This document discusses classification of poisons based on their mode of action. It focuses on corrosive poisons, classifying them as strong acids like sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and carbolic acid or strong alkalis like sodium hydroxide. Sulfuric acid causes coagulation necrosis and its ingestion results in vomiting of black material and burnt skin. Nitric acid ingestion can cause yellow staining while carbolic acid poisoning affects multiple organ systems. Strong alkalis produce liquefaction necrosis especially of the esophagus.
This document provides guidance on the management of corrosive poisoning. It discusses that corrosive ingestion remains common in developing countries. Significant tissue damage occurs immediately after caustic ingestion. The priorities for treatment are airway management, decontamination, fluid resuscitation, and endoscopy to evaluate injuries. Grade 1 injuries may be discharged after endoscopy if tolerating oral intake, while higher grades require intensive care monitoring due to risks of complications like bleeding or perforation. Long term issues like strictures may require procedures like dilation or stenting.
The document provides information about poisons and poisoning. It begins with an introduction describing the ancient use of poisons as hunting tools and weapons. It then defines terms like toxicology, poison, and poisoning. It discusses common causes of childhood poisoning such as kerosene, household products, plants, and pharmaceuticals. It describes the epidemiology, phases, signs and symptoms, and treatment of poisoning. Specific types of poisons discussed include corrosives, kerosene, and organophosphates.
This document discusses corrosive poisoning from ingesting or contacting strong acids and bases. It notes that these chemicals can erode and destroy surfaces and cause systemic effects. Treatment involves dilution, avoiding gastric lavage, and symptomatic care. Complications can be acute like perforations or chronic like strictures. Death typically occurs from circulatory collapse within 12-24 hours. Postmortem findings include blackened and eroded stomach lining with potential perforations. The document also discusses vitriolage, which is the malicious throwing of corrosives like sulfuric acid to disfigure victims, which causes severe burns.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important cause of hospital-acquired infections. It is an aerobic, non-spore forming Gram-negative bacillus that is motile with polar flagella. P. aeruginosa causes a variety of infections through production of toxins and enzymes. Laboratory identification involves culture on selective media showing characteristic pigment production. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides. Prevention focuses on strict aseptic technique and infection control measures in hospitals.
Helicobacter pylori is a microaerophilic, Gram-negative spiral bacterium that colonizes the human gastric mucosa and is a major cause of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer
This document provides an overview of current trends in the management of peptic ulcer disease. It defines peptic ulcer disease and discusses its classification, symptoms, history, epidemiology, etiology, anatomy, pathophysiology, diagnosis, complications, and management. Key points include that Helicobacter pylori infection and NSAID use are the primary risk factors, proton pump inhibitors are the first-line treatment, and treatment aims to relieve symptoms, promote healing, eradicate H. pylori if present, prevent recurrence, and avoid complications.
1. Organophosphorus poisoning is caused by ingestion or inhalation of pesticides that inhibit acetylcholinesterase, leading to excess acetylcholine and overstimulation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Symptoms include miosis, increased secretions, respiratory distress, muscle weakness and fasciculations, tremors, and seizures.
2. Intermediate syndrome can occur 1-4 days later characterized by weakness of respiratory and limb muscles. Chronic delayed neuropathy may occur weeks later resembling Guillain-Barre syndrome.
3. Diagnosis is made by low red blood cell and plasma cholinesterase levels, with plasma levels falling more rapidly initially. Treatment involves atropine for
Corrosive ingestions can cause severe damage to the esophagus and stomach. The severity depends on the properties of the ingested agent, amount, concentration, and duration of contact. Endoscopy within 24 hours is recommended for most patients to assess injury, except those with signs of perforation or respiratory distress. Patients with moderate to severe injury require intensive care monitoring for complications like perforation. Gentle endoscopic dilation is used to treat stricture, while surgery is reserved for emergency situations or after fibrotic changes occur. There is debate around prophylactic antibiotic and steroid use.
This document provides guidance on the management of corrosive poisoning. It discusses that corrosive ingestion remains common in developing countries. Significant tissue damage occurs immediately after caustic ingestion. The priorities for treatment are airway management, decontamination, fluid resuscitation, and endoscopy to evaluate injuries. Grade 1 injuries may be discharged after endoscopy if tolerating oral intake, while higher grades require intensive care monitoring due to risks of complications like bleeding or perforation. Long term issues like strictures may require procedures like dilation or stenting.
The document provides information about poisons and poisoning. It begins with an introduction describing the ancient use of poisons as hunting tools and weapons. It then defines terms like toxicology, poison, and poisoning. It discusses common causes of childhood poisoning such as kerosene, household products, plants, and pharmaceuticals. It describes the epidemiology, phases, signs and symptoms, and treatment of poisoning. Specific types of poisons discussed include corrosives, kerosene, and organophosphates.
This document discusses corrosive poisoning from ingesting or contacting strong acids and bases. It notes that these chemicals can erode and destroy surfaces and cause systemic effects. Treatment involves dilution, avoiding gastric lavage, and symptomatic care. Complications can be acute like perforations or chronic like strictures. Death typically occurs from circulatory collapse within 12-24 hours. Postmortem findings include blackened and eroded stomach lining with potential perforations. The document also discusses vitriolage, which is the malicious throwing of corrosives like sulfuric acid to disfigure victims, which causes severe burns.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important cause of hospital-acquired infections. It is an aerobic, non-spore forming Gram-negative bacillus that is motile with polar flagella. P. aeruginosa causes a variety of infections through production of toxins and enzymes. Laboratory identification involves culture on selective media showing characteristic pigment production. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides. Prevention focuses on strict aseptic technique and infection control measures in hospitals.
Helicobacter pylori is a microaerophilic, Gram-negative spiral bacterium that colonizes the human gastric mucosa and is a major cause of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer
This document provides an overview of current trends in the management of peptic ulcer disease. It defines peptic ulcer disease and discusses its classification, symptoms, history, epidemiology, etiology, anatomy, pathophysiology, diagnosis, complications, and management. Key points include that Helicobacter pylori infection and NSAID use are the primary risk factors, proton pump inhibitors are the first-line treatment, and treatment aims to relieve symptoms, promote healing, eradicate H. pylori if present, prevent recurrence, and avoid complications.
1. Organophosphorus poisoning is caused by ingestion or inhalation of pesticides that inhibit acetylcholinesterase, leading to excess acetylcholine and overstimulation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Symptoms include miosis, increased secretions, respiratory distress, muscle weakness and fasciculations, tremors, and seizures.
2. Intermediate syndrome can occur 1-4 days later characterized by weakness of respiratory and limb muscles. Chronic delayed neuropathy may occur weeks later resembling Guillain-Barre syndrome.
3. Diagnosis is made by low red blood cell and plasma cholinesterase levels, with plasma levels falling more rapidly initially. Treatment involves atropine for
Corrosive ingestions can cause severe damage to the esophagus and stomach. The severity depends on the properties of the ingested agent, amount, concentration, and duration of contact. Endoscopy within 24 hours is recommended for most patients to assess injury, except those with signs of perforation or respiratory distress. Patients with moderate to severe injury require intensive care monitoring for complications like perforation. Gentle endoscopic dilation is used to treat stricture, while surgery is reserved for emergency situations or after fibrotic changes occur. There is debate around prophylactic antibiotic and steroid use.
Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining that can be acute or chronic. Acute gastritis is caused by factors like stress, alcohol, NSAIDs, and H. pylori infection, and presents with symptoms like abdominal pain. Chronic gastritis can be superficial or atrophic, and is often caused by long-term H. pylori infection. Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy to check for signs of inflammation, atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, or dysplasia. Treatment focuses on removing triggers, eradicating H. pylori, and managing symptoms with antacids or PPIs. Patients with atrophic gastritis may also need B12 supplementation.
Corrosive substances like sulfuric acid cause severe chemical burns upon contact with skin and tissues. They extract water from tissues, corrode and erode surfaces. This can lead to coagulation necrosis and precipitation of proteins. Outcomes range from shock and airway edema within hours to perforation of the stomach and peritonitis within 24 hours to septic absorption within weeks. Treatment involves immediate washing with water or sodium/potassium bicarbonate to neutralize the acid followed by antibiotic ointment and sometimes skin grafting. Eye injuries require irrigation with sodium bicarbonate solution and olive oil drops along with antibiotic and steroid eye drops.
This document provides information on corrosive poisons including sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, phenol, and nitric acid. It describes their physical and chemical properties, mechanisms of action, clinical features of poisoning, treatment approaches, causes of death, and post-mortem appearances. It also discusses their judicious and injudicious uses and medicolegal significance. The document is intended to educate about these dangerous corrosive poisons through detailed descriptions and comparisons.
Paraquat poisoning results from ingestion of the herbicide paraquat. It causes multi-organ damage through generation of reactive oxygen species. Clinical features include mouth ulcers, renal failure, liver damage, and pulmonary fibrosis. Diagnosis is confirmed by urine or blood tests detecting paraquat. Management focuses on decontamination, supportive care, and immunosuppression to reduce lung fibrosis. Prognosis is poor, even with treatment, due to progressive pulmonary damage.
This document discusses several benign disorders of the oral cavity. It begins by defining common oral lesions including ulcers, erosions, abscesses, cysts, and more. It then categorizes benign oral disorders into congenital lesions, inflammatory/traumatic conditions, autoimmune diseases, precancerous lesions, and benign tumors. Specific conditions are discussed in detail such as torus, lingual thyroid, fibroma, aphthous ulcers, lichen planus, leukoplakia, hemangioma, and ranula. Treatment options are provided for each condition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of benign oral pathology.
This document summarizes information about the genera Pseudomonas and Legionella. It describes their morphology, culture characteristics, diseases caused, and diagnostic tests. Pseudomonas are ubiquitous bacteria found in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen known to cause infections in hospitals. Legionella causes Legionnaire's disease and Pontiac fever through inhalation of contaminated water aerosols. Diagnosis involves staining, culturing on specialized media, and serotyping of the Legionella pneumophila strain.
Peptic ulcer disease is caused by defects in the stomach or duodenal mucosa that extend through the inner lining. Common causes include Helicobacter pylori bacteria, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, stress, and smoking. Patients experience gnawing or burning pain that is relieved by food and worsens with fasting. Diagnosis involves imaging tests like barium X-rays or endoscopy with biopsy. Treatment includes antibiotics to kill H. pylori, proton pump inhibitors to reduce acid, and surgery for complications like bleeding or perforation. Goals of treatment are to heal ulcers and prevent future recurrence.
1. Corrosives are substances that cause local, rapid destruction of tissues upon contact. They include strong acids and alkalis.
2. Common corrosives used in chemical assaults include sulfuric acid, nitric acid, carbolic acid, and caustic soda. Assaults with caustic chemicals are more likely to occur against women.
3. Ingestion of corrosives can cause immediate pain and tissue damage as well as complications like strictures, infections, and even death. Management involves decontamination, treatment of symptoms, and long term management of complications.
A 36-year-old man presented with a 2-month history of epigastric pain mainly after meals and sometimes awakening at night due to burning pain, which was relieved by drinking milk. The summary examines peptic ulcer disease, including that it is caused by H. pylori infection or NSAID use. Diagnosis involves testing for H. pylori via a urease test or other methods. Treatment involves acid suppression with PPIs combined with clarithromycin and amoxicillin antibiotics for 2 weeks to eradicate H. pylori infection.
This document discusses three conditions that affect the esophagus: perforation, Mallory-Weiss syndrome, and corrosive injury. Esophageal perforation can be caused by swallowed foreign bodies, corrosives, endoscopy procedures, or violent vomiting. It presents with chest, neck, and abdominal pain and requires antibiotics and surgical repair if large. Mallory-Weiss syndrome involves a tear in the esophagus from forceful vomiting, usually presenting with blood in the vomit. Corrosive injury results from ingesting substances like drain cleaner or bleach, causing severe esophagitis, pain, and complications like bleeding, perforation, or stricture if not treated promptly with neutralizing agents, antibiotics, and possibly surgery
This document provides information on precancerous lesions and conditions that can occur in the oral cavity. It defines precancerous lesions as morphologically altered tissue that is more likely to develop into cancer, and precancerous conditions as a general state of increased cancer risk. The document describes several common precancerous lesions including leukoplakia, erythroplakia, and carcinoma in situ. It also covers precancerous conditions such as oral lichen planus and oral submucous fibrosis. For each condition, it discusses epidemiology, clinical presentation, histopathology, risk of malignant transformation, and management approaches.
This document provides information on benign and malignant diseases of the salivary glands, including:
1. It discusses the embryology, surgical anatomy, non-neoplastic conditions, benign tumors, and malignant tumors of the major and minor salivary glands.
2. It describes common benign tumors like pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumor, as well as malignant tumors such as mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
3. It provides details on the classification, clinical features, histology, treatment and prognosis of various salivary gland neoplasms.
A 50-year-old man presented with abdominal pain, distension, vomiting, and constipation. Imaging showed findings suggestive of bowel obstruction. The document discusses the evaluation, causes, and management of bowel obstructions, focusing on distinguishing between small vs. large bowel obstruction and determining the etiology and complications like strangulation. Initial management involves resuscitation, decompression, correction of electrolyte abnormalities, and antibiotics while determining need for surgery.
This document provides an overview of the approach and management of acute childhood poisoning. It discusses the epidemiology of childhood poisoning, including that most cases are accidental and occur in children under 5 years old. It also outlines general management principles and covers selected common poisons like organophosphates, hydrocarbons, caustics, acetaminophen, salicylates, iron, phenobarbital, and digoxin. For each poison, it discusses pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and recommended treatment approaches including decontamination methods and antidotes.
An acute gingival lesion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
This document discusses four types of arthritis: gouty arthritis, alkaptonuric arthritis, haemophilic arthritis, and moderating the discussion. It provides details on the definition, etiology, clinical features, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of each type of arthritis. Gouty arthritis is caused by deposition of urate crystals in the joints. Haemophilic arthritis results from bleeding into joints in those with haemophilia. Alkaptonuric arthritis is caused by a genetic defect affecting phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining that can be acute or chronic. Acute gastritis is caused by factors like stress, alcohol, NSAIDs, and H. pylori infection, and presents with symptoms like abdominal pain. Chronic gastritis can be superficial or atrophic, and is often caused by long-term H. pylori infection. Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy to check for signs of inflammation, atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, or dysplasia. Treatment focuses on removing triggers, eradicating H. pylori, and managing symptoms with antacids or PPIs. Patients with atrophic gastritis may also need B12 supplementation.
Corrosive substances like sulfuric acid cause severe chemical burns upon contact with skin and tissues. They extract water from tissues, corrode and erode surfaces. This can lead to coagulation necrosis and precipitation of proteins. Outcomes range from shock and airway edema within hours to perforation of the stomach and peritonitis within 24 hours to septic absorption within weeks. Treatment involves immediate washing with water or sodium/potassium bicarbonate to neutralize the acid followed by antibiotic ointment and sometimes skin grafting. Eye injuries require irrigation with sodium bicarbonate solution and olive oil drops along with antibiotic and steroid eye drops.
This document provides information on corrosive poisons including sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, phenol, and nitric acid. It describes their physical and chemical properties, mechanisms of action, clinical features of poisoning, treatment approaches, causes of death, and post-mortem appearances. It also discusses their judicious and injudicious uses and medicolegal significance. The document is intended to educate about these dangerous corrosive poisons through detailed descriptions and comparisons.
Paraquat poisoning results from ingestion of the herbicide paraquat. It causes multi-organ damage through generation of reactive oxygen species. Clinical features include mouth ulcers, renal failure, liver damage, and pulmonary fibrosis. Diagnosis is confirmed by urine or blood tests detecting paraquat. Management focuses on decontamination, supportive care, and immunosuppression to reduce lung fibrosis. Prognosis is poor, even with treatment, due to progressive pulmonary damage.
This document discusses several benign disorders of the oral cavity. It begins by defining common oral lesions including ulcers, erosions, abscesses, cysts, and more. It then categorizes benign oral disorders into congenital lesions, inflammatory/traumatic conditions, autoimmune diseases, precancerous lesions, and benign tumors. Specific conditions are discussed in detail such as torus, lingual thyroid, fibroma, aphthous ulcers, lichen planus, leukoplakia, hemangioma, and ranula. Treatment options are provided for each condition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of benign oral pathology.
This document summarizes information about the genera Pseudomonas and Legionella. It describes their morphology, culture characteristics, diseases caused, and diagnostic tests. Pseudomonas are ubiquitous bacteria found in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen known to cause infections in hospitals. Legionella causes Legionnaire's disease and Pontiac fever through inhalation of contaminated water aerosols. Diagnosis involves staining, culturing on specialized media, and serotyping of the Legionella pneumophila strain.
Peptic ulcer disease is caused by defects in the stomach or duodenal mucosa that extend through the inner lining. Common causes include Helicobacter pylori bacteria, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, stress, and smoking. Patients experience gnawing or burning pain that is relieved by food and worsens with fasting. Diagnosis involves imaging tests like barium X-rays or endoscopy with biopsy. Treatment includes antibiotics to kill H. pylori, proton pump inhibitors to reduce acid, and surgery for complications like bleeding or perforation. Goals of treatment are to heal ulcers and prevent future recurrence.
1. Corrosives are substances that cause local, rapid destruction of tissues upon contact. They include strong acids and alkalis.
2. Common corrosives used in chemical assaults include sulfuric acid, nitric acid, carbolic acid, and caustic soda. Assaults with caustic chemicals are more likely to occur against women.
3. Ingestion of corrosives can cause immediate pain and tissue damage as well as complications like strictures, infections, and even death. Management involves decontamination, treatment of symptoms, and long term management of complications.
A 36-year-old man presented with a 2-month history of epigastric pain mainly after meals and sometimes awakening at night due to burning pain, which was relieved by drinking milk. The summary examines peptic ulcer disease, including that it is caused by H. pylori infection or NSAID use. Diagnosis involves testing for H. pylori via a urease test or other methods. Treatment involves acid suppression with PPIs combined with clarithromycin and amoxicillin antibiotics for 2 weeks to eradicate H. pylori infection.
This document discusses three conditions that affect the esophagus: perforation, Mallory-Weiss syndrome, and corrosive injury. Esophageal perforation can be caused by swallowed foreign bodies, corrosives, endoscopy procedures, or violent vomiting. It presents with chest, neck, and abdominal pain and requires antibiotics and surgical repair if large. Mallory-Weiss syndrome involves a tear in the esophagus from forceful vomiting, usually presenting with blood in the vomit. Corrosive injury results from ingesting substances like drain cleaner or bleach, causing severe esophagitis, pain, and complications like bleeding, perforation, or stricture if not treated promptly with neutralizing agents, antibiotics, and possibly surgery
This document provides information on precancerous lesions and conditions that can occur in the oral cavity. It defines precancerous lesions as morphologically altered tissue that is more likely to develop into cancer, and precancerous conditions as a general state of increased cancer risk. The document describes several common precancerous lesions including leukoplakia, erythroplakia, and carcinoma in situ. It also covers precancerous conditions such as oral lichen planus and oral submucous fibrosis. For each condition, it discusses epidemiology, clinical presentation, histopathology, risk of malignant transformation, and management approaches.
This document provides information on benign and malignant diseases of the salivary glands, including:
1. It discusses the embryology, surgical anatomy, non-neoplastic conditions, benign tumors, and malignant tumors of the major and minor salivary glands.
2. It describes common benign tumors like pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumor, as well as malignant tumors such as mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
3. It provides details on the classification, clinical features, histology, treatment and prognosis of various salivary gland neoplasms.
A 50-year-old man presented with abdominal pain, distension, vomiting, and constipation. Imaging showed findings suggestive of bowel obstruction. The document discusses the evaluation, causes, and management of bowel obstructions, focusing on distinguishing between small vs. large bowel obstruction and determining the etiology and complications like strangulation. Initial management involves resuscitation, decompression, correction of electrolyte abnormalities, and antibiotics while determining need for surgery.
This document provides an overview of the approach and management of acute childhood poisoning. It discusses the epidemiology of childhood poisoning, including that most cases are accidental and occur in children under 5 years old. It also outlines general management principles and covers selected common poisons like organophosphates, hydrocarbons, caustics, acetaminophen, salicylates, iron, phenobarbital, and digoxin. For each poison, it discusses pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and recommended treatment approaches including decontamination methods and antidotes.
An acute gingival lesion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
This document discusses four types of arthritis: gouty arthritis, alkaptonuric arthritis, haemophilic arthritis, and moderating the discussion. It provides details on the definition, etiology, clinical features, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of each type of arthritis. Gouty arthritis is caused by deposition of urate crystals in the joints. Haemophilic arthritis results from bleeding into joints in those with haemophilia. Alkaptonuric arthritis is caused by a genetic defect affecting phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
4. At the end of the topic the student will
be able to
• Classify corrosive poisons
• Describe the signs , symptoms, diagnoses,
treatment and postmortem appearances due
to sulphuric acid, Nitric acid, Carbolic acid,
oxalic acid and alkalies
Dr Varun Pai AIMST university 4
5. Definition of a corrosive
• A corrosive is a substance which erodes and
destroys any surface it comes in contact with
Dr Varun Pai AIMST university 5
6. Phases seen in caustic exposure
• Acute inflammatory phase ( upto 7 days) :
vascular thrombosis and cellular necrosis
• Latent granulation phase ( 1 to 2 weeks):
sloughed mucosa shows fibroplasia and
granulation tissue. Collagen replaces G.tissue
• Chronic cicatrisation phase( after 2 weeks):
excessive scar tissue resulting in contractures
Dr Varun Pai AIMST university 6
8. Classification
1. Strong acids
(A) Mineral / Inorganic acids
(B) Organic acids
2. Strong alkalis
hydroxides & carbonates of Na, K, Ca,
ammonia
Dr Varun Pai AIMST university 8
9. Mineral/ Inorganic acids
1. Severe local actions
2. No remote or systemic actions
3. Desiccation & Coagulation necrosis
• Sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol)
• Nitric acid (aqua fortis)
• Hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid)
• Hydrofluoric acid
• Boric acid Dr Varun Pai AIMST university 9
10. Organic acid
1. Severe systemic actions
2. Less severe local actions
• Carbolic acid (phenol)
• Oxalic acid (salt of sorrel)
• Formic acid
• Salicylic acid
Dr Varun Pai AIMST university 10
11. Sulphuric acid
• Oil of vitriol . Oleum, battery acid
• Heavy, colourless, odourless, non-fuming,
hygroscopic,
oily liquid
Uses
• Storage batteries
• Pipe and drain cleaners
• Laboratory
• Industry Dr Varun Pai AIMST university 11
12. • Fatal dose: 20 to 30 ml of Conc H2 SO4
• Mode of action: produces coagulation
necrosis of tissue on contact
Dr Varun Pai AIMST university 12
13. Clinical features
• Burning pain, intense thirst
• Teeth –chalky white, brittle
• Vomiting- brown/black material ( coffee
ground vomitus )
• Respiratory manifestations
• Burnt skin ( blackish eschar formatin )
• Acidemia
• Generalised shock
Dr Varun Pai AIMST university 13
14. • Lips are swollen and excoriated with blackish
streaks present running down the angles of
the mouth.
Dr Varun Pai AIMST university 14
16. Complications
a) Perforation of GIT
b) Secondary infection
c) Stricture formation
d) Carcinoma
e) Renal failure
Dr Varun Pai AIMST university 16
17. Diagnosis
• Litmus test
• Sodium bicarbonate drops (cloths) -bubbles
• Addition of barium chloride
Dr Varun Pai AIMST university 17
18. Treatment
• Oral feeds, stomach wash or induction of
emesis is contraindicated.
• Wash and the irrigate the skin copiously
with saline
• Demulcents
• Respiratory distress – 100% oxygen
• Morphine & crushed ice
Dr Varun Pai AIMST university 18
19. • Antibiotics & corticosteroids
• Fiber optic endoscopy
• Emergency laprotomy
Dr Varun Pai AIMST university 19
20. Pm appearances
• Corroded areas appear brownish or blackish
• Stomach mucosa- wet blotting paper ( Black
in color)
• Acids act on the columnar epithelium of the
stomach
• The mucosal ridges are more damaged then
the furrows
Dr Varun Pai AIMST university 20
26. Medicolegal importance
-Vitriolage- example of grevious hurt.
• Jealous or disgruntled persons may use to
disfigure enemies. blindness may occur.
• Death may result from shock or toxemia.
• The penetrating burns devitalises the tissues
and predispose to infection.
• Scar tissue may lead to contracture
Dr Varun Pai AIMST university 26
28. Treatment
• - washing skin with water & soap
- raw surface covered with some antibiotic
cream
-eyes should be washed with water and
irrigated with1% sodium bicarbonate
solution
Dr Varun Pai AIMST university 28
30. Nitric acid (Syn: Aqua Fortis , engraver’s acid )
• Colourless or yellow, Fuming liquid, pungent
odour
Uses
✓Engraving
✓Electroplating
✓Fertilizers
✓Metal refineries
Dr Varun Pai AIMST university 30
31. • Xanthoproteic reaction
-Yellow stains on
clothing and tissues and crowns of teeth
Reacts with organic acid to produce
trinitrophenol
Dr Varun Pai AIMST university 31
32. Signs and symptoms
• Inhalation of fumes can produce lacrimation ,
coughing & dysnoea
• Abdominal distension
• Perforation of the GIT is less common
Dr Varun Pai AIMST university 32
33. • PM appearance- corroded areas of skin and
mucous membrane appear yellowish
• Perforation is not as common as in cases of
H2SO4
• Treatment is same as in cases of H2SO4.
Dr Varun Pai AIMST university 33
34. Organic acids
• weaker in corrosive action
• Absorbed in to circulation- both systemic &
local actions
• Carbolic acid (Phenol)
• Oxalic acid
• Salicylic acid
• Formic acid
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35. Carbolic acid (Phenol)
• Colorless, needlelike crystals turns pink &
liquefy
• Commercial phenol- brownish liquid with
several impurities with hospital odour
• Derivatives- cresol, coal tar, thymol, tannic
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36. Uses
• Antiseptic and disinfectants
• Preservative in injectable medications
• Face peel in plastic surgery
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37. Signs and symptoms
• Acute poisoning ( carbolism )
Local: skin or mucosal contact: hardening and
whitish discoloration with burning pain,
tingling, numbness,
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39. • Metabolic : hypothermia, with metabolic
acidosis
• Hepatorenal: oliguria with scanty urine which
turns greenish or brownish on exposure to air
this is due to metabolities hydroquinone and
pyracatechol
Also called as carboluria
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40. Pm appearance
• Distinct odour of phenol at mouth and
stomach contents
• Corroded area –brownish or whitish
• Stomach mucosa – pale, hardened, leathery
• Cerebral & pulmonary oedema
• Congestion of internal organs
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41. Treatment
• Stomach wash – thick, hard & leathery
consistency
• Demulcents
• Sodium bicarbonate IV
• Methylene blue IV
• Haemodialysis
• Supportive measures
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43. Oxalic acid ( Syn: salt of sorrel, acid
of sugar)
• Prismatic crystals similar to magnesium & zinc
sulphates
• Uses – ink & rust remover
- Bleaching agent & industry
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44. Mechanism of action
• local- do not lose poisonous properties when
diluted
• Combines with serum calcium & produce
features of tetany
• Forms calcium oxalate and it is precipitated
and accumulated in the liver, kidneys, heart,
lungs and is excreted in urine
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45. Clinical features
Local: whitish or yellowish corrosion of the skin
The mucosa is referred to as “ scalded”
appearance
Systemic: vomiting and diarrhoea
Signs and symptoms of tetany
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46. Diagnosis
• Demonstration of urinary oxalate crystals
Monohydrates( prism or needle like)
Dihydrates ( tent or envelope shaped)
• Measurement of oxalic acid in urine by
colorimetry
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47. Treatment
• Stomach wash – lime water, chalk
suspension, ca gluconate solution.
• Calcium gluconate- IV (10ml of a 10%
solution)
• Demulcents
• Parathyroid extract-100 units IM
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48. PM APPEARANCE
• Corrosion of mucosa- whitish or yellowish
• Scalded mucosa of the GI tract, especially
stomach
• Kidney- necrosis & hyaline degeneration of
tubules
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50. Alkalies
• Ammonium hydroxide: paint, oil and dirt
remover
• Sodium hydroxide: drain cleaner, oven cleaner
• Potassium hydroxide: drain cleaners, hearing
aid batteries
• Sodium hypochlorite: household bleach
• Sodium carbonate: washing soda
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51. Mode of action
• Produce liquefaction necrosis
• Extensive penetrating damage because of
saponification of fats and solubility of proteins
• Oesophogus more affected
• Alkalis are more prone to cause perforation
than acids
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52. Clinical features
• Corrosion of the GI mucosa with
pseudomembrane formation
• Oesophagus is commonly affectes resulting in
dysphagia, vomiting, drooling and stridor
• Abdominal pain, diarrhea, tenesmus
• Greyish soapy necrotic areas on the skin
• Eye involvement
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53. Diagnosis
• In stomach contents
✓White slimy lumps, flakes and granules
✓Turns litmus paper blue
✓Soapy and slimy feeling when touched
✓ sharp penetrating odour in case of ammonia
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