-assisted selection for improving orphan crops. It provides examples of MAS for cassava, pearl millet, and chickpea. For cassava, markers can be used to select for resistance to cassava mosaic virus and reduce cyanide levels. In pearl millet, markers linked to drought tolerance genes can be introgressed. For chickpea, markers linked to drought tolerance quantitative trait loci and fusarium wilt resistance genes allow selection of these traits. However, limitations include a lack of resources, marker polymorphism, and integration with conventional breeding in orphan crops.
Seven polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized for the snakehead murrel fish Channa striata. The markers were tested on 25 individuals and showed polymorphism, with alleles ranging from 2 to 7 per locus. Most loci were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium except for one locus that showed excess heterozygosity, possibly due to past population changes. The microsatellite markers will be useful for assessing genetic diversity and population structure of C. striata.
Cleft lip and palate: Examining variations on ZEB1 geneJingwen Zhang
Examining variations on the ZEB1 gene in individuals with cleft lip and palate (CL/P), the researcher found:
(1) 13 new variants in ZEB1, including 1 nonsynonymous change, as well as 7 known SNPs;
(2) Some known SNPs were found at significantly higher frequencies in CL/P cases; and
(3) The newly identified variants showed varying levels of conservation across species. Further research is needed to understand how genetic and environmental factors interact to cause CL/P.
Best practices for genotyping analysis of plant and animal genomes with Affym...Affymetrix
This document describes best practices for analyzing genotyping data from Affymetrix Axiom arrays for plant and animal genomes. It discusses an analysis workflow that combines standard practices for human genotyping with new steps tailored to complex non-human genomes. The workflow uses the SNPolisher R package to generate quality control metrics, classify SNPs, visualize clusters, and identify off-target variants. The overall goal is to maximize high-quality genotype calls while flagging SNPs that require further examination.
Heritability is the proportion of phenotypic variation caused by genetic factors rather than environmental factors. It can be estimated as broad sense heritability, using total genetic variance, or narrow sense heritability, using only additive genetic variance. High heritability combined with high genetic advance indicates a character is controlled by additive genes and is best improved through selection. Low heritability with low genetic advance means a character is strongly influenced by the environment. Heritability and genetic advance help plant breeders understand the genetic basis of traits and determine the most effective breeding methods.
- Backcross breeding is used to transfer one or few genes from a donor plant to an elite cultivar, while recovering the genome of the elite cultivar. It involves repeated crossing of an F1 hybrid to one of the parental lines.
- Six backcrosses are typically required using conventional methods to recover 99.2% of the elite cultivar's genome. Marker assisted selection can reduce the number of backcrosses needed.
- During backcrossing, recombination and crossing over occurs, resulting in gametes with different combinations of parental genomes. Marker assisted selection uses co-dominant markers to identify plants in early backcross generations with higher percentages of the elite cultivar's genome recovered. This allows for more
This document discusses different types of mapping populations that can be used for genetic mapping and molecular breeding programs. It describes F2, F2:F3, backcross, doubled haploid (DH), recombinant inbred line (RIL), and near-isogenic line (NIL) populations. For each type, it provides details on how they are developed, their characteristics, and merits and demerits relative to mapping objectives. The document emphasizes that the choice of mapping population depends on the research goals, availability of markers, and existing molecular maps. RILs and DHs allow for replication over environments but require more time and resources to develop.
The Microbiome of Research Animals : Implications for Reproducibility, Transl...QIAGEN
The human gut microbiota (GM) has emerged as a key factor in susceptibility to, as well as a potential biomarker of, several diseases and conditions. Similarly, researchers now appreciate that the GM of laboratory animals could affect the reproducibility and translatability of many disease models, including a complete loss of phenotype. While associations between characteristics of the GM and differential disease model phenotypes are of concern, they can also be viewed as sources of discovery related to disease pathogenesis. As such, there is considerable interest in factors that inadvertently influence the composition of the GM and methods of manipulating the GM prospectively to investigate such associations and standardize or optimize disease models. The webinar will present data on variables capable of influencing the GM of laboratory rodents citing several examples and animal models, considerations related to manipulation of the GM in mice and rats, and recent data supporting the use of “dirty” mice in biomedical research.
Peter Morrell Ag Experimental Station Talk 2018PeterMorrell4
Peter L. Morrell presented the objectives and progress of his research group. The group has 7 papers assessing the impact of deleterious variants in crops, 3 papers using environmental association to identify variants for traits like cold tolerance in barley, and 2 papers on admixture approaches to study crop domestication. They also have 4 papers on linkage disequilibrium in crops and provide computational training. The group identified candidate variants for cold tolerance and found they were in regions of high linkage disequilibrium.
The science behind the selection of native plant materialsAlexis Gibson
This dissertation examines several topics related to the selection of native plant materials for ecological restoration. Through a literature review and experiments, it explores how local adaptation, response to invasion, polyploidy, and seed transfer zones should inform restoration practices. A greenhouse study found that populations experienced with spotted knapweed invasion developed higher tolerance but lower suppression abilities than naïve populations. Field research showed bluebunch wheatgrass commonly has both diploid and tetraploid cytotypes distributed across ecoregions. Comparing climate matching and ecoregion models revealed that seed transfer zones based on climate often better predicted plant performance traits. The dissertation concludes some species-specific data is still needed but considers balancing scientific ideals with practical restoration needs.
The document discusses protein evolution, function, and human health. It provides an overview of why protein evolution matters for scientific curiosity, understanding disease, and more. It then covers major topics in protein evolution including processes like mutation and selection, as well as how protein function and structure impact evolution. Finally, it discusses practical applications like identifying disease-causing genes and mutations through an evolutionary lens.
This document discusses population variation and selection. It provides an overview of key concepts:
1. Natural selection acts on individuals but only populations evolve over generations as allele frequencies change. This was shown using a population of finches where large-beaked birds survived a drought better.
2. Three mechanisms can cause changes in allele frequencies in a population: natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. Natural selection is the only mechanism that causes adaptive evolution.
3. Genetic variation within populations is required for evolution. Variation comes from new mutations and recombination during sexual reproduction. The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes populations where allele frequencies remain constant without evolutionary influences.
IInvestigation of the genetic basis of adaptationPhilippe Henry
This document summarizes a study investigating genetic variation in American pika populations along an elevational gradient in British Columbia. Preliminary results show neutral genetic markers detect population structure corresponding to sampling locations, with 17% of variation among populations. Genomic scans identified 9.3% of loci under selection. Ongoing work includes further genotyping individuals to refine estimates of population structure and demography, and identifying genes linked to markers under selection to understand local adaptation and survival under climate change. The study aims to assess genetic health and evolutionary potential of pika populations to inform conservation.
MICROSATELITE Markers for LIVESTOCK Genetic DIVERSITY ANALYSESKaran Veer Singh
This document discusses the use of microsatellite markers for analyzing genetic diversity in livestock. It begins by providing background on livestock diversity and the threats to many breeds. It then describes microsatellites and how they are useful genetic markers for studies of diversity and relatedness. The document gives examples of how microsatellite data can be collected and analyzed to assess diversity within and among populations/breeds. It discusses applications such as conservation prioritization, phylogenetics, and management of genetic resources.
The document provides an overview of a lecture on the evolution of populations from Campbell Biology, 9th Edition. It discusses several key points:
- Populations, not individual organisms, evolve through natural selection acting on genetic variation within populations over multiple generations.
- Three main mechanisms can alter allele frequencies in populations over time: natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow.
- The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes conditions where allele frequencies remain stable from generation to generation, but these conditions are rarely met in nature, allowing for evolution. Factors like mutations, non-random mating, natural selection, small population sizes, and gene flow can disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Identifying Oncogenic Variants in VarSeqGolden Helix
The interpretation of somatic variants can be a challenging process. While AMP Guidelines provide detailed rules for accessing the clinical evidence associated with a specific variation, they do not specify criteria for determining if a variant is likely to be a driver mutation, which generates functional changes that enhance tumor cell proliferation. In this webcast, we will discuss a new VarSeq algorithm for estimating the oncogenicity of a variant. This will include a deep dive into our oncogenicity scoring system and a discussion of the various criteria used to distinguish driver mutations from benign variations and variants of uncertain significance.
What you will learn in this webcast:
-How to use the scoring algorithm to identify variants with evidence of oncogenicity
-Which criteria are used to assess a variant's oncogenicity
-How to evaluate the oncogenicity of a variant in VSClinical
This document summarizes research on DNA methylation patterns in the Pacific oyster. The results show that oysters exhibit lineage-specific DNA methylation patterns that are heritable. Most differentially methylated sites were found within transposable elements. Future work will examine how the oyster epigenome can be influenced by environmental factors like heat shock. If DNA methylation is confirmed to be heritable and environmentally responsive, it could have implications for selective breeding and aquaculture programs.
This chapter discusses the evolution of populations through microevolution and population genetics. It introduces key concepts like allele frequencies, the Hardy-Weinberg principle of equilibrium, and evolutionary forces such as natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow that can influence a population's allele frequencies over time. The chapter also covers types of selection like stabilizing selection, directional selection, and frequency-dependent selection, as well as sexual selection and its role in sexual dimorphism.
TILLING AND ECO TILLING IN CROP IMPROVEMENT.pptxrushitahakik1
TILLING AND ECO TILLING in crop Improvement
A Reverse genetics Tool that enhences the potential to introduce specific mutation in oplants in order to improve crop diversity. i.e. Biotechnology beyound Genetically Modified crops.
This document summarizes a study comparing restoration breeding methods for Olympia oysters. Researchers analyzed genetic data from wild oysters and those produced at a restoration facility using two different breeding methods over two years. They found that while the effective number of breeders was similar for wild and restored populations, the restoration population was significantly more genetically differentiated from the wild population than expected. This suggests that the hatchery breeding methods did not fully emulate natural diversity patterns found in the wild population. The researchers conclude more can be done to improve hatchery practices to better maintain genetic diversity in restored oyster populations.
Dr. Jeff Zimmerman - Things your epidemiologist never told your about surveil...John Blue
Things your epidemiologist never told your about surveillance - Dr. Jeff Zimmerman, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, from the 2017 North American PRRS/National Swine Improvement Federation Joint Meeting, December 1‐3, 2017, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-north-american-prrs-nsif-joint-meeting
Computational approaches to study GeneticsArithmer Inc.
Slide for Arithmer Seminar given by Dr. Jeffrey Fawcett (RIKEN) at Arithmer inc.
The topic is how data science is used in genetics, especially in analyzing thoroughbred gene pool.
"Arithmer Seminar" is weekly held, where professionals from within and outside our company give lectures on their respective expertise.
The slides are made by the lecturer from outside our company, and shared here with his/her permission.
Arithmer株式会社は東京大学大学院数理科学研究科発の数学の会社です。私達は現代数学を応用して、様々な分野のソリューションに、新しい高度AIシステムを導入しています。AIをいかに上手に使って仕事を効率化するか、そして人々の役に立つ結果を生み出すのか、それを考えるのが私たちの仕事です。
Arithmer began at the University of Tokyo Graduate School of Mathematical Sciences. Today, our research of modern mathematics and AI systems has the capability of providing solutions when dealing with tough complex issues. At Arithmer we believe it is our job to realize the functions of AI through improving work efficiency and producing more useful results for society.
A description of the gnomAD resource, the loss-of-function variants discovered, and their applications to drug target discovery, and a case study in LRRK2.
Slides from Daniel MacArthur, myself, Eric Minikel, and Nicky Whiffin, and thanks to countless others involved in generating and analyzing the resource.
Before assessing the clinical significance of a somatic mutation, one must determine if the mutation is likely to be a driver mutation (i.e. a mutation that provides a selective growth advantage, thereby promoting cancer development). To aid clinicians in this process, VSClinical provides an oncogenicity scoring system, which uses a variety of metrics to classify a given somatic mutation into one of the following categories: oncogenic, likely oncogenic, benign, likely benign, or uncertain significance. This scoring system is heavily inspired by the ACMG Guidelines for the interpretation of germline mutations but has several important differences to make it more applicable in the context of somatic variant interpretation.
Our oncogenicity scoring system relies on an additive point system in which points are assigned to a given variant based on several criteria. Many of the criteria are shared by the ACMG Guidelines for germline variant interpretation, such as population frequency information, variant effect on protein function, and nearby pathogenic variants in catalogs such as ClinVar. However, other criteria are specific to the world of somatic variant interpretation. These include the variant’s presence in somatic catalogs such as COSMIC, the effect of other known oncogenic variants in the same gene, and the variant’s presence in known cancer hotspots or active binding sites. These criteria are combined by summing over the scores for all applicable scoring criteria. Scores exceeding 3 indicate an oncogenic or likely oncogenic classification, while scores falling below -3 indicate a benign or likely benign classification.
In this webcast, we discuss how each of these scoring criteria are combined to obtain an oncogenicity classification. This includes a discussion of the considerations taken into account during the development of this scoring system and a detailed analysis of several example mutations to illustrate the system in practice.
This document summarizes the key findings from the gnomAD 2.1.1 database, which contains genetic variation data from over 125,000 exomes and 15,000 whole genomes. The database identifies over 400,000 loss-of-function variants after filtering. Analysis of these variants reveals the spectrum of intolerance to loss-of-function variation across the human genome. Genes are classified into deciles based on observed vs expected loss-of-function variants, correlating with phenotypes like disease association and essentiality. Constraint metrics also vary between populations and can improve diagnosis of developmental disorders.
This document provides an outline and content for a lecture on the genetic basis of evolution. The key points covered include:
- Genetic drift and natural selection both influence evolution but selection does not explain everything, as the "pan-selectionist" view suggests.
- Genetic drift, the random changes in allele frequencies between generations due to chance events, is an important evolutionary process that occurs in all populations. It accounts for genetic differences between individuals, populations, and species.
- Other topics that will be covered include defining terms like genes, loci, alleles, genotypes and phenotypes, and exploring the concepts of genetic drift and natural selection in more detail. The goal is to move beyond a "just-so"
The document provides study materials for Mrs. Ulry's Biology 202B class, including a review of key concepts from four class units and a 20 question multiple choice exam covering those units. It reviews differences between DNA and RNA, genetic processes like transcription and translation, evolutionary concepts like natural selection and genetic drift, and taxonomy. Sample review questions are provided to help students prepare for the exam.
Similar to Cost of domestication - Plant & Animal Genome Conference 2018 (20)
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
2. What is the “cost of
domestication?”
• Relaxation of selection and changing selective regimens
will increase the proportion of deleterious variants in
cultigens
4. • The proportion of deleterious
variants will increase owing to
genetic bottlenecks
• Deleterious variants will be enriched
near targets of selection
• Selection for yield in elite cultivars
could purge deleterious variants
Justin Fay
5. Genetic Effects of Human
Demography
• Human populations migrated from Africa, many expanded
• Altered the number, dominance, and distribution of fitness
effects of deleterious variants
Henn et al. 2015
6. Genetic and Mutational
Load
• The number of derived variants at phylogenetically
conserved sites is directly measurable
• These are a large component of “mutational load”
• Counts of derived variants are sometimes referred to
colloquially as “genetic load”
7. How are deleterious
variants identified?
A•••••••T••A••T ... Banana
••T••••A•••A••A ... Switchgrass
••••••••••••••C ... Purple False Brome
••T•••••••••••A ... Foxtail Millet
•••••••••••A••A ... Maize
•••••C•••••T••C ... Wild Red Einkorn
••••••••••••••T ... Cutgrass
•••••C••••••••C ... Goatgrass
••••••••••••••T ... Asian Rice
•••••••••••A••A ... Milo
Barley
GTCCCTTTCCCGCTM ... Consensus
•••••••C••••••C ...
N D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
H Y CCCCYY--YYYCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
C F FFFFFFF-FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
R T TTTMTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTDTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
A T VVAAVVVAVAAAVSVVVTVVVVIVAAAALATTTVVVVV
A V VVVVVIVVVIIIIIVVVV-VVV-VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
D E EDDEEEEEEEE-EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEVVEEEEEEEEE
Q L LLLLLLL-LMLLLLLLLLLLLL-LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
D N NDDDNNNNNDDDDNDNNNNDDDDDDDDDDNNNNNNDNN
V I VVLVVVMMVVVVVVVSVIIIIVMVVVVVIVVVVVIVVV
A V AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA-AVT-TA-SAAATTTTTAAT
D E DDDDDDDN-DDDDDDDDDNEDD-EEEEEEEDDDDDDDD
A P EKSKEEEKEENAENEEEEDAAPAAAEKKEEGGEEEEEE
E D RNKKKRK-KKKKKNSSKDPESSPS-KS-SN---KKHHN
E D EEEEEEQDDEEEEEEEDEEEDEEDDDDEEEEEEEEEED
E A TATTMTTSTTTTATSSCA-SPPMASREECGSSSMTAAT
Deleterious
Tolerated
Kono et al. 2016 https://github.com/MorrellLAB/BAD_Mutations
Predict!
All Variants
SNPs
Coding SNPs
Nonsynonymous
SNPs
Length Polymorphisms
Noncoding SNPs
Synonymous SNPs
8. Measuring the Cost of
Domestication
Measure Individuals Populations
Absolute number of
derived variants at
conserved sites
Ratio of deleterious to
synonymous variants
Average frequency of
deleterious variants
9. Flavors of Ascertainment
Bias
• Reference bias - discovery of variants
as differences from references versus
pairwise differences between
samples
• Annotation bias - what is identified
as a coding difference depends on
source of gene model annotations
• Ancestral bias - can’t determine
ancestral state of all variants, often
outside exons
• Segregation bias - harder to detect
deleterious variants fixed in a cultigen
10. Reference Bias and
Ancestral State
Reference has
derived
1""2""3""4
Ancestral 0""0""0""0
0""1""0""1
0""1""0""1
Reference
Sample 1
Sample 2 0""1""1""0
0 0 0 0 1 10
0 1
Cultivated
Species
Outgroup
Species
11. Assumptions
• Gene (codon) function is conserved across the phylogeny
• Includes no selection for new function along branches
of phylogeny
• Epistasis (and compensatory mutations) are ignored
• Degree of deleteriousness more readily inferred from
frequency than phylogenetic conservation
12.
13. A cost of domestication in
rice?
Measure Individuals Populations
Absolute number of
derived variants at
conserved sites
Ratio of deleterious to
synonymous variants
Average frequency of
deleterious variants
Measure Individuals Populations
Absolute number of
derived variants at
conserved sites
Ratio of deleterious to
synonymous variants
Average frequency of
deleterious variants
Liu et al. 2017
14. Deleterious Mutations -
Change Phenotypes?
• 2,910 phenotype-changing
amino acid variants in
Arabidopsis thaliana
• Variants that are phenotype
changing are more likely to
annotated as deleterious
• Adjusted for frequency
• BAD_Mutations annotations
use alignments across
published plant genomes &
LRT
Kono et al. 2017 - bioRvix
15. How many deleterious
variants are segregating?
• At nonsynonymous sites
• 1,250/cultivar in barley
• 800/cultivar in soybean
18. Conclusions
• Deleterious variants are abundant in the genomes of
cultivated plants (and domesticated animals)
• More abundant in regions of reduced recombination
and near targets of selection (will vary by species)
• In very deep resequencing panels, conservation can be
inferred based on constrained sites
• SNPs annotated as deleterious could be selected against
using genomic prediction