- The document discusses the cost appraisal of the 250 MW Chhabra Thermal Power Station in India.
- It outlines the key components that determine the tariff for electricity generated, including fixed costs like return on equity and interest payments, and variable costs like fuel costs.
- It then provides the specific parameters and calculations used to determine the fixed and variable costs for the 250 MW Chhabra plant, such as a capital cost of Rs. 6 Cr/MW, an O&M cost of Rs. 23.90 lacs/MW, and a station heat rate of 2425 kcal/kg.
Abt meter, Availability Tariff Availability Tariff, particularly in the Indian context, stands for a rational tariff structure for power supply from generating stations, on a contracted basis.
Presented by René Kamphuis, TNO NL and Matthias Stifter, AIT Energy Department, Austria at the IEA DSM workshop in Lucerne, Switzerland on 16 October 2013.
Gensol has carried out state-wise comparative analysis for forecasting, scheduling and deviation settlement mechanism (DSM) of Solar & Wind projects. There has been huge requirement to facilitate large-scale RE integration with grid while maintaining grid stability and security as envisaged under the Grid Code.Following points are highlighted in this presentation:
1) Responsibility & Requirements
2) Available Capacity & Tolerance Band
3) Deviation Settlement Mechanism (DSM)
4) Metering, Energy & Deviation Accounting etc (Click here)
An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows, for energy conservation in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output. In commercial and industrial real estate, an energy audit is the first step in identifying opportunities to reduce energy expense and carbon footprints.
Webinar: Post-combusion carbon capture - Thermodynamic modellingGlobal CCS Institute
Vladimir Vaysman from WorleyParsons gave a Global CCS Institute webinar on 12 March 2013 to present a generic methodology developed to provide independent verification of the impact on a coal–fired power station of installing and operating a post-combustion capture plant.
Vladimir illustrated the methodology using Loy Yang A power station in Australia in five different scenarios that cover carbon capture, air cooling, coal drying and plant optimisation.
The methodology offers a sound approach to provide performance data and protect technology vendor IP while also providing confidence to the wider CCS community to evaluate a project.
Vladimir is a Project Manager with more than 31 years of engineering experience, including 14 years with WorleyParsons. He has undertaken an array of design and analysis studies and developed significant expertise across a range of technologies, from pulverised coal and circulating fluidised bed, to integrated gasification combined cycle and carbon capture. Vladimir has participated in projects in Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Kazakhstan, Korea, Malaysia, Moldova, New Zealand, Poland, Romania, Russia and Ukraine.
Introduction to the Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) MechanismSpark Network
Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) Mechanism issued by Ministry of New & Renewable Energy of India to facilitate interstate transactions of Renewable Energy and to promote RE based projects. This report covers all the basic aspects of REC Mechanism along with the Operational Framewokr of the same.
Effcacious pitch angle control of variable-speed wind turbine using fuzzy bas...Kashif Mehmood
The Wind energy is more reliable and speedier growing, among the renewable energy resources, due to the world
environment challenges as well as increasing demand for energy. The wind turbine system’s stability is cumbersome due to the
uneven distribution of wind. Centrifugal and gravitational loads on the blades of a wind turbine creates weariness, resultantly
decreases the power output along with the life of the equipment. Therefore, the need for a pitch angle control that can reduce
the loading effect in addition to provide maximal power output. This paper proposes the fuzzy based model-predictive controller
of pitch angle control to minimize the loading effect on wind turbine by limiting power output and rotor speed to its rated
value as well as to maximize the extracted power output as compared to other techniques. The fuzzy logic controller works
very effciently by encountering the system’s non-linearity while model predictive controller helps the system to become more
stable and effcient. The superiority of prescribed controller is verifed by comparing it with PI controller. The proposed model
has been tested in MATLAB/Simulink using a 3MW wind turbine system.
KK Wind Solutions presentation on Control System RetrofitRené Balle
KK Windsolutions presenting a strong retrofit case for Bonus, Siemens, Vestas and other turbines - showing significantly improved performance and short payback time.
This presentation was originally shown at the AWEA Wind Project O&M and Safety Seminar 2015 in San Diego.
For more information visit www.kkwindsolutions.com, nichr@kkwindsolutions.com or Phone: +4597221033
How do changes to future technology and fuel developments affect the optimal ...IEA-ETSAP
How do changes to future technology and fuel developments affect the optimal residential
heating decarbonisation pathway?
Mr. Jason Mc Guire, MaREI, UCC
Housing finance in india challenges and issuesTapasya123
House is a centre and domestic device for mankind's moral and core
development ever since the dawn of evolution and civilisation. Housing is
one of the basic requirements that human beings need. Good housing is a
pre-requisite for human development and welfare. It provides shelter,
security, amenities and privacy to the human beings for decent living.
There are many things that people would find difficult, if not impossible to
do without good-quality housing. Housing shortage is a universal
phenomenon. Without good housing, people cannot realise their full
potential and carry on the life they want to lead. Good housing reflects the
general welfare of community, whereas bad housing leads to serious
consequences such as diseases, immorality, and juvenile delinquency.
Housing is also an investment activity and provides impulsion to economic
growth. It has both forward and backward linkages. Because of its forward
and backward linkages, even a small initiative in housing will drive
multiplier effect in the economy through the generation of employment and
demand. Housing finance is not a new concept in finance sector of India. It
has developed rapidly during last few decades due to the enthusiastic
interest of Government to cut-short the housing problem of the country.
Although, present environment of finance sector seems to be suitable for
uninterrupted growth of housing finance market, but there are few general
problems, which create challenges and issues directly and indirectly. This
paper is an attempt to reveal such problems and challenges in India.
Marketing strategies in apparel exports an insightTapasya123
Marketing had always been on forefront of business activities. Apparel
exports from India are facing stiff competition. Hence, a strategic approach
has to be adopted towards achieving of increased exports. An attempt has
been made to discuss some of the marketing strategies that can be adopted
by apparel exporters.
A study on celebrity endorsement in advertisementTapasya123
Celebrity endorsement is one of the major forms of advertising in which
company makes use of famous personality as brand ambassador in order to
boost the interest of consumer. Through this paper, researcher tries to find
out the effect of celebrity endorsement as an effective marketing strategy.
The aim of this paper is to identify the role of celebrities in advertisement
and to find out whether the celebrity endorsers is able to increase the
awareness and recalling capacity of brands in consumer. This paper also
focuses on various positive and negative aspects of celebrity endorsement
Working capital management is concerned with the problems that arise in
attempting to manage the current assets, the current liabilities and the
inter-relationship that exists between them. Salt is a part of human food
and life without salt is in trouble. Salt is a mineral of universal distribution
and salt occupies an important place in the life and economy in country.
The present study attempts to examine of working capital management of
salt Industry and its problems in reference of Sambhar Salt Ltd.
Abt meter, Availability Tariff Availability Tariff, particularly in the Indian context, stands for a rational tariff structure for power supply from generating stations, on a contracted basis.
Presented by René Kamphuis, TNO NL and Matthias Stifter, AIT Energy Department, Austria at the IEA DSM workshop in Lucerne, Switzerland on 16 October 2013.
Gensol has carried out state-wise comparative analysis for forecasting, scheduling and deviation settlement mechanism (DSM) of Solar & Wind projects. There has been huge requirement to facilitate large-scale RE integration with grid while maintaining grid stability and security as envisaged under the Grid Code.Following points are highlighted in this presentation:
1) Responsibility & Requirements
2) Available Capacity & Tolerance Band
3) Deviation Settlement Mechanism (DSM)
4) Metering, Energy & Deviation Accounting etc (Click here)
An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows, for energy conservation in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output. In commercial and industrial real estate, an energy audit is the first step in identifying opportunities to reduce energy expense and carbon footprints.
Webinar: Post-combusion carbon capture - Thermodynamic modellingGlobal CCS Institute
Vladimir Vaysman from WorleyParsons gave a Global CCS Institute webinar on 12 March 2013 to present a generic methodology developed to provide independent verification of the impact on a coal–fired power station of installing and operating a post-combustion capture plant.
Vladimir illustrated the methodology using Loy Yang A power station in Australia in five different scenarios that cover carbon capture, air cooling, coal drying and plant optimisation.
The methodology offers a sound approach to provide performance data and protect technology vendor IP while also providing confidence to the wider CCS community to evaluate a project.
Vladimir is a Project Manager with more than 31 years of engineering experience, including 14 years with WorleyParsons. He has undertaken an array of design and analysis studies and developed significant expertise across a range of technologies, from pulverised coal and circulating fluidised bed, to integrated gasification combined cycle and carbon capture. Vladimir has participated in projects in Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Kazakhstan, Korea, Malaysia, Moldova, New Zealand, Poland, Romania, Russia and Ukraine.
Introduction to the Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) MechanismSpark Network
Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) Mechanism issued by Ministry of New & Renewable Energy of India to facilitate interstate transactions of Renewable Energy and to promote RE based projects. This report covers all the basic aspects of REC Mechanism along with the Operational Framewokr of the same.
Effcacious pitch angle control of variable-speed wind turbine using fuzzy bas...Kashif Mehmood
The Wind energy is more reliable and speedier growing, among the renewable energy resources, due to the world
environment challenges as well as increasing demand for energy. The wind turbine system’s stability is cumbersome due to the
uneven distribution of wind. Centrifugal and gravitational loads on the blades of a wind turbine creates weariness, resultantly
decreases the power output along with the life of the equipment. Therefore, the need for a pitch angle control that can reduce
the loading effect in addition to provide maximal power output. This paper proposes the fuzzy based model-predictive controller
of pitch angle control to minimize the loading effect on wind turbine by limiting power output and rotor speed to its rated
value as well as to maximize the extracted power output as compared to other techniques. The fuzzy logic controller works
very effciently by encountering the system’s non-linearity while model predictive controller helps the system to become more
stable and effcient. The superiority of prescribed controller is verifed by comparing it with PI controller. The proposed model
has been tested in MATLAB/Simulink using a 3MW wind turbine system.
KK Wind Solutions presentation on Control System RetrofitRené Balle
KK Windsolutions presenting a strong retrofit case for Bonus, Siemens, Vestas and other turbines - showing significantly improved performance and short payback time.
This presentation was originally shown at the AWEA Wind Project O&M and Safety Seminar 2015 in San Diego.
For more information visit www.kkwindsolutions.com, nichr@kkwindsolutions.com or Phone: +4597221033
How do changes to future technology and fuel developments affect the optimal ...IEA-ETSAP
How do changes to future technology and fuel developments affect the optimal residential
heating decarbonisation pathway?
Mr. Jason Mc Guire, MaREI, UCC
Housing finance in india challenges and issuesTapasya123
House is a centre and domestic device for mankind's moral and core
development ever since the dawn of evolution and civilisation. Housing is
one of the basic requirements that human beings need. Good housing is a
pre-requisite for human development and welfare. It provides shelter,
security, amenities and privacy to the human beings for decent living.
There are many things that people would find difficult, if not impossible to
do without good-quality housing. Housing shortage is a universal
phenomenon. Without good housing, people cannot realise their full
potential and carry on the life they want to lead. Good housing reflects the
general welfare of community, whereas bad housing leads to serious
consequences such as diseases, immorality, and juvenile delinquency.
Housing is also an investment activity and provides impulsion to economic
growth. It has both forward and backward linkages. Because of its forward
and backward linkages, even a small initiative in housing will drive
multiplier effect in the economy through the generation of employment and
demand. Housing finance is not a new concept in finance sector of India. It
has developed rapidly during last few decades due to the enthusiastic
interest of Government to cut-short the housing problem of the country.
Although, present environment of finance sector seems to be suitable for
uninterrupted growth of housing finance market, but there are few general
problems, which create challenges and issues directly and indirectly. This
paper is an attempt to reveal such problems and challenges in India.
Marketing strategies in apparel exports an insightTapasya123
Marketing had always been on forefront of business activities. Apparel
exports from India are facing stiff competition. Hence, a strategic approach
has to be adopted towards achieving of increased exports. An attempt has
been made to discuss some of the marketing strategies that can be adopted
by apparel exporters.
A study on celebrity endorsement in advertisementTapasya123
Celebrity endorsement is one of the major forms of advertising in which
company makes use of famous personality as brand ambassador in order to
boost the interest of consumer. Through this paper, researcher tries to find
out the effect of celebrity endorsement as an effective marketing strategy.
The aim of this paper is to identify the role of celebrities in advertisement
and to find out whether the celebrity endorsers is able to increase the
awareness and recalling capacity of brands in consumer. This paper also
focuses on various positive and negative aspects of celebrity endorsement
Working capital management is concerned with the problems that arise in
attempting to manage the current assets, the current liabilities and the
inter-relationship that exists between them. Salt is a part of human food
and life without salt is in trouble. Salt is a mineral of universal distribution
and salt occupies an important place in the life and economy in country.
The present study attempts to examine of working capital management of
salt Industry and its problems in reference of Sambhar Salt Ltd.
Significance of market timing and stock selection ability of mutual fund mana...Tapasya123
A Mutual Fund is a trust that pools the savings of a number of investors
who share a common financial goal. The money thus collected is invested
by the fund manager in different types of securities depending upon the
objectives of the scheme. Mutual funds cannot guarantee a fixed rate of
return. It depends on the market condition. If a particular scheme is
performing well then more return can be expected. It also depends on the
fund managers’ expertise and knowledge. The present study is aimed to
examine the performance of mutual fund managers on the basis of
selectivity and market timing abilities in security market. However, the
majority of the selected mutual fund managers do not possess market
timing ability rather they are relying a little bit on stock selection.
Make in india campaign a role and impact of human resource valuationTapasya123
Make in India project launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on
September 25th 2014, which is a national program shaped to facilitate
investment (domestic and foreign) in India for foster investment and
innovation and to build a strong and skilled human resource. Rapidly
extending global competition has provided the manufactures from around
the world the opportunities of low cost labour, raw material, high profit
making market. Over focused on the employment generations, growing
trade and increasing economic growth and sustain the overall
development. In order to make India a manufacturing hub its human
resource will play an important role. Human resource element never to be
ignored to build the country’s economic growth, this one is most desired
organ of a business demand careful capitalisation and continuous
innovations. This study discussed about the impact of human resource
valuation for make in India campaign. The make in India campaign will
bring in globalisation which in turn will create tremendous opportunities.
Higher education is one of the significant aspects of any country. Several
schemes have been launched by central/ state government. Still there is a
requirement of improvement is necessary. There are world fame institutes
in India and on other side; number of colleges and universities are facing
the problems of adequate number of faculties and supportive staff.
Researcher has made an effort to reveal the various issues and challenges
in higher education and also suggest some measures to improve them.
Keywords:
The human behaviour is affected by many aspects in modern societies
where media is one of them. Media plays a widespread role in an
individual’s daily life. India has a huge population of youth and they are
also targeted by many industries for advertisements. Presently young
generation is spending their large quantum of times with computers, smart
phones with apps, iPods, television, movies, video games, etc. Media have
both positive as well as negative effects on the people. So, with the help of
this study researchers can find out whether media has been more on
positive side or negative side. For this study researchers have taken youth
of Jaipur city as sample. Thus, the present study aims to find how media
influences youngsters and how it affects their positive impact and negative
impact on youngsters in Jaipur.
Comparing stress levels in female doctors of selected public and private sect...Tapasya123
The health care industries have experienced profound changes, during the
past several decades. Doctors in health care profession and a major
component of health care delivery system is significantly affected by
changes in health care industry. Thus, they undergo tremendous stress in
their occupational life as well as their personal life. The present study was
aimed to focus to measure level of stress in female doctors of public and
private sector hospitals. For the present study, total sample was taken as
300 female doctors from public and private sector hospitals. Convenient
sampling technique was used to collect data through standardised selfmade
questionnaire. The result indicates that female doctors were working
in private sector hospitals are more stressed than female doctors were
working in public sector hospitals.
Impression of mid day meal scheme on enrolment & daily attendance of scho...Tapasya123
For achieving the goal of education, the enrolment of children and their
daily presence in schools is essential. Mid-Day Meal Scheme is an effort to
achieve and facilitate the goal. The purpose of present study is to assess the
impression of Mid-Day Meal Scheme on enrolment and daily attendance of
children studying in class I to VIII class and to suggest some measures the
sample size is of 250 children and 11 headmasters. The study tries to prove
that the selected scheme plays an important role in improving enrolment
and daily attendance of children. Results revealed that this scheme proves a
major means in improving enrolment and attendance comparatively. More
efforts could be made to increase enrolment and attendance of students by
increasing variety and quality of Mid-Day Meal and by incorporating
interesting method of teaching.
How to Make Awesome SlideShares: Tips & TricksSlideShare
Turbocharge your online presence with SlideShare. We provide the best tips and tricks for succeeding on SlideShare. Get ideas for what to upload, tips for designing your deck and more.
Renewable energy and grid integration energy transitionNarinporn Malasri
Energy Regulatory Commission Thailand : Energy-Related Policies and Activities
Renewable energy and grid integration and energy transition in Thailand. IMPACT of Renewable Connection such as FULL GRID CONNECTION CAPACITIES, REVERSE POWER FLOWS, VOLTAGE CONTROL IN DISTRIBUTION GRID
PROTECTION COORDINATION IN DISTRIBUTION GRID.
IRJET-Detailed Energy Audit in a Captive Cogeneration PlantIRJET Journal
D.Rajani Kant , B.Sudheer Prem Kumar, N.Ravi Kumar, R.Virendra,J.Suresh Babu " Detailed Energy Audit in a Captive Cogeneration Plant ", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
The rate of exploitation of the energy resources has been expanding over time and resulted in reduction of fossil fuel reserves. Efficiency of all resources is crucial both in environmental and economic sense. Using energy inefficiently creates waste in all the world’s economies. It has environmental impacts with regional, local and global implications.The key object is to adopt energy management in every field in order to reduce the wastage of energy sources and cost effectiveness without affecting productivity and growth.
Small Power Generation Plant solution (SPGP) continues to be an important segment of Electrical Energy production. The increasing demand for energy has to be satisfied while considering the impact on the global environment. SPGP plays an important role in industrial applications. Small size cogeneration plants sited close to industrial energy consumption can deliver power with high fuel efficiency and low emissions, and with modest space requirements. CRDenergy can offer to its customers complete solutions from feasibility studies to the actual turnkey cogeneration plant construction, aftermarket services and customized financial solutions. We are using oil and gas industrial port city Port Harcourt city (PH) in Nigeria, African largest economy as a case study, with its complexity, it reflects the shortage of power or barriers and opportunity encountered in every growing economy . Avoiding the structural complexity of building large scale power plant; SPGP offers a flexible, realiable, close to consumer option that can be multipled in multiple units and easily transformed to negbourhood service station in industrial hubs.
Expert group constituted by CERC proposes draft IEGC 2020Amitava Nag
The draft IEGC 2020 proposes further measures to strengthen grid security and resilience and renewable integration. The planning code has been thoroughly overhauled including generation resource planning (flexibility, ramping and minimum turndown level).
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
1. Cost Appraisal of Chhabra Thermal Power Station ( 250 MW)
Cost Appraisal of Chhabra Thermal
Power Station (250 MW)
Deepak Kumar Khandelwal
Prof. (Dr.) M.C. Sharma
Abstract
The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) has the power of
deciding the tariff for electricity generated by various power stations.
Tariff is calculated on the basis of capacity charge (fixed cost) and energy
charge (variable cost). The various components of capacity charge on
which the tariff depends are return on equity, interest on capital loan,
depreciation, interest on working capital, operation & maintenance cost,
cost of secondary oil. The components of energy charge are primary fuel
costs, secondary fuel oil consumption and auxiliary energy consumption.
Tariffs are classified into nominal, discount and levelized tariff. Tariff
calculations for 250 MW thermal power plants have been discussed in this
paper.
Keywords: Electricity Act, Electricity tariff, Plant load factor, Fixed and
variable cost.
Objective
his paper aims to present the cost appraisal of thermal power
station at Chhabra of 250 MW. Cost appraisal is done with the
help of costing tools (fixed and variable costs) and Regulatory
Norms for power plants given by Central Electricity Regulatory
Commission (CERC).
Research Scholar, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur
Head, Department of ABST, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur
T
2. Professional Panorama: An International Journal of Management & Technology
Cost Appraisal of Chhabra Thermal Power Station ( 250 MW) 21
Introduction
Chhabra Thermal Power Plant is one of Rajasthan's coal fired power
plants. It is situated at Chowki Motipura (Village) of tehsil
Chhabra in Rajasthan's Baran district. Planned capacity of power plant is
2650MW at the end of 12th Five year plan. The first and 2nd unit at
Chhabra super thermal power plant having capacity of 250 MW each was
set up at a cost of Rs. 2350 crs. by Lodha Construction Company Manak
Chowk (Chandramohan Lodha Civil Engineer). Chhabra is set to become
a power generation hub in the state as in the second phase two more
units with a capacity of 250 MW each will be installed. Table 1 shows the
commissioning and status of various units of this Plant.
Table:-1 Status of Chhabra Thermal Power Station
Stage Unit
no.
Installed
Capacity
(MW)
Date of
commissioning
Status
STAGE-I 1 250 October 2005 Running
STAGE-I 2 250 May 2010 Running
STAGE-II 3 250 December 2013 Running
STAGE-II 4 250 July 2014 Running
STAGE-III 1 660 2016 EPC by L&T MHI
STAGE-IV 2 660 2016 EPC by L&T MHI
The Electricity Act (Supply) 1948 has been replaced by Electricity Act
2003 by Government of India. According to this act, the rights of
determination of tariffs, for the power generated by central, state and
private power generating stations, based on specific terms and
conditions has been given to the CERC. Section 61 of the Act empowers
the Commission to specify and regulate the terms and conditions for
determination of tariff in accordance with the provisions of the said
section along with the National Electricity Policy and Tariff Policy. As per
the Electricity Act 2003, the CERC in March 2004 and January 19, 2009,
had put forth tariff regulations for the FY 2004-09 and FY 2009-14
respectively and on expiry of this, CERC had notified new tariff
3. Professional Panorama: An International Journal of Management & Technology
Cost Appraisal of Chhabra Thermal Power Station ( 250 MW) 22
regulations in the month of January 2014 for the next regulatory period
FY 2014-19. The new regulations were applicable to all power generating
stations (excluding stations based on non-conventional energy sources)
and transmission licensees, except those entities which are determined
through bidding process in accordance with the guidelines issued by the
Central Government.
Review of Literature
Many studies have been conducted in India and abroad related to
working and costing aspects of Thermal Power Plants. Sharma and
Tewari (2015) investigates the impact of various factors affecting coal-
fired power plant economics of 210 MW subcritical unit situated in north
India for electricity generation. Cost analysis of the plant was carried out
on the basis of total capital investment, operating cost and revenue.
Hosseini and Hasanpour (2011) analyses the performance of the Iranian
thermal power plant by working out the technical efficiency using the
mathematical model of data envelopment analysis (DEA). The purpose of
this study was to estimate efficiency and productivity changes in the 48
thermal power plants in Iran during the period 2002-2008.
Regulatory Norms for calculations of Power Tariff
Tariff for power generated by various power stations is decided on the
basis of:
(a) Fixed Cost i.e. capacity charge
(b) Variable Cost i.e. Energy charge
Components of Capacity Charges/ Fixed Charge
Table: 2 Components of Capacity Charges (Fixed Cost)
for FY 2014-19
S. No. Component of Capacity Charges FY 2014-19
a. Return on Equity 15.50%
b. Interest on Capital Loan As per actual
c. Depreciation 5.28%
4. Professional Panorama: An International Journal of Management & Technology
Cost Appraisal of Chhabra Thermal Power Station ( 250 MW) 23
d. Interest on Working Capital Based on normative
parameters
e. Operation & Maintenance Cost Based on normative
parameters
f. Cost of Secondary Fuel Oil Based on normative
parameters
(a)Return on Equity (ROE)
CERC has specified a Pre-Tax ROE of 15.5% for the tariff period FY 2014-
19. Further, it has allowed an additional ROE of 0.5% for projects
commissioned after April 2014 within specific timelines. The additional
ROE allowed by CERC is acting as an incentive for a project developer to
achieve time-bound milestones. On the other hand, the Tariff Regulations
does not allow utilities to recover tax on income such as unscheduled
interchange (UI) and incentive income from beneficiaries.
(b) Interest on Capital Loan
The CERC has specified a debt-equity ratio of 70:30 as the funding mix
for the capital cost of a project. The interest on debt funds is recoverable
as part of the tariff. Tariff Regulations allows retention of 1/3rd of the
benefits, if any, arising out of re-financing of loans; earlier such benefits
were required to be passed on entirely to the beneficiaries.
(c) Depreciation
In the Regulations for the earlier tariff periods, the CERC followed the
concept of Advance against Depreciation (AAD) in case where the normal
depreciation rates (notified by the regulator) were not sufficient to meet
the debt repayment obligation of the utility. Tariff regulations for the
period FY 2009-14 the CERC has removed the concept of AAD and at the
same time increased the depreciation rates applicable for projects as
against the earlier deprecation rate of 3.6% for thermal power projects
(based on a 25-year project life and 90% of the capital cost), the CERC
has increased the depreciation rate to 5.28% for most components of the
project.
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Cost Appraisal of Chhabra Thermal Power Station ( 250 MW) 24
(d) Interest on Working Capital
The working capital for a thermal power station is given in table.
Table:-3 Working Capital for Thermal Power Station
S. No. Components FY 2014-19
1. Coal Stock 1½ Months for Pit Head
2 Months for Non-Pit Head
2. Secondary Fuel Oil Stock 2 Month
3. Maintenance Spares 20% of O&M Costs– Coal Based
30% of O&M Costs– Gas Based
4. Sales Receivables 2 Month
5. O&M expenses 1 Month
(e) Operations & Maintenance Costs (O&M)
The CERC has specified O&M Costs for thermal power stations on the
normative parameters (Rs.’ Lacs/MW), depending on the type of
machine installed by the power station. The normative O&M expenses
allowed are given in table:
Table: 4 Operations & Maintenance Costs for Different Capacity
Power Plants
(In Rs.’ Lacs/MW)
(f) Cost of Secondary Fuel Oil
As per Tariff regulations for the period FY 2014-19, the CERC has
included the cost of SFO as part of Auxiliary Fuel Consumption (AFC).
Financial
Year
200/210/250
MW Sets
300/330/350
MW Sets
500 MW
Sets
600MW
Sets and
above
2014-15 23.90 19.95 16.00 14.40
2015-16 25.40 21.21 17.01 15.31
2016-17 27.00 22.54 18.08 16.27
2017-18 28.70 23.96 19.22 17.30
2018-19 30.51 25.47 20.43 18.38
6. Professional Panorama: An International Journal of Management & Technology
Cost Appraisal of Chhabra Thermal Power Station ( 250 MW) 25
Projects are able to recover the cost of SFO on the basis of normative
consumption norms specified by the regulator and the plant availability
factor during the year.
General Concepts & Definitions in Reference to Tariff calculation
(a) Auxiliary Energy Consumption
Quantum of energy consumed by auxiliary equipment of the generating
station, and transformer losses within the generating station, expressed
as a percentage of the sum of gross energy generated at the generator
terminals of all the units of the generating station.
(b) Date of Commercial Operation’ or ‘COD’
The date declared by the generating company after demonstrating the
maximum continuous rating (MCR) or the installed capacity (IC) through
a successful trial run after notice to the beneficiaries, from 0000 hour of
which scheduling process as per the Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC)
is fully implemented, and in relation to the generating station as a whole,
the date of commercial operation of last unit or block of the generating
station.
(c) Declared Capacity
The capability to deliver ex-bus electricity in MW declared by such
generating station in relation to any time-block of the day or whole the
day, duly taking into account the availability of fuel or water, and subject
to further qualification in relevant regulation.
(d) Gross Calorific Value
The heat produced in kcal by complete combustion of one kilogram of
solid fuel or one litre of liquid fuel or one standard cubic meter of
gaseous fuel, as the case may be.
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Cost Appraisal of Chhabra Thermal Power Station ( 250 MW) 26
(e) Gross Station Heat Rate
The heat energy input in kcal required to generate one kWh of electrical
energy at generator terminals of a thermal generating station.
(f) Infirm Power
Electricity injected into the grid prior to the commercial operation of a
unit or block of the generating station.
(g) Installed Capacity
Summation of name plate capacities of all the units of generating station
or capacity of generating station (reckoned at the generator terminals)
approved by the Commission from time to time.
(h) Operation and Maintenance Expenses
Expenditure incurred on operation and maintenance of the project, or
part thereof, and includes the expenditure on manpower, repairs, spares,
consumables, insurance and overheads.
(i) Plant Availability Factor (PAF)
Average of the daily declared capacities (DCs) for all the days during that
period expressed as a percentage of the installed capacity in MW reduced
by the normative auxiliary energy consumption.
(j) Conversion of MW into Million Units (MUs)
1MUs=
1MW x 365days x 24hours xPLFx 1000
10,00,000
(k)Tariffs
Nominal Tariff
Discount Tariff
Levelized Tariff
Nominal Tariff
The tariff calculated at for each year (fixed cost + variable cost)
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Cost Appraisal of Chhabra Thermal Power Station ( 250 MW) 27
Discount Tariff
The tariff calculated at present value of the future tariffs. This is done by
discounting future tariffs by discount rate (given by CERC)
Discount tariff = Nominal tariff x Discount factor
Levelized Tariff
The tariff calculated for all years. This is a simple tariff representing the
tariffs throughout the plant life. In concept, this is “Weighted Mean” of all
tariffs with weights as discounting factors.
Levelized tariff=
Nominal Tariff i x Discount Rate i
Discount Rate
Where, i varies from 1 to n and n is the life of plant in years.
1. The nominal tariff for the next year may be calculated by individually
calculating for each year taking into consideration of future value of
oil, coal etc.
2. Otherwise, we can escalate the nominal tariff for 1st year taking
appropriate escalation factors. Tariff calculations for a 250 MW
Thermal Power Plants are given in table 5.
Table:- 5 Normative Parameters of 250 MW Thermal Power Station
S. No. Particulars Normative
parameter
1 Plant Capacity 250MW
2 Capital cost Rs.6 Cr/MW
3 Debt equity ratio 70:30
4 Return on equity 15.50%
5 Interest on loan 10%
6 Working capital(10% of capital cost) Rs.150Cr
7 Interest on Working capital 10%
8 Rate of Depreciation 5.28%
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Cost Appraisal of Chhabra Thermal Power Station ( 250 MW) 28
9 O&M cost Rs.23.90 Lacs/MW
10 Plant Load Factor 85%
11 Plant Availability Factor 85%
12 Specific Oil Consumption 0.86 ml/kwh
13 Price of Oil Rs. 35000/kl
14 Gross Calorific Value of Oil 10000kcal/l
15 Station Heat Rate 2425kcal/kg
16 Cost of Coal Rs. 2000/tones
17 Auxiliary Power Consumption 6.5%
18 Plant Life 25 yrs
19 Gross Calorific value of Coal 3800kcal/kg
20. Plant Load Factor in FY 2014-15 65.37%
*Data as per CERC Tariff Regulations for FY 2014-19
Calculations
Fixed Cost component calculations:
(1) Return on equity
Capital cost = 250MW x 6 Cr/MW = Rs. 1500 Cr.
Debt/Equity ratio = 70:30 Hence Equity = 1500x 0.30 = Rs. 450 Cr.
Debt = 1500 x 0.70 = Rs. 1050 Cr.
Return on Equity (ROE) =
15.50 X450
100
= Rs.69.75 Cr
(2) Interest on loan:
10% of debt = 0.1x1050 = Rs. 105 Cr
(3) Interest on working capital:
10% of WC = 0.1x150 (10% of total cost) = Rs. 15 Cr
10. Professional Panorama: An International Journal of Management & Technology
Cost Appraisal of Chhabra Thermal Power Station ( 250 MW) 29
(4) Depreciation:
5.28% of capital cost =
5.28 X 1500
100
=Rs. 79.20 Cr
(5) O&M cost:
O&M cost for 250 MW = 23.90x250 = Rs. 59.75Cr
(6) Total fixed cost
= S. No.( 1 + 2+ 3+ 4+ 5)
= 69.75 + 105 +15 +79.20 +59.75 = Rs. 328.70 Cr
(a) Fixed cost per unit at actual PLF 65.37%
Total Power Generation =
250 X 365 X 24 X65.37 X 1000
10,00,000x100
= 1431.60 M Units
Hence, fixed cost per unit =
328.70 Cr
1431.60 MUs
= Rs. 2.29603/ Unit
(b) Fixed cost per unit at Normative PLF 85.00%
Total Power Generation =
250 X 365 X 24 X85 X 1000
10,00,000x100
= 1861.50 M Units
Hence fixed cost per unit =
328.70 Cr
1861.50 MUs
= Rs. 1.76578/ Unit
Variable Cost Component calculations:
(1) Specific oil consumption = 0.86ml/ kwh
(2) Cost of oil consumption
= Specific oil consumption x Cost of oil/litre
= (0.86ml/KWh X 35000)/(1000x1000) = Rs. 0.0301/ kwh
(3) Heat contribution of oil
= Gross calorific value of oil x Specific oil consumption
= 10,000 x 0.86ml/KWh = 8.6 kcal/ kwh
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Cost Appraisal of Chhabra Thermal Power Station ( 250 MW) 30
(4) Station Heat Rate
= Heat contribution of oil + Heat contribution of coal
Therefore, Heat contribution of Coal = Station Heat Rate – Heat
contribution of oil
= 2425-8.6 = 2416.40 kcal/ kwh
(5) Specific coal consumption =
Heat contribution of coal
Gross contribution of coal
= 2416.40/3800 =
0.636 kg/ kwh
(6) Cost of Specific Coal consumption
= Specification Coal consumption x Cost of Coal
=
0.636 X 2000
KWh X Tones
=
0.636 X 2000
KWh X 1000 kg
= 1.272 / kwh
Hence, Total Variable cost per unit:
= Cost of Specific oil consumption + Cost of Specific Coal
consumption
= Rs. (0.0301 + 1.272) / kwh = Rs. 1.3021 / kwh
(a) Variable cost calculated above is the variable cost of generation.
(b) 6.5% of the power generated is consumed in Auxiliary. So, in
calculating power available Ex-bus we have to subtract 6.5% of
available power.
(c) Variable cost per unit at bus bar
=
Variable cost per unit
1−% Auxiliary Consumption
=
1.3021
1−0.065
=Rs 1.39262/ kwh
Nominal Tariff calculation:
Nominal Tariff = [{Total Fixed Cost / Unit} + {Total variable cost (Ex-
bus)/Unit}]
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Cost Appraisal of Chhabra Thermal Power Station ( 250 MW) 31
= Rs (2.29603+1.39262)/Unit = Rs.3.68865/Unit
Conclusion
The fixed cost per unit and the variable cost per unit of the power
generated by CTPS of 250 MW were found to be Rs 2.29603 and
Rs. 1.39262 respectively. Hence, the total generation cost would be
Rs. 3.68865/unit at 65.37% plant load factor (PLF). If plant achieves the
normative load factor i.e. 85% then fixed cost per unit will be reduced to
Rs 1.76578 per unit and variable cost per unit will remain same. The
total generation cost will be reduced to Rs 3.15840 and overall saving of
Rs 0.53025 will be achieved to operate a plant on normative plant load
factor (PLF). So, it is advised to management of thermal plant to chess
the normative plant load factor in this manner they not only control and
reduce the costing as well as they will also reduce their losses
substantially.
References
1. Kumar, Sharma and Tewari (2015), Cost Analysis of a Coal-fired
Power Plant Using the NPV Method, J Ind Eng Int, 11, 495–504, DOI
10.1007/s40092-015-0116-8
2. Hosseini and Hasanpour (2011), Evaluating the Efficiency Changes of
the Thermal Power Plants in Iran and Examining Its Relation with
Reform using DEA Model & Malmquist Index, IPEDR, Vol.12, IACSIT
Press, Singapore
3. Recommendations on Operation Norms for Thermal Power Stations
Tariff Period 2014-19, Government of India, Ministry of Power
Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi January – 2014
4. Central Electricity Regulatory Commission, New Delhi, Notification
21, February, 2014
5. Cen PEEP, Volume 2009
6. NTPC PMI Noida Volume 5
7. National Productivity Council Volume on Energy Management
13. Professional Panorama: An International Journal of Management & Technology
Cost Appraisal of Chhabra Thermal Power Station ( 250 MW) 32
8. Rajput (2006), Power Plant Engineering, 122-132, 3rd Edition, Laxmi
Publications, Delhi
9. P.K.Nag (2007), Heat Power Engineering, 57-67, 5th Edition, Pearson
Publication, New Delhi
10. Annual Report, CTPS 2014-15