Correlates of Psychosocial Well-Being Among Overweight Adolescents:
The Role of the Family
Jayne A. Fulkerson
University of Minnesota
Jaine Strauss
Macalester College
Dianne Neumark-Sztainer, Mary Story, and Kerri Boutelle
University of Minnesota
An ethnically diverse sample of at-risk-for-overweight and overweight youths (body mass index greater
than the 85th percentile for age and gender; n � 667 male participants, and n � 684 female participants)
completed a school-based survey measuring family variables (connectedness, mealtime environment, and
weight commentary), psychosocial well-being (depressed mood, body satisfaction, and self-esteem), and
unhealthy weight-control behaviors; all measures were assessed concurrently. Hierarchical linear regres-
sion analyses revealed that measures of general family connectedness, priority of family meals, and
positive mealtime environment were significantly positively associated with psychological well-being
and inversely associated with depressive symptoms and unhealthy weight-control behaviors. Familial
weight commentary (i.e., weight-based teasing and parental encouragement to diet) was associated with
many indicators of poor psychological health. The authors conclude that greater psychosocial well-being
and fewer unhealthy weight-control behaviors are associated with making family time at meals a priority,
creating a positive mealtime atmosphere, and refraining from weight commentary.
Keywords: adolescents, overweight, well-being, family
Almost one quarter (22%) of U.S. adolescents are overweight
(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001). Over-
weight youths have increased morbidity (Koplan & Dietz, 1999)
and are at risk for negative psychosocial outcomes, such as social
stigmatization, suicidal ideation, and low self-esteem (Tanofsky-
Kraff et al., 2004). In the present study, we explore the role of
family environment in helping overweight youths experience pos-
itive emotional well-being and avoid disordered eating.
Considerable research attests to the importance of family factors
in adolescent health. Family connectedness may protect teens from
a wide array of negative experiences, including emotional distress,
suicidal thoughts, and violence (Resnick et al., 1997). Family
environment has also been linked to eating behaviors and weight;
extensive research documents parental influence on food intake
and overweight in young children (Birch & Davison, 2001) and
family dysfunction in clinical eating pathology (e.g., Steinberg &
Phares, 2001). However, few studies have explored the interplay of
family factors and well-being in nonclinical samples of overweight
adolescents. Mellin, Neumark-Sztainer, Story, Ireland, and
Resnick (2002) reported that family connectedness was associated
with better health and psychosocial outcomes among overweight
youths. The present study builds on Mellin et al.’s work by
including specific food- and weight-related family factors and by
objectively mea.
The document summarizes research on the impact of childhood disabilities on families. It finds that while disabilities can increase demands on families' time and resources, families also experience personal and spiritual growth. While some differences exist based on specific diagnoses, caregivers of children with various conditions experience similar impacts. Research shows that childhood disabilities are associated with increased stress and depression for parents. However, factors like child behavior problems and care needs, rather than just the diagnosis, are better predictors of negative family outcomes. Marital adjustment and overall family functioning also influence stress levels, and many families of children with disabilities function well. Parental self-efficacy and coping styles further impact outcomes.
Family Meals Buffer the Daily Emotional Risk Associated With FChereCheek752
Family Meals Buffer the Daily Emotional Risk Associated With Family
Conflict
Emma Armstrong-Carter
Stanford University
Eva H. Telzer
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Family meals have been associated with positive adolescent outcomes in cross-sectional and longitudinal
research. However, it is not known how adolescents experience family meals on a daily basis, and
whether family meals buffer stresses associated with interpersonal conflicts on the daily level. To address
this gap in the literature, adolescents (N � 396, 58% female, Mage � 14.57 years) completed diary
checklists for up to 14 days, reporting their emotions, experiences of family and peer conflict, and
whether they ate with their family that day. On days that adolescents shared a family meal, they felt
greater happiness and role fulfillment, and less burnout and distress. Moreover, family conflict was
associated with more negative emotionality only on days that adolescents did not also eat with the family.
Findings suggest that family meals buffer daily risks associated with familial conflicts. Follow-up
analyses suggest that these processes may be particularly important among older adolescents.
Keywords: adolescence, family meal, emotions, family conflict, peer conflict
During busy daily life, meals are often the only time when
family members come together to engage, and provide and receive
emotional support (Larson, Branscomb, & Wiley, 2006). Perhaps
in part because daily family meals represent a stable, routine, and
context for emotional connectedness (Goldfarb, Tarver, & Sen,
2014; Jones, 2018), family meals have been associated with many
positive outcomes across development. For example, adolescents
who more frequently eat with the family are less likely to be
overweight or underweight, have substance use problems, and
struggle with clinical depression (Fulkerson et al., 2006), and tend
to feel more emotionally close to parents and siblings (Fiese et al.,
2002) compared with their peers. The benefits associated with
family meals also extend beyond the home. Adolescents who more
frequently eat with the family tend to exhibit higher academic
performance (Eisenberg, Olson, Neumark-Sztainer, Story, & Bear-
inger, 2004), fewer antisocial behaviors (Fulkerson et al., 2006;
Prior & Limbert, 2013; Sen, 2010), and increased social compe-
tencies with peers (Fulkerson et al., 2006).
Prior research has been almost entirely cross-sectional, retro-
spective, or longitudinal, which can only tell us about average
meal eating behaviors between adolescents. This work has exam-
ined how average family meals at one time point relate to average
well-being at another time point (Goldfarb et al., 2014). To extend
prior research, it is important to clarify whether family meals are
associated with positive or negative emotions on the daily level.
Examining temporal relations at the daily level may help us to
understand the processes by which family meals promote long-
term well-bei ...
1) The document describes a randomized trial that tested the effects of a coping skills training (CST) intervention for school-aged children (ages 8-12) with type 1 diabetes compared to general diabetes education.
2) Both groups showed improvements over time in outcomes like impact of diabetes, coping abilities, self-efficacy, depressive symptoms and parental control. However, treatment modality moderated some intervention effects.
3) The CST intervention aimed to teach children and parents more constructive coping behaviors to help with the transition to adolescence and diabetes management responsibilities. Preliminary short-term results were promising for improved family functioning and life satisfaction compared to education.
1) The document describes a randomized trial that tested the effects of a coping skills training (CST) intervention for school-aged children (ages 8-12) with type 1 diabetes compared to general diabetes education.
2) Both groups showed improvements over time in outcomes like impact of diabetes, coping, self-efficacy, depressive symptoms, and parental control. However, treatment modality moderated some intervention effects.
3) The CST intervention aimed to teach children and parents more constructive coping behaviors to help with the transition to adolescence and diabetes management responsibilities. Preliminary short-term results were promising for family functioning and life satisfaction.
This study examined factors that predict expressed emotion (EE), which measures family criticism and emotional involvement, in mothers of young children. 276 mothers completed questionnaires assessing family stress, functioning, and EE. Results showed that family expressiveness, or how openly emotions are communicated in the family, was the most consistent predictor of maternal EE. Higher family expressiveness was associated with lower maternal criticism and emotional involvement. The study suggests EE develops more from internal family communication patterns than external stressors.
Young girls in developed countries are primarily affected with eating disorders. Persons with anorexia are honest, do not disobey, and hide their inner feeling, tend to be good in whatever they do and often excellent athletes. Research says that anorexia people eat less to gain a sense of control over their lives.
Child Behavior Problems and Parental Well-Being inFamilies o.docxchristinemaritza
Child Behavior Problems and Parental Well-Being in
Families of Children With Autism: The Mediating Role of
Mindfulness and Acceptance
Leah Jones, Richard Patrick Hastings, Vasiliki Totsika, Lisa Keane, and Neisha Rhule
Abstract
Few research studies have explored how the level of a child’s behavior problems leads to
psychological distress in parents of children with autism. The authors explored whether
psychological acceptance and mindfulness mediated this relationship between child behavior
and parental distress. Seventy-one mothers and 39 fathers of children with autism
participated, by reporting on their own positive and negative psychological well-being and
their child’s behavior problems. Psychological acceptance was found to act as a mediator
variable for maternal anxiety, depression, and stress, and for paternal depression. General
mindfulness and mindful parenting had significant mediation effects for maternal anxiety,
depression, and stress. These results contribute to evidence that mindfulness and acceptance
may be important parental psychological processes, with implications for parent support.
Key Words: autism spectrum disorder; parents; mindfulness; mindful parenting; psychological acceptance
Parents, especially mothers, of children with an
autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often report
elevated psychological-distress profiles compared
with parents of typically developing children
(Eisenhower, Baker, & Blacher, 2005; Schieve,
Blumberg, Rice, Visser, & Boyle, 2007; Totsika,
Hastings, Emerson, Berridge, & Lancaster 2011)
and compared with parents of children with other
disabilities, including Down syndrome (Da-
browska & Pisula, 2010; Olsson & Hwang,
2003), Fragile X syndrome (Abbeduto et al.,
2004), cerebral palsy (Eisenhower et al., 2005),
and intellectual disability (ID) alone (Blacher &
McIntyre, 2006; Totsika et al., 2011). Within
samples of parents of children with ASD, child
behavior problems have regularly been associated
with negative outcomes, in cross-sectional and
longitudinal designs (Hastings et al., 2005;
Herring et al., 2006; Lecavalier, Leone, & Wiltz,
2006; Lounds, Seltzer, Greenberg, & Shattuck,
2007; Totsika et al., 2011). Given the longitudinal
design of some studies (e.g., Herring et al., 2006;
Lecavalier et al., 2006), there is evidence to
indicate that child behavior problems function
as a risk factor for parental negative outcomes.
With both theoretical and practical consider-
ations in mind, it is important to ask how the
behavior problems of children with ASD come to
have an impact on parental well-being. ‘‘How’’
questions in this context relate to the identification
of mediator variables, defined as the processes that
intervene between a risk factor (e.g., child behavior
problems) and outcomes (such as parental psycho-
logical distress; see Baron & Kenny, 1986).
Identification of mediator variables is theoretically
important because we develop a better understand-
ing of psychological distress in par ...
CPA 2011 Scott, Hakim-Larson, Babb, MullinsShawna Scott
This study examined how parental depression and hope in university students relate to coping behaviors and relationship quality with parents. Students high in hope were more likely to cope through active coping and religion and viewed relationships with parents more positively. They reported less anger towards fathers. More research is needed on cultivating resilience in those with parents displaying depression symptoms.
The document summarizes research on the impact of childhood disabilities on families. It finds that while disabilities can increase demands on families' time and resources, families also experience personal and spiritual growth. While some differences exist based on specific diagnoses, caregivers of children with various conditions experience similar impacts. Research shows that childhood disabilities are associated with increased stress and depression for parents. However, factors like child behavior problems and care needs, rather than just the diagnosis, are better predictors of negative family outcomes. Marital adjustment and overall family functioning also influence stress levels, and many families of children with disabilities function well. Parental self-efficacy and coping styles further impact outcomes.
Family Meals Buffer the Daily Emotional Risk Associated With FChereCheek752
Family Meals Buffer the Daily Emotional Risk Associated With Family
Conflict
Emma Armstrong-Carter
Stanford University
Eva H. Telzer
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Family meals have been associated with positive adolescent outcomes in cross-sectional and longitudinal
research. However, it is not known how adolescents experience family meals on a daily basis, and
whether family meals buffer stresses associated with interpersonal conflicts on the daily level. To address
this gap in the literature, adolescents (N � 396, 58% female, Mage � 14.57 years) completed diary
checklists for up to 14 days, reporting their emotions, experiences of family and peer conflict, and
whether they ate with their family that day. On days that adolescents shared a family meal, they felt
greater happiness and role fulfillment, and less burnout and distress. Moreover, family conflict was
associated with more negative emotionality only on days that adolescents did not also eat with the family.
Findings suggest that family meals buffer daily risks associated with familial conflicts. Follow-up
analyses suggest that these processes may be particularly important among older adolescents.
Keywords: adolescence, family meal, emotions, family conflict, peer conflict
During busy daily life, meals are often the only time when
family members come together to engage, and provide and receive
emotional support (Larson, Branscomb, & Wiley, 2006). Perhaps
in part because daily family meals represent a stable, routine, and
context for emotional connectedness (Goldfarb, Tarver, & Sen,
2014; Jones, 2018), family meals have been associated with many
positive outcomes across development. For example, adolescents
who more frequently eat with the family are less likely to be
overweight or underweight, have substance use problems, and
struggle with clinical depression (Fulkerson et al., 2006), and tend
to feel more emotionally close to parents and siblings (Fiese et al.,
2002) compared with their peers. The benefits associated with
family meals also extend beyond the home. Adolescents who more
frequently eat with the family tend to exhibit higher academic
performance (Eisenberg, Olson, Neumark-Sztainer, Story, & Bear-
inger, 2004), fewer antisocial behaviors (Fulkerson et al., 2006;
Prior & Limbert, 2013; Sen, 2010), and increased social compe-
tencies with peers (Fulkerson et al., 2006).
Prior research has been almost entirely cross-sectional, retro-
spective, or longitudinal, which can only tell us about average
meal eating behaviors between adolescents. This work has exam-
ined how average family meals at one time point relate to average
well-being at another time point (Goldfarb et al., 2014). To extend
prior research, it is important to clarify whether family meals are
associated with positive or negative emotions on the daily level.
Examining temporal relations at the daily level may help us to
understand the processes by which family meals promote long-
term well-bei ...
1) The document describes a randomized trial that tested the effects of a coping skills training (CST) intervention for school-aged children (ages 8-12) with type 1 diabetes compared to general diabetes education.
2) Both groups showed improvements over time in outcomes like impact of diabetes, coping abilities, self-efficacy, depressive symptoms and parental control. However, treatment modality moderated some intervention effects.
3) The CST intervention aimed to teach children and parents more constructive coping behaviors to help with the transition to adolescence and diabetes management responsibilities. Preliminary short-term results were promising for improved family functioning and life satisfaction compared to education.
1) The document describes a randomized trial that tested the effects of a coping skills training (CST) intervention for school-aged children (ages 8-12) with type 1 diabetes compared to general diabetes education.
2) Both groups showed improvements over time in outcomes like impact of diabetes, coping, self-efficacy, depressive symptoms, and parental control. However, treatment modality moderated some intervention effects.
3) The CST intervention aimed to teach children and parents more constructive coping behaviors to help with the transition to adolescence and diabetes management responsibilities. Preliminary short-term results were promising for family functioning and life satisfaction.
This study examined factors that predict expressed emotion (EE), which measures family criticism and emotional involvement, in mothers of young children. 276 mothers completed questionnaires assessing family stress, functioning, and EE. Results showed that family expressiveness, or how openly emotions are communicated in the family, was the most consistent predictor of maternal EE. Higher family expressiveness was associated with lower maternal criticism and emotional involvement. The study suggests EE develops more from internal family communication patterns than external stressors.
Young girls in developed countries are primarily affected with eating disorders. Persons with anorexia are honest, do not disobey, and hide their inner feeling, tend to be good in whatever they do and often excellent athletes. Research says that anorexia people eat less to gain a sense of control over their lives.
Child Behavior Problems and Parental Well-Being inFamilies o.docxchristinemaritza
Child Behavior Problems and Parental Well-Being in
Families of Children With Autism: The Mediating Role of
Mindfulness and Acceptance
Leah Jones, Richard Patrick Hastings, Vasiliki Totsika, Lisa Keane, and Neisha Rhule
Abstract
Few research studies have explored how the level of a child’s behavior problems leads to
psychological distress in parents of children with autism. The authors explored whether
psychological acceptance and mindfulness mediated this relationship between child behavior
and parental distress. Seventy-one mothers and 39 fathers of children with autism
participated, by reporting on their own positive and negative psychological well-being and
their child’s behavior problems. Psychological acceptance was found to act as a mediator
variable for maternal anxiety, depression, and stress, and for paternal depression. General
mindfulness and mindful parenting had significant mediation effects for maternal anxiety,
depression, and stress. These results contribute to evidence that mindfulness and acceptance
may be important parental psychological processes, with implications for parent support.
Key Words: autism spectrum disorder; parents; mindfulness; mindful parenting; psychological acceptance
Parents, especially mothers, of children with an
autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often report
elevated psychological-distress profiles compared
with parents of typically developing children
(Eisenhower, Baker, & Blacher, 2005; Schieve,
Blumberg, Rice, Visser, & Boyle, 2007; Totsika,
Hastings, Emerson, Berridge, & Lancaster 2011)
and compared with parents of children with other
disabilities, including Down syndrome (Da-
browska & Pisula, 2010; Olsson & Hwang,
2003), Fragile X syndrome (Abbeduto et al.,
2004), cerebral palsy (Eisenhower et al., 2005),
and intellectual disability (ID) alone (Blacher &
McIntyre, 2006; Totsika et al., 2011). Within
samples of parents of children with ASD, child
behavior problems have regularly been associated
with negative outcomes, in cross-sectional and
longitudinal designs (Hastings et al., 2005;
Herring et al., 2006; Lecavalier, Leone, & Wiltz,
2006; Lounds, Seltzer, Greenberg, & Shattuck,
2007; Totsika et al., 2011). Given the longitudinal
design of some studies (e.g., Herring et al., 2006;
Lecavalier et al., 2006), there is evidence to
indicate that child behavior problems function
as a risk factor for parental negative outcomes.
With both theoretical and practical consider-
ations in mind, it is important to ask how the
behavior problems of children with ASD come to
have an impact on parental well-being. ‘‘How’’
questions in this context relate to the identification
of mediator variables, defined as the processes that
intervene between a risk factor (e.g., child behavior
problems) and outcomes (such as parental psycho-
logical distress; see Baron & Kenny, 1986).
Identification of mediator variables is theoretically
important because we develop a better understand-
ing of psychological distress in par ...
CPA 2011 Scott, Hakim-Larson, Babb, MullinsShawna Scott
This study examined how parental depression and hope in university students relate to coping behaviors and relationship quality with parents. Students high in hope were more likely to cope through active coping and religion and viewed relationships with parents more positively. They reported less anger towards fathers. More research is needed on cultivating resilience in those with parents displaying depression symptoms.
Critique the following research article.pdfsdfghj21
This study evaluated the impact of a home-based intervention on the health of 529 female grandmothers raising grandchildren. The intervention involved home visits from nurses and social workers providing services. Health was assessed before and after using the SF-36 questionnaire. Results showed significantly improved scores in vitality, physical role functioning, emotional role functioning, and mental health after the intervention. The findings suggest grandmother caregivers may benefit from home-based interventions to improve health.
Family functioning predicts later expressed emotion (EE) in parents of young children. In a study of 276 mothers, family expressiveness consistently predicted EE when children reached kindergarten, even after controlling for other family stress factors. Specifically, higher family expressiveness at the initial time point and when children were 1-3 years old predicted lower critical EE and overall EE later. Marital satisfaction also predicted lower later critical EE. This suggests that promoting positive family communication and relationships may reduce critical attitudes expressed by parents toward their children over time.
This study examined the relationship between expressed emotion (EE), a measure of family criticism and emotional involvement, in mothers of young children and aspects of early family functioning. The study found:
1) Family expressiveness, a measure of open communication in the family, was the most consistent predictor of later maternal EE. Higher levels of family expressiveness predicted lower levels of later maternal criticism and overall EE.
2) Higher levels of parenting stress and negative life events also predicted higher levels of later maternal criticism, as measured by EE.
3) The study adds to evidence that aspects of early family functioning, like communication patterns and stress, are associated with later expressed emotion in parents of young children.
Parental stress, affective symptoms and marital satisfaction in parents of ch...James Cook University
Lovisotto, R., Caltabiano, N., & Hajhashemi, K. (2015). International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 5(10), 30-38.
Abstract: Parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), a life-long developmental disorder, responded to an online survey considering their stress experience, affective symptoms and marital satisfaction. As these parents sourced different programs for their children, type of program was used to assign parents to different groups in order to consider their stress, affective symptoms and marital satisfaction. The type of programs parents used included the Applied Behaviour Analysis (n=15); Early Intervention Centre (n=13) and no formal program (n=16). Parents of children with ASD in the ABA group reported significantly lower parental stress scores, lower affective symptoms scores and higher marital satisfaction scores compared to the other two groups. These results are suggestive of the beneficial effect that an ABA program can have on the family unit.
ArticleEffect of a Paraprofessional Home-Visiting Interven.docxfredharris32
Article
Effect of a Paraprofessional Home-Visiting Intervention on
American Indian Teen Mothers’ and Infants’ Behavioral
Risks: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Allison Barlow, M.A., M.P.H.
Britta Mullany, Ph.D., M.H.S.
Nicole Neault, M.P.H.
Scott Compton, Ph.D.
Alice Carter, Ph.D.
Ranelda Hastings, B.S.
Trudy Billy, B.S.
Valerie Coho-Mescal
Sherilynn Lorenzo
John T. Walkup, M.D.
Objective: The authors sought to exam-
ine the effectiveness of Family Spirit, a
paraprofessional-delivered, home-visiting
pregnancy and early childhood interven-
tion, in improving American Indian teen
mothers’ parenting outcomes and moth-
ers’ and children’s emotional and behav-
ioral functioning 12 months postpartum.
Method: Pregnant American Indian teens
(N=322) from four southwestern tribal
reservation communities were randomly
assigned in equal numbers to the Family
Spirit intervention plus optimized stan-
dard care or to optimized standard care
alone. Parent and child emotional and
behavioral outcome data were collected at
baseline and at 2, 6, and 12 months
postpartum using self-reports, interviews,
and observational measures.
Results: At 12 months postpartum, moth-
ers in the intervention group had sig-
nificantly greater parenting knowledge,
parenting self-efficacy, and home safety
attitudes and fewer externalizing behav-
iors, and their children had fewer ex-
ternalizing problems. In a subsample of
mothers with any lifetime substance use at
baseline (N=285; 88.5%), children in the
intervention group had fewer externalizing
and dysregulation problems than those in
the standard care group, and fewer scored
in the clinically “at risk” range ($10th
percentile) for externalizing and internal-
izing problems. No between-group differ-
ences were observed for outcomes
measured by the Home Observation for
Measurement of the Environment scale.
Conclusions: Outcomes 12 months post-
partum suggest that the Family Spirit
intervention improves parenting and in-
fant outcomes that predict lower lifetime
behavioral and drug use risk for partici-
pating teen mothers and children.
(Am J Psychiatry 2013; 170:83–93)
Nearly half (41%) of American Indian and Alaska
Native females begin child-rearing in adolescence, com-
pared with 21% for all races overall in the United States,
and bear twice as many children while in their teens
compared with the general U.S. population (1, 2). Teen
pregnancy and child-rearing are associated with negative
maternal outcomes and poor parenting, which put teens’
children at higher risk for behavioral health problems in
their lifetime (3–5). Compounding the challenge of teen
parenting, American Indian and Alaska Native adolescent
females experience higher drug use rates and related
conduct problems than other U.S. ethnic groups, in-
cluding school dropout, intentional and unintentional
injury, and sexually transmitted disease (1, 6, 7). Native
communities have limited professional health care
resources for young families and face s ...
This document summarizes a study that investigated factors like mind-mindedness, stress, and empathy in parents of children with Down syndrome, 22q11 deletion syndrome, and typically developing children. The study used new measures of mind-mindedness and measured levels of mind-mindedness, empathy, and parental stress in 160 parents total. Results found significant effects between parental stress levels and diagnosis, and between mind-mindedness and parental stress. However, no significance was found for other relationships tested. The study suggests mind-mindedness can predict variance in parenting stress levels.
1. The document discusses four studies that examine the relationship between body weight/BMI and mental health issues like depression, social anxiety, insomnia, and suicide risk.
2. The studies found mixed results, with some finding a relationship between higher BMI and worse mental health outcomes, while others found no significant relationship or an inverse relationship between BMI and certain issues like depression.
3. Gender also appeared to influence relationships in some cases, such as higher BMI being linked to greater risk of anxiety disorders in women but not men in one study.
Personality Factors as Related to Stresses among Parents of Mentally Sub-Norm...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between personality factors and stress levels among parents of mentally sub-normal children. 150 parents aged 35-55 years completed questionnaires measuring their personality using the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire and their stress levels using a 30-item stress scale. Results found that 7 of the 16 personality factors (A, B, E, F, H, O, Q4) were significantly related to higher stress scores in parents. However, the majority of personality factors (C,G,I,L,M,N,Q1, Q2, Q3) did not significantly impact parental stress levels. The study provides insight into how certain personality traits may influence the stress experienced by parents of
The Placemat Protocol is a novel measure designed to assess preschoolers' developing schemas of healthy meals. It involves children creating two pretend meals using highly realistic toy food models - a preferred meal and a healthy meal. The researcher can then analyze various dimensions of the meals created, such as nutritional content. The study aimed to validate this measure by comparing the nutritional profiles of the preferred vs. healthy meals and examining correlations with other measures of nutrition knowledge and dietary behaviors. Results showed children's healthy meals contained fewer calories, less fat and sugar, and more fiber than their preferred meals, supporting the validity of the Placemat Protocol as a developmentally appropriate way to measure preschoolers' understanding of healthy eating.
This study examined the relationship between family functioning and religiosity/spirituality. A survey was completed by 144 participants recruited through Penn State students. The study found no correlation between family functioning and religiosity/spirituality, contradicting the hypothesis. Additionally, the study found no difference in religiosity between males and females or difference in family functioning between genders, consistent with hypotheses. Contrary to hypotheses, marital status was also not correlated with higher family functioning. Several limitations of the small, biased sample were noted.
This document provides a literature review on the origins of resilience in families facing socioeconomic hardship, separation, and parental bereavement. It examines various risks such as low socioeconomic status, parenting styles, attachment, marital relationships, separation, and parental bereavement. Protective factors that can buffer these risks and promote family resilience are also explored, such as authoritative parenting, secure attachment between parents and children, strong marital relationships, social support systems, and positive belief systems. The review draws from multiple studies and analyzes factors like communication, nurturing behaviors, and family cohesion that contribute to building resilience in families facing adversity.
This document summarizes a hypothesis article about the role of food offering in emotion regulation. The article proposes that food offering can be used for empathic emotion regulation, where offering food is motivated by the emotional state of the recipient and aims to regulate emotions in both the provider and recipient. It reviews literature showing food can influence mood and emotions, and that eating is a social behavior. It hypothesizes that early regulatory interactions involving food shape how people later use food for emotion regulation. Offering and sharing food may increase intimacy and decrease negative emotions while increasing positive emotions for both parties. However, over-reliance on food for regulation could lead to problems like eating disorders. Future research should study interpersonal functions of food offering.
Case Number 7Student’s NameInstitution Affiliation.docxjasoninnes20
Case Number 7
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Case Number 7. The case of physician do not heal thyself
Questions
1. Have you recently engaged in risky behaviors such as binge eating, unsafe sex, gambling, drug and substance abuse, or risky driving?
1. How would you describe your relationships with people such as your spouse, friends, neighbors, colleagues, and strangers while considering aspects of anger, irritability, and violence?
1. Do you have a recurring problem of variant moods that result to interpersonal stress, feeling of emptiness, and other challenges that are stress-related and they push you towards suicidal thoughts?
People to speak to
It is crucial to identify the right people to provide essential details for the assessment of the patient. Some of the most important people include the spouses, siblings, family friends, personal friends, and neighbors. Furthermore, the patient’s colleagues can provide important information regarding the behaviors of the patient and help in identifying issues that the patient could be hiding. Speaking to the people to whom the patient exercises authority is important in attaining the true image of the person.
Physical exam and diagnostic test
The disorder is mental, but it can be assessed through physical exams that indicate how the brain is working in relation to actions ( Stahl 2013). Fixing a puzzle would be an effective way of testing the patient and how stable they can be. The other approach is engaging the patient in a physical exercise and observing their participation. Physical exams provide a diagnostic insight to test how the patient relates with others.
Diagnoses
Personality Disorder
Mood Disorder
Depression with psychotic features
Pharmacological agents
Application of antidepressants
Use of antipsychotics
Administering mood-stabilizing drugs
Contradictions or Alterations
It is a complex situation to treat a complex and long-term unstable disorder of mood because the patients experience different emotions even during therapy (Yasuda & Huang 2008). It becomes difficult to separate mood disorder from personality disorder especially for difficult patient like in this case. Furthermore, there are no specific drugs that can be used for treatment without additional therapy since this patient is able to adjust or play with their own treatment as a physician. The mental condition observed in the patient requires a careful approach due to the delicate situations involving suicidal thoughts and aggression.
Lessons Learned
In the case study “The case of physician do not heal thyself,” the lessons include the importance of conducting a complete assessment of the patient and including other people who interact with the patient. It would be more effective to treat such conditions if the patients had stable emotions, but strategic approaches can help to streamline the treatment process ( Stahl 2014b).
References
Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacol ...
Case Number 7Student’s NameInstitution Affiliation.docxdewhirstichabod
Case Number 7
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Case Number 7. The case of physician do not heal thyself
Questions
1. Have you recently engaged in risky behaviors such as binge eating, unsafe sex, gambling, drug and substance abuse, or risky driving?
1. How would you describe your relationships with people such as your spouse, friends, neighbors, colleagues, and strangers while considering aspects of anger, irritability, and violence?
1. Do you have a recurring problem of variant moods that result to interpersonal stress, feeling of emptiness, and other challenges that are stress-related and they push you towards suicidal thoughts?
People to speak to
It is crucial to identify the right people to provide essential details for the assessment of the patient. Some of the most important people include the spouses, siblings, family friends, personal friends, and neighbors. Furthermore, the patient’s colleagues can provide important information regarding the behaviors of the patient and help in identifying issues that the patient could be hiding. Speaking to the people to whom the patient exercises authority is important in attaining the true image of the person.
Physical exam and diagnostic test
The disorder is mental, but it can be assessed through physical exams that indicate how the brain is working in relation to actions ( Stahl 2013). Fixing a puzzle would be an effective way of testing the patient and how stable they can be. The other approach is engaging the patient in a physical exercise and observing their participation. Physical exams provide a diagnostic insight to test how the patient relates with others.
Diagnoses
Personality Disorder
Mood Disorder
Depression with psychotic features
Pharmacological agents
Application of antidepressants
Use of antipsychotics
Administering mood-stabilizing drugs
Contradictions or Alterations
It is a complex situation to treat a complex and long-term unstable disorder of mood because the patients experience different emotions even during therapy (Yasuda & Huang 2008). It becomes difficult to separate mood disorder from personality disorder especially for difficult patient like in this case. Furthermore, there are no specific drugs that can be used for treatment without additional therapy since this patient is able to adjust or play with their own treatment as a physician. The mental condition observed in the patient requires a careful approach due to the delicate situations involving suicidal thoughts and aggression.
Lessons Learned
In the case study “The case of physician do not heal thyself,” the lessons include the importance of conducting a complete assessment of the patient and including other people who interact with the patient. It would be more effective to treat such conditions if the patients had stable emotions, but strategic approaches can help to streamline the treatment process ( Stahl 2014b).
References
Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacol.
Constants and change. Conceptualisation of family strengths vary by culture, by generation, and by research methods. Browse this collection of family strengths to sensitise your observations of family life.
This annotated bibliography summarizes several studies on homelessness and the parent-child relationship. The studies found that maternal mental health strongly correlates with childhood behavioral problems. Homeless children exhibited developmental delays and low language skills. Exposure to trauma negatively impacted children, but positive parenting helped mitigate these effects by providing structure and responsiveness. Prenatal depression led mothers to view their children more negatively, and socioeconomic disadvantage was linked to poorer outcomes, which parenting could mediate. Overall, the studies emphasize that homelessness poses risks to children, but positive parenting can help offset negative impacts on development and the parent-child relationship.
The document summarizes a substance use disorder treatment program for families that implements trauma-informed and evidence-based practices. It finds that participants have extensive trauma histories, including high Adverse Childhood Experience scores and trauma symptoms. The program uses therapies like Celebrating Families!, Family Behavior Therapy, and Seeking Safety to treat co-occurring substance use and trauma and improve family outcomes. Post-treatment, families reported improved housing stability, permanency for children, and mental well-being.
This study examined the relationships between maternal stress, challenging child behaviors (aggression and self-injury), and maternal cognitions. 46 mothers of children/young adults with intellectual disabilities completed questionnaires. The results found:
1) Challenging behaviors were positively correlated with maternal stress.
2) Maternal cognitions were related to both challenging behaviors and stress levels.
3) Cognitions about the consequences of behaviors partially mediated the relationship between behaviors and stress. Specifically, perceptions of consequences for the child were a significant mediator for both aggression and self-injury.
Attachment-Based Interventions And Eating Related Disorders In FemalesTracy Morgan
This document describes a study that evaluated the effect of attachment-based interventions on eating disorders in females. 32 elementary school females with eating disorders, obesity, and attachment issues participated. The experimental group mothers received 10 attachment-based intervention sessions over 2.5 months, while the control group received no intervention. Questionnaires assessed attachment disorders, eating disorders, and disorders caused by eating pre- and post-intervention. Results showed the intervention significantly reduced disorders caused by eating in the experimental group compared to the control group at post-test and follow-up. The study concluded attachment-based treatment can help reduce eating disorder symptoms in children.
Assignment DetailsScenario You are member of a prisoner revie.docxfaithxdunce63732
Assignment Details
Scenario:
You are member of a prisoner review board for a minimum-security facility in your state. Included among the inmates are a number of heroin addicts who were charged with possession crimes and some minor thefts through which they supported their habits.
Please include answers in your main post for the following questions:
What are the methods of treatment for heroin addiction?
What is the difference between heroin detoxification and heroin addiction treatment?
What is the best method for ensuring the heroin addict does not return to heroin abuse? Does long-term incarceration play a role?
.
Assignment DetailsScenario You are an investigator for Child .docxfaithxdunce63732
Assignment Details
Scenario:
You are an investigator for Child Protective Services in your community. One of the most difficult aspects of interviewing is the interview of a suspected victim of child sexual abuse. Often, the first interviewers are detectives or investigators from the police department with little or no training for interviewing child sexual abuse victims. The Commander of the Sex Crimes Unit would like to you to identify errors in interviewing by police investigators when questioning child sex crime victims about the circumstances during the alleged offense(s). The psychopathology of the suspect and the victim are very important, but the victim can be misled unintentionally by police resulting in false or inaccurate complaint information.
The Commander of the Sex Crimes Unit would like you to outline and explain the specific areas to be avoided when questioning a child as a sex crime victim.
Specifically, he is concerned with the following:
The use of suggestive questions
The implication of confirmation by other people
Use of positive and negative consequences
Repetitious questioning
Inviting speculation
In a 3–5-page paper, address the specific concerns, and explain why it is preferable to have the child interviewed by a person with the qualifications to potentially testify as an expert witness in subsequent criminal trials
.
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Critique the following research article.pdfsdfghj21
This study evaluated the impact of a home-based intervention on the health of 529 female grandmothers raising grandchildren. The intervention involved home visits from nurses and social workers providing services. Health was assessed before and after using the SF-36 questionnaire. Results showed significantly improved scores in vitality, physical role functioning, emotional role functioning, and mental health after the intervention. The findings suggest grandmother caregivers may benefit from home-based interventions to improve health.
Family functioning predicts later expressed emotion (EE) in parents of young children. In a study of 276 mothers, family expressiveness consistently predicted EE when children reached kindergarten, even after controlling for other family stress factors. Specifically, higher family expressiveness at the initial time point and when children were 1-3 years old predicted lower critical EE and overall EE later. Marital satisfaction also predicted lower later critical EE. This suggests that promoting positive family communication and relationships may reduce critical attitudes expressed by parents toward their children over time.
This study examined the relationship between expressed emotion (EE), a measure of family criticism and emotional involvement, in mothers of young children and aspects of early family functioning. The study found:
1) Family expressiveness, a measure of open communication in the family, was the most consistent predictor of later maternal EE. Higher levels of family expressiveness predicted lower levels of later maternal criticism and overall EE.
2) Higher levels of parenting stress and negative life events also predicted higher levels of later maternal criticism, as measured by EE.
3) The study adds to evidence that aspects of early family functioning, like communication patterns and stress, are associated with later expressed emotion in parents of young children.
Parental stress, affective symptoms and marital satisfaction in parents of ch...James Cook University
Lovisotto, R., Caltabiano, N., & Hajhashemi, K. (2015). International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 5(10), 30-38.
Abstract: Parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), a life-long developmental disorder, responded to an online survey considering their stress experience, affective symptoms and marital satisfaction. As these parents sourced different programs for their children, type of program was used to assign parents to different groups in order to consider their stress, affective symptoms and marital satisfaction. The type of programs parents used included the Applied Behaviour Analysis (n=15); Early Intervention Centre (n=13) and no formal program (n=16). Parents of children with ASD in the ABA group reported significantly lower parental stress scores, lower affective symptoms scores and higher marital satisfaction scores compared to the other two groups. These results are suggestive of the beneficial effect that an ABA program can have on the family unit.
ArticleEffect of a Paraprofessional Home-Visiting Interven.docxfredharris32
Article
Effect of a Paraprofessional Home-Visiting Intervention on
American Indian Teen Mothers’ and Infants’ Behavioral
Risks: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Allison Barlow, M.A., M.P.H.
Britta Mullany, Ph.D., M.H.S.
Nicole Neault, M.P.H.
Scott Compton, Ph.D.
Alice Carter, Ph.D.
Ranelda Hastings, B.S.
Trudy Billy, B.S.
Valerie Coho-Mescal
Sherilynn Lorenzo
John T. Walkup, M.D.
Objective: The authors sought to exam-
ine the effectiveness of Family Spirit, a
paraprofessional-delivered, home-visiting
pregnancy and early childhood interven-
tion, in improving American Indian teen
mothers’ parenting outcomes and moth-
ers’ and children’s emotional and behav-
ioral functioning 12 months postpartum.
Method: Pregnant American Indian teens
(N=322) from four southwestern tribal
reservation communities were randomly
assigned in equal numbers to the Family
Spirit intervention plus optimized stan-
dard care or to optimized standard care
alone. Parent and child emotional and
behavioral outcome data were collected at
baseline and at 2, 6, and 12 months
postpartum using self-reports, interviews,
and observational measures.
Results: At 12 months postpartum, moth-
ers in the intervention group had sig-
nificantly greater parenting knowledge,
parenting self-efficacy, and home safety
attitudes and fewer externalizing behav-
iors, and their children had fewer ex-
ternalizing problems. In a subsample of
mothers with any lifetime substance use at
baseline (N=285; 88.5%), children in the
intervention group had fewer externalizing
and dysregulation problems than those in
the standard care group, and fewer scored
in the clinically “at risk” range ($10th
percentile) for externalizing and internal-
izing problems. No between-group differ-
ences were observed for outcomes
measured by the Home Observation for
Measurement of the Environment scale.
Conclusions: Outcomes 12 months post-
partum suggest that the Family Spirit
intervention improves parenting and in-
fant outcomes that predict lower lifetime
behavioral and drug use risk for partici-
pating teen mothers and children.
(Am J Psychiatry 2013; 170:83–93)
Nearly half (41%) of American Indian and Alaska
Native females begin child-rearing in adolescence, com-
pared with 21% for all races overall in the United States,
and bear twice as many children while in their teens
compared with the general U.S. population (1, 2). Teen
pregnancy and child-rearing are associated with negative
maternal outcomes and poor parenting, which put teens’
children at higher risk for behavioral health problems in
their lifetime (3–5). Compounding the challenge of teen
parenting, American Indian and Alaska Native adolescent
females experience higher drug use rates and related
conduct problems than other U.S. ethnic groups, in-
cluding school dropout, intentional and unintentional
injury, and sexually transmitted disease (1, 6, 7). Native
communities have limited professional health care
resources for young families and face s ...
This document summarizes a study that investigated factors like mind-mindedness, stress, and empathy in parents of children with Down syndrome, 22q11 deletion syndrome, and typically developing children. The study used new measures of mind-mindedness and measured levels of mind-mindedness, empathy, and parental stress in 160 parents total. Results found significant effects between parental stress levels and diagnosis, and between mind-mindedness and parental stress. However, no significance was found for other relationships tested. The study suggests mind-mindedness can predict variance in parenting stress levels.
1. The document discusses four studies that examine the relationship between body weight/BMI and mental health issues like depression, social anxiety, insomnia, and suicide risk.
2. The studies found mixed results, with some finding a relationship between higher BMI and worse mental health outcomes, while others found no significant relationship or an inverse relationship between BMI and certain issues like depression.
3. Gender also appeared to influence relationships in some cases, such as higher BMI being linked to greater risk of anxiety disorders in women but not men in one study.
Personality Factors as Related to Stresses among Parents of Mentally Sub-Norm...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between personality factors and stress levels among parents of mentally sub-normal children. 150 parents aged 35-55 years completed questionnaires measuring their personality using the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire and their stress levels using a 30-item stress scale. Results found that 7 of the 16 personality factors (A, B, E, F, H, O, Q4) were significantly related to higher stress scores in parents. However, the majority of personality factors (C,G,I,L,M,N,Q1, Q2, Q3) did not significantly impact parental stress levels. The study provides insight into how certain personality traits may influence the stress experienced by parents of
The Placemat Protocol is a novel measure designed to assess preschoolers' developing schemas of healthy meals. It involves children creating two pretend meals using highly realistic toy food models - a preferred meal and a healthy meal. The researcher can then analyze various dimensions of the meals created, such as nutritional content. The study aimed to validate this measure by comparing the nutritional profiles of the preferred vs. healthy meals and examining correlations with other measures of nutrition knowledge and dietary behaviors. Results showed children's healthy meals contained fewer calories, less fat and sugar, and more fiber than their preferred meals, supporting the validity of the Placemat Protocol as a developmentally appropriate way to measure preschoolers' understanding of healthy eating.
This study examined the relationship between family functioning and religiosity/spirituality. A survey was completed by 144 participants recruited through Penn State students. The study found no correlation between family functioning and religiosity/spirituality, contradicting the hypothesis. Additionally, the study found no difference in religiosity between males and females or difference in family functioning between genders, consistent with hypotheses. Contrary to hypotheses, marital status was also not correlated with higher family functioning. Several limitations of the small, biased sample were noted.
This document provides a literature review on the origins of resilience in families facing socioeconomic hardship, separation, and parental bereavement. It examines various risks such as low socioeconomic status, parenting styles, attachment, marital relationships, separation, and parental bereavement. Protective factors that can buffer these risks and promote family resilience are also explored, such as authoritative parenting, secure attachment between parents and children, strong marital relationships, social support systems, and positive belief systems. The review draws from multiple studies and analyzes factors like communication, nurturing behaviors, and family cohesion that contribute to building resilience in families facing adversity.
This document summarizes a hypothesis article about the role of food offering in emotion regulation. The article proposes that food offering can be used for empathic emotion regulation, where offering food is motivated by the emotional state of the recipient and aims to regulate emotions in both the provider and recipient. It reviews literature showing food can influence mood and emotions, and that eating is a social behavior. It hypothesizes that early regulatory interactions involving food shape how people later use food for emotion regulation. Offering and sharing food may increase intimacy and decrease negative emotions while increasing positive emotions for both parties. However, over-reliance on food for regulation could lead to problems like eating disorders. Future research should study interpersonal functions of food offering.
Case Number 7Student’s NameInstitution Affiliation.docxjasoninnes20
Case Number 7
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Case Number 7. The case of physician do not heal thyself
Questions
1. Have you recently engaged in risky behaviors such as binge eating, unsafe sex, gambling, drug and substance abuse, or risky driving?
1. How would you describe your relationships with people such as your spouse, friends, neighbors, colleagues, and strangers while considering aspects of anger, irritability, and violence?
1. Do you have a recurring problem of variant moods that result to interpersonal stress, feeling of emptiness, and other challenges that are stress-related and they push you towards suicidal thoughts?
People to speak to
It is crucial to identify the right people to provide essential details for the assessment of the patient. Some of the most important people include the spouses, siblings, family friends, personal friends, and neighbors. Furthermore, the patient’s colleagues can provide important information regarding the behaviors of the patient and help in identifying issues that the patient could be hiding. Speaking to the people to whom the patient exercises authority is important in attaining the true image of the person.
Physical exam and diagnostic test
The disorder is mental, but it can be assessed through physical exams that indicate how the brain is working in relation to actions ( Stahl 2013). Fixing a puzzle would be an effective way of testing the patient and how stable they can be. The other approach is engaging the patient in a physical exercise and observing their participation. Physical exams provide a diagnostic insight to test how the patient relates with others.
Diagnoses
Personality Disorder
Mood Disorder
Depression with psychotic features
Pharmacological agents
Application of antidepressants
Use of antipsychotics
Administering mood-stabilizing drugs
Contradictions or Alterations
It is a complex situation to treat a complex and long-term unstable disorder of mood because the patients experience different emotions even during therapy (Yasuda & Huang 2008). It becomes difficult to separate mood disorder from personality disorder especially for difficult patient like in this case. Furthermore, there are no specific drugs that can be used for treatment without additional therapy since this patient is able to adjust or play with their own treatment as a physician. The mental condition observed in the patient requires a careful approach due to the delicate situations involving suicidal thoughts and aggression.
Lessons Learned
In the case study “The case of physician do not heal thyself,” the lessons include the importance of conducting a complete assessment of the patient and including other people who interact with the patient. It would be more effective to treat such conditions if the patients had stable emotions, but strategic approaches can help to streamline the treatment process ( Stahl 2014b).
References
Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacol ...
Case Number 7Student’s NameInstitution Affiliation.docxdewhirstichabod
Case Number 7
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Case Number 7. The case of physician do not heal thyself
Questions
1. Have you recently engaged in risky behaviors such as binge eating, unsafe sex, gambling, drug and substance abuse, or risky driving?
1. How would you describe your relationships with people such as your spouse, friends, neighbors, colleagues, and strangers while considering aspects of anger, irritability, and violence?
1. Do you have a recurring problem of variant moods that result to interpersonal stress, feeling of emptiness, and other challenges that are stress-related and they push you towards suicidal thoughts?
People to speak to
It is crucial to identify the right people to provide essential details for the assessment of the patient. Some of the most important people include the spouses, siblings, family friends, personal friends, and neighbors. Furthermore, the patient’s colleagues can provide important information regarding the behaviors of the patient and help in identifying issues that the patient could be hiding. Speaking to the people to whom the patient exercises authority is important in attaining the true image of the person.
Physical exam and diagnostic test
The disorder is mental, but it can be assessed through physical exams that indicate how the brain is working in relation to actions ( Stahl 2013). Fixing a puzzle would be an effective way of testing the patient and how stable they can be. The other approach is engaging the patient in a physical exercise and observing their participation. Physical exams provide a diagnostic insight to test how the patient relates with others.
Diagnoses
Personality Disorder
Mood Disorder
Depression with psychotic features
Pharmacological agents
Application of antidepressants
Use of antipsychotics
Administering mood-stabilizing drugs
Contradictions or Alterations
It is a complex situation to treat a complex and long-term unstable disorder of mood because the patients experience different emotions even during therapy (Yasuda & Huang 2008). It becomes difficult to separate mood disorder from personality disorder especially for difficult patient like in this case. Furthermore, there are no specific drugs that can be used for treatment without additional therapy since this patient is able to adjust or play with their own treatment as a physician. The mental condition observed in the patient requires a careful approach due to the delicate situations involving suicidal thoughts and aggression.
Lessons Learned
In the case study “The case of physician do not heal thyself,” the lessons include the importance of conducting a complete assessment of the patient and including other people who interact with the patient. It would be more effective to treat such conditions if the patients had stable emotions, but strategic approaches can help to streamline the treatment process ( Stahl 2014b).
References
Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacol.
Constants and change. Conceptualisation of family strengths vary by culture, by generation, and by research methods. Browse this collection of family strengths to sensitise your observations of family life.
This annotated bibliography summarizes several studies on homelessness and the parent-child relationship. The studies found that maternal mental health strongly correlates with childhood behavioral problems. Homeless children exhibited developmental delays and low language skills. Exposure to trauma negatively impacted children, but positive parenting helped mitigate these effects by providing structure and responsiveness. Prenatal depression led mothers to view their children more negatively, and socioeconomic disadvantage was linked to poorer outcomes, which parenting could mediate. Overall, the studies emphasize that homelessness poses risks to children, but positive parenting can help offset negative impacts on development and the parent-child relationship.
The document summarizes a substance use disorder treatment program for families that implements trauma-informed and evidence-based practices. It finds that participants have extensive trauma histories, including high Adverse Childhood Experience scores and trauma symptoms. The program uses therapies like Celebrating Families!, Family Behavior Therapy, and Seeking Safety to treat co-occurring substance use and trauma and improve family outcomes. Post-treatment, families reported improved housing stability, permanency for children, and mental well-being.
This study examined the relationships between maternal stress, challenging child behaviors (aggression and self-injury), and maternal cognitions. 46 mothers of children/young adults with intellectual disabilities completed questionnaires. The results found:
1) Challenging behaviors were positively correlated with maternal stress.
2) Maternal cognitions were related to both challenging behaviors and stress levels.
3) Cognitions about the consequences of behaviors partially mediated the relationship between behaviors and stress. Specifically, perceptions of consequences for the child were a significant mediator for both aggression and self-injury.
Attachment-Based Interventions And Eating Related Disorders In FemalesTracy Morgan
This document describes a study that evaluated the effect of attachment-based interventions on eating disorders in females. 32 elementary school females with eating disorders, obesity, and attachment issues participated. The experimental group mothers received 10 attachment-based intervention sessions over 2.5 months, while the control group received no intervention. Questionnaires assessed attachment disorders, eating disorders, and disorders caused by eating pre- and post-intervention. Results showed the intervention significantly reduced disorders caused by eating in the experimental group compared to the control group at post-test and follow-up. The study concluded attachment-based treatment can help reduce eating disorder symptoms in children.
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Assignment DetailsScenario You are member of a prisoner revie.docxfaithxdunce63732
Assignment Details
Scenario:
You are member of a prisoner review board for a minimum-security facility in your state. Included among the inmates are a number of heroin addicts who were charged with possession crimes and some minor thefts through which they supported their habits.
Please include answers in your main post for the following questions:
What are the methods of treatment for heroin addiction?
What is the difference between heroin detoxification and heroin addiction treatment?
What is the best method for ensuring the heroin addict does not return to heroin abuse? Does long-term incarceration play a role?
.
Assignment DetailsScenario You are an investigator for Child .docxfaithxdunce63732
Assignment Details
Scenario:
You are an investigator for Child Protective Services in your community. One of the most difficult aspects of interviewing is the interview of a suspected victim of child sexual abuse. Often, the first interviewers are detectives or investigators from the police department with little or no training for interviewing child sexual abuse victims. The Commander of the Sex Crimes Unit would like to you to identify errors in interviewing by police investigators when questioning child sex crime victims about the circumstances during the alleged offense(s). The psychopathology of the suspect and the victim are very important, but the victim can be misled unintentionally by police resulting in false or inaccurate complaint information.
The Commander of the Sex Crimes Unit would like you to outline and explain the specific areas to be avoided when questioning a child as a sex crime victim.
Specifically, he is concerned with the following:
The use of suggestive questions
The implication of confirmation by other people
Use of positive and negative consequences
Repetitious questioning
Inviting speculation
In a 3–5-page paper, address the specific concerns, and explain why it is preferable to have the child interviewed by a person with the qualifications to potentially testify as an expert witness in subsequent criminal trials
.
Assignment DetailsScenario You are a new patrol officer in a .docxfaithxdunce63732
Assignment Details
Scenario:
You are a new patrol officer in a major metropolitan city in the center of the country. You have only been on patrol for about four weeks but notice that the officers with more time on the street have been making racially disparaging jokes about members of the poorer neighborhoods. What surprised you was the number of African-American and Hispanic officers who seemed to go along with the culture of racially biased comments. The community in which your precinct is located is crime-ridden and poor. It is largely African-American and Hispanic-American.
When you are on the street, you note that the tension between minority members of the community is very high and that it is even worse between minority officers and the minority community, who tend to view the minority officers as “race traitors.”
In addition, there are a number of combat veterans who have returned to the police department from Iraq and Afghanistan. These veterans have developed a prejudiced outlook towards the Muslim Community, which has a peaceful Mosque in the very center of the community.
Focus your discussion on the following:
Explain your viewpoint as to whether racism and religious bias are based on psychopathology of the officers or not.
.
Assignment DetailsScenario Generally, we have considered sexual.docxfaithxdunce63732
Assignment Details
Scenario: Generally, we have considered sexual harassment actions or verbal abuse of women to be done by men. Over the past several decades, the culture of society has evolved. The diversity of sex and gender has erupted from male abuses of females based on their biology. Now, there are gender reassignments which allow for persons with the psychological inclination to be the gender other than what they were born as being possible. Further, there are a number of transgender persons who, while retaining their biological configuration, adopt the psyche and outward appearance through dress and mannerisms of what is considered to be the traditional opposite gender of their physiology.
Recently, a newly assigned outwardly female officer was found out by her teammates in a Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) unit to actually be a biological male. Several of the SWAT team members have come to you as the SWAT Command Leader and have voiced their concern because the transgender officer uses the ladies room, wears makeup, and dresses as a woman in her civilian attire at the end of the shift. The officers making the complaint are claiming that someone with a psychopathological problem should not be in the SWAT unit. You go to the Deputy Chief with their concerns and she tells you to prepare a briefing for the SWAT members concerning the requirements for SWAT team membership and that if an officer makes the grade, he or she has the opportunity to be a SWAT officer.
In a 3–5-page paper, you must explain to the officers, including those who complained as well as those who did not complain, that the department supports the assignment of the new officer and that according to law, she must be accepted as a valid member of the team so long as she is qualified. Further, explain that transphobia is not an acceptable attitude for members of the team and that any discriminatory action on the part of officers concerning the new officer would not be tolerated and would be met with appropriate disciplinary action.
.
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The document is an assignment detailing for a student to analyze and discuss issues related to electricity usage and power outages. It provides background information on generating electricity and its environmental impacts. It then presents two scenarios for the student to respond to - one where the power is out, and one where the power is on. For the power outage scenario, the student is asked to discuss inconveniences, concerns if the outage lasts 3+ days, and their preferred backup power source. For the power on scenario, the student must analyze behaviors to reduce heating/cooling costs, how switching to LEDs can save on lighting costs, and ways to reduce hot water usage.
Assignment DetailsIn 1908, playwright Israel Zangwill referred to .docxfaithxdunce63732
Assignment Details
In 1908, playwright Israel Zangwill referred to America as a
melting pot
. Zangwill’s concept of the United States as a country where people of all cultures and nations are free to come and contribute to a common American culture remains a popular concept—even more than a century after its introduction.
More recently, the concept of the American mosaic asserts that American society consist not of melting pot in which people and cultures mix together to form a larger American culture, but as a mosaic in which ethnic groups come to the United States and coexist with other groups but maintain significant cultural and social distinctions among themselves.
Post a discussion that explores these themes by demonstrating how various cultures and ethnicities have contributed to modern American history and culture. Select 1 ethnic group, and include the following in your discussion:
Part 1
Explain a specific contribution that this group made to American society or culture.
Part 2
Evaluate the concepts of the melting pot and the American mosaic.
Which concept more accurately reflects the experiences of the ethnic group you chose? Support your assertion.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Choose one (1) Native American tribe residing within the continental United States (Lower 48 states) at the time of first European contact. Research various aspects of the chosen tribe’s culture or history. Make sure ample historical records exist for the chosen tribe. Some tribes are not well-documented in the existing historical record.
Topics that
need
to be researched include but are not limited to:
Describing what is known of the tribe’s pre-Columbian history, including settlement dates and any known cultural details.
Describing the cultural and religious beliefs of the chosen tribe.
Describing the tribe’s history after contact, including major events and armed conflicts that may have been important to the history of the tribe in the present day.
Explaining the history of at least one historical figure of the chosen tribe and events surrounding that individual’s life
.
Assignment DetailsPart IRespond to the following.docxfaithxdunce63732
The document asks which crime data source provides the clearest and most helpful information between the Uniform Crime Report (UCR), National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), and International Crime Victims Survey (ICVS). The UCR collects crime statistics from law enforcement agencies across the US, while the NCVS surveys individuals about crimes they have experienced directly. The ICVS surveys individuals across multiple countries about crimes.
Assignment DetailsPlease discuss the following in your main post.docxfaithxdunce63732
Assignment Details
Please discuss the following in your main post:
Identify the classes of employees protected by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.
Why was Affirmative Action put into place?
Do you think Title VII and Affirmative Action are still necessary? Why or why not?
.
Assignment DetailsPennsylvania was the leader in sentencing and .docxfaithxdunce63732
Assignment Details
Pennsylvania was the leader in sentencing and correctional reform in the early history of the United States. Discuss what groups were associated with this reform.
Why did they want the reform?
Examine whether it was successful and if the reform brought forth further changes.
What influences did the system have on the correctional system today?
What influences have changed? Why?
Use the Internet, library, and any other resources available to research your answer. Submit a 4–5-page paper (double-spaced) to your instructor. Support your reasoning with outside sources. Be sure to reference all sources using APA style.
The following will be the grading criteria for this assignment:
20%:
Discuss what groups were associated with this reform.
10%:
Why did they want the reform?
20%:
Examine whether it was successful and if the reform brought forth further changes.
25%:
What direct influences do you see from the Pennsylvania system in the correctional systems used today?
25%:
What influences have changed? Why?
.
Assignment DetailsPart IRespond to the followingReview .docxfaithxdunce63732
Assignment Details
Part I
Respond to the following:
Review your course materials and the Internet to find information on the crime data sources available for different countries and the United States. Which of the following crime data sources provides the clearest and most helpful information, and why?
Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
International Crime Victims Survey (ICVS)
United Nations Surveys on Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (UN-CTS)
.
Assignment DetailsPart IRespond to the following questio.docxfaithxdunce63732
Assignment Details
Part I
Respond to the following questions:
What examples of organized crime can you find in the United States?
What factors contribute to the existence of the criminal organizations you described?
Provide examples of the ways in which the U.S. criminal justice system is dealing with the types of organized crime that you found.
What law enforcement agencies are involved?
How do those law enforcement agencies work to control organized crime?
Part II
Suggestions for responding to peer posts:
Review peers’ posts that used examples of different types of organized crime than the ones that you found.
Were some of the factors that he or she believes contributed to these crimes the same? What different factors were mentioned?
Are the methods of dealing with this type of organized crime different from those devised to deal with the type of organized crime that you found?
.
Assignment DetailsPart IRespond to the following questions.docxfaithxdunce63732
Assignment Details
Part I
Respond to the following questions:
What examples of organized crime can you find in the United States?
What factors contribute to the existence of the criminal organizations you described?
Provide examples of the ways in which the U.S. criminal justice system is dealing with the types of organized crime that you found.
What law enforcement agencies are involved?
How do those law enforcement agencies work to control organized crime?
.
Assignment DetailsOne thing that unites all humans—despite cultu.docxfaithxdunce63732
Assignment Details
One thing that unites all humans—despite culture or time period—is the desire to be happy. Since the beginning of Western philosophy, philosophers have been asking the question, “How can I find happiness?” In popular culture, there are articles in magazines, newspapers, and discussions on the Internet and television about the pursuit of happiness.
Part 1
What are some of the ways that people pursue happiness?
Do you believe that it can be obtained?
Discuss with others what you consider to be an impression of the state of happiness.
Part 2
Why do you think that people differ in their interpretations of happiness?
What do your reading sources say about this?
Have you changed your perception of happiness over the years?
Discuss with 2 or more classmates their interpretation of happiness.
For assistance with your assignment, please use your text, Web resources, and all course materials.
.
Assignment Details
MN551:
Develop cooperative relationships with clients when teaching concepts concerning pathological states to individuals and families
Select one of the case studies below, and include discussion of your strategy for winning the patients cooperation while teaching concepts concerning pathological states to them and their families.
Requirements
Make sure all of the topics in the case study have been addressed.
Cite at least three sources; journal articles, textbooks or evidenced-based websites to support the content.
All sources must be within five years.
Do not use .com, Wikipedia, or up-to-date, etc., for your sources.
Case Study 1
Concepts of Altered Health in Older Adults
Joseph P. is an 82-year-old male living at home. He is in overall good health and enjoys taking long walks as often as possible. During his walks, he likes to stop for a cold glass of fruit juice at the local cafeteria. On cold or rainy days, he rides a stationary bicycle at home for 30 minutes to “stay in good shape.”
What physiological factors would typically increase Joseph’s risk of falling while walking outdoors?
What are the common changes in blood pressure regulation that occurs with aging?
Joseph enjoys fruit juice when he walks. Considering the renal system in the older adult, why would dehydration be a particular concern?
Case Study 2
Structure and Function of the Kidney
Rivka is an active 21-year-old who decided to take a day off from her university classes. The weather was hot and the sun bright, so she decided to go down to the beach. When she arrived, she found a few people playing beach volleyball, and they asked if she wanted to join in. She put down her school bag and began to play. The others were well prepared for their day out and stopped throughout the game to have their power drinks and soda pop. Several hours after they began to play, however, Rivka was not feeling so good. She stopped sweating and was feeling dizzy. One player noted she had not taken a washroom break at all during the day. They found a shaded area for her, and one of the players shared his power drink with her. Rivka was thirstier than she realized and quickly finished the drink.
In pronounced dehydration, hypotension can occur. How would this affect the glomerular filtration rate of the kidney? What actions by the juxtaglomerular apparatus would occur to restore GFR?
What is the effect aldosterone has on the distal convoluted tubule? Why would the actions of aldosterone be useful to Rivka in her situation?
What does a specific gravity test measure? If someone tested the specific gravity of Rivka’s urine, what might it indicate?
Case Study 3
Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Amanda is an 18-year-old with anorexia nervosa. She was recently admitted to an eating disorders clinic with a BMI of 13.9, and although she was a voluntary patient, she was reluctant about the treatment. She was convinced she was overweigh.
Assignment DetailsInfluence ProcessesYou have been encourag.docxfaithxdunce63732
The document outlines an assignment to write an 8-10 page report comparing the influence processes of three leaders. The report must include: an introduction to influence processes; an explanation of the role of influence in leadership; a discussion of influence process types and factors; a methodology for selecting leaders; an analysis of the influence processes used by the three leaders; a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the leaders' influence processes relative to challenges; and a summary of key attributes of the leaders' influence processes for effecting organizational change. The report needs citations and references in APA style.
Assignment DetailsIn this assignment, you will identify and .docxfaithxdunce63732
Assignment Details
In this assignment, you will identify and select a historical or present-day terrorist group to describe and develop a group profile of. In 2–3 pages, address the following:
Identify and select a present-day or historical terrorist group. Identify the group’s underlying motivation, purpose, and objectives.
Develop the group’s profile by crafting a background and discussion on how your selected group was established, how it evolved, and how it ceased to exist, as applicable. If the group is still operating, outline how and why it continues to exist.
Develop and explore some potential counterterrorism or mitigative options. For a historical group, outline how the group was dealt with to the point that it no longer served as an influencing factor.
Be sure to reference all sources using APA style.
.
Assignment DetailsFinancial statements are the primary means of .docxfaithxdunce63732
Assignment Details
Financial statements are the primary means of communicating financial information to users. It is important to have a firm understanding of the income statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows. Managers will make decisions daily that will have an effect on the elements of the accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ Equity. Managerial accounting reports use these same financial statements but also incorporate non-financial information that will assist internal users in making strategic and tactical decisions. For this reason, it is important for you to understand how decisions will affect the accounting equation.
The following spreadsheet is for Manhattan Family Dentistry on January 1 of the current year.
Complete the following balance sheet for Manhattan Family Dentistry on January 4 of the current year.
.
Assignment DetailsIn this assignment, you will identify a pr.docxfaithxdunce63732
Assignment Details
In this assignment, you will identify a present-day controversial issue, such as immigration, government encroachment on privacy, anti-capitalism, and so on. In 2–3 pages, address the following:
Identify and select a present-day issue that can potentially polarize a specific risk group.
Develop and explore the issue and why it can serve as a polarizing and divisive issue. Discuss how certain risk populations can become radicalized and justify the use of violence to elevate their position.
Place yourself in the role of a policy maker. What kind of legislation could you propose to address the social, political, or economic conditions you described above? How will your proposed solutions improve conditions for the specific risk group you identified?
Be sure to reference all sources using APA style.
.
Assignment DetailsHealth information technology (health IT) .docxfaithxdunce63732
Assignment Details
Health information technology (health IT) makes it possible for health care providers to better manage patient care through secure use and sharing of health information. Health IT includes the use of electronic health records (EHRs) instead of paper medical records to maintain people's health information.
Share the EHR platform that your practice uses and discuss the challenges and barriers to electronic charting. Why have we moved from paper charting to EHR’s? What is meant by meaningful use regulations and why is this important to know when documenting in the EHR?
Please support your work with at least three evidence based practice resources that are less than 5 years old.
Written Paper (Microsoft Word doc): minimum 2000 words using 6th edition APA formatting
Please review the grading rubric under Course Resources in the Grading Rubric section.
.
Assignment DetailsDiscuss the followingWhat were some of .docxfaithxdunce63732
Assignment Details
Discuss the following:
What were some of the major criticisms that led some states to abandon the indeterminate sentence and parole?
Do you support abolition of indeterminate sentence and parole? Why or why not? Please support your position.
Be sure to cite all references in APA format.
.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
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Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
Correlates of Psychosocial Well-Being Among Overweight Adolesc.docx
1. Correlates of Psychosocial Well-Being Among Overweight
Adolescents:
The Role of the Family
Jayne A. Fulkerson
University of Minnesota
Jaine Strauss
Macalester College
Dianne Neumark-Sztainer, Mary Story, and Kerri Boutelle
University of Minnesota
An ethnically diverse sample of at-risk-for-overweight and
overweight youths (body mass index greater
than the 85th percentile for age and gender; n � 667 male
participants, and n � 684 female participants)
completed a school-based survey measuring family variables
(connectedness, mealtime environment, and
weight commentary), psychosocial well-being (depressed mood,
body satisfaction, and self-esteem), and
unhealthy weight-control behaviors; all measures were assessed
concurrently. Hierarchical linear regres-
sion analyses revealed that measures of general family
connectedness, priority of family meals, and
positive mealtime environment were significantly positively
associated with psychological well-being
and inversely associated with depressive symptoms and
unhealthy weight-control behaviors. Familial
weight commentary (i.e., weight-based teasing and parental
encouragement to diet) was associated with
many indicators of poor psychological health. The authors
2. conclude that greater psychosocial well-being
and fewer unhealthy weight-control behaviors are associated
with making family time at meals a priority,
creating a positive mealtime atmosphere, and refraining from
weight commentary.
Keywords: adolescents, overweight, well-being, family
Almost one quarter (22%) of U.S. adolescents are overweight
(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001). Over-
weight youths have increased morbidity (Koplan & Dietz, 1999)
and are at risk for negative psychosocial outcomes, such as
social
stigmatization, suicidal ideation, and low self-esteem
(Tanofsky-
Kraff et al., 2004). In the present study, we explore the role of
family environment in helping overweight youths experience
pos-
itive emotional well-being and avoid disordered eating.
Considerable research attests to the importance of family
factors
in adolescent health. Family connectedness may protect teens
from
a wide array of negative experiences, including emotional
distress,
suicidal thoughts, and violence (Resnick et al., 1997). Family
environment has also been linked to eating behaviors and
weight;
extensive research documents parental influence on food intake
and overweight in young children (Birch & Davison, 2001) and
family dysfunction in clinical eating pathology (e.g., Steinberg
&
Phares, 2001). However, few studies have explored the interplay
of
family factors and well-being in nonclinical samples of
3. overweight
adolescents. Mellin, Neumark-Sztainer, Story, Ireland, and
Resnick (2002) reported that family connectedness was
associated
with better health and psychosocial outcomes among overweight
youths. The present study builds on Mellin et al.’s work by
including specific food- and weight-related family factors and
by
objectively measuring height and weight. Although general
family
connectedness is important in the psychological health of over-
weight youths, we hypothesized that the psychosocial well-
being
of overweight youths would be most directly associated with
familial commentary about weight and family mealtime environ-
ment. Moreover, the specificity of these family environmental
factors may make them useful targets for therapeutic
intervention.
The adverse effect of weight-related teasing on the body image
of female adolescents is well documented (Keery, Boutelle, van
den Berg, & Thompson, 2005). Eisenberg, Neumark-Sztainer,
and
Story (2003) reported that teasing about body weight was
associ-
ated with body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, depressive
symp-
toms, and suicidal thoughts in teens, even after controlling for
body weight. Such teasing appears to be especially perilous for
overweight youths (Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2002). Whereas
weight teasing clearly exerts a negative impact on well-being,
even
seemingly benign parental weight-related comments have the
po-
tential to influence children negatively (Stradmeijer, Bosch,
4. Koops, & Seidell, 2000; Wertheim, Martin, Prior, Sanson, &
Smart, 2002). Further research assessing parental commentary
on
weight, including overt encouragement to diet, among
overweight
youths is warranted.
In contrast, family meal frequency has shown positive relation-
ships with adolescent health (Fulkerson et al., 2006; Neumark-
Sztainer, Wall, Story, & Fulkerson, 2004; Taveras et al., 2005).
Several studies have established a positive link between family
meal frequency and youth nutrition and healthy eating patterns
(e.g., Videon & Manning, 2003). In addition, adolescents whose
Jayne A. Fulkerson, School of Nursing, University of
Minnesota; Jaine
Strauss, Department of Psychology, Macalester College; Dianne
Neumark-
Sztainer and Mary Story, Division of Epidemiology and
Community
Health, University of Minnesota; Kerri Boutelle, Division of
General
Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
Jayne A.
Fulkerson, School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, 5-160
Weaver
Densford Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455. E-mail:
[email protected]
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Copyright 2007
by the American Psychological Association
2007, Vol. 75, No. 1, 181–186 0022-006X/07/$12.00 DOI:
10.1037/0022-006X.75.1.181
181
5. families placed a high priority on family meals and who
reported
a positive mealtime atmosphere were less likely to engage in
disordered eating, even after controlling for family
connectedness
(Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2004). Taveras et al. (2005) found
that
family meal frequency, although inversely related to the preva-
lence of overweight in children cross-sectionally, did not
predict
the onset of overweight longitudinally. Thus, the relationship
between overweight and family meal frequency merits further
scrutiny. Furthermore, the interplay between family mealtime
en-
vironment and the well-being of overweight youths remains
unexplored.
The familial context is clearly important for adolescent health.
Thus, in the present study we investigated the connections
among
multiple layers of family environment and overweight youths’
health by examining the links between familial commentary
about
weight and family mealtime environment using four
psychosocial
variables: depressive symptoms, self-esteem, body satisfaction,
and unhealthy weight-control behaviors.1 Although family con-
nectedness is important in adolescent well-being, we tested a
more
conservative hypothesis. We hypothesized that making family
mealtimes a priority and creating a positive mealtime
environment
would be positively associated with overweight adolescents’
6. well-
being above and beyond any influence of general family
connect-
edness. We similarly hypothesized that family weight commen-
tary—teasing and parental encouragement to diet—would be
negatively associated with teens’ psychosocial health.
Method
Participants
Data from the present study were drawn from Project EAT
(Eating
Among Teens), a comprehensive study of eating patterns among
4,746
ethnically diverse 7th–12th graders from 31 schools in the upper
midwest-
ern United States (for detailed information about study design
and proce-
dures, see Neumark-Sztainer, Wall, Story, & Perry, 2003). The
survey
response rate was 81.5%. Body mass index (BMI) values were
calculated
from objectively measured anthropometry data according to the
following
formula: weight (kg)/height (m2). Using gender- and age-
specific cutoff
points (Himes & Dietz, 1994), we selected 1,351 respondents (n
� 667
male participants, n � 684 female participants) who were at risk
for being
overweight or who were overweight (BMI � 85th percentile),
hereafter
referred to as overweight, for inclusion in the present study.
Table 1 lists
demographic characteristics by gender.
7. Measures
Scale scores were created for depressed mood, body
satisfaction, self-
esteem, unhealthy weight-control behaviors, family
connectedness, priority
of family meals, and positive mealtime environment. Key
variables were
pretested, and all scales were adapted from validated measures
(see
Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2004). Descriptive and psychometric
properties of
items and scales are provided in Table 1.
Family connectedness items asked about how much participants
feel
cared for and how much they feel they can talk to their
mother/father about
their problems. Higher scale scores indicate greater
connectedness to
family. Priority of family meals reflects the expectation of
having family
meals together; higher scores indicate making family meals a
priority.
Atmosphere of family meals reflects the mood of mealtime, with
higher
scores indicating a more positive mealtime atmosphere. Family
commen-
tary about weight was assessed with three items: “Have you
ever been
teased or made fun of by family members because of your
weight?” and
two items that asked about the frequency of parental
encouragement to diet.
8. To assess depressed mood, we asked youths how much they had
been
bothered by each of six common symptoms of depression during
the past
12 months on a 3-point scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 3
(very much).
Kandel and Davies (1982) have identified scores greater than 23
as “clin-
ically relevant.” Self-esteem scores indicate participants’ level
of agree-
ment with six sentences adapted from the Rosenberg Self-
Esteem Scale
(Rosenberg, 1965), with higher scores indicating higher self-
esteem. On
the Body Shape Satisfaction Scale, participants endorsed their
level of
satisfaction with 10 specific body parts on a 5-point scale
ranging from 1
(very dissatisfied) to 5 (very satisfied), with higher scores
indicating greater
body satisfaction. The Unhealthy Weight-Control Behaviors
Scale
(UWCB) included ratings of nine frequently reported unhealthy
weight-
control methods.
The Project EAT study was guided by social cognitive theory
(SCT),
which places great importance on learning through observations
and inter-
actions with one’s social environment (Bandura, 1986). SCT-
based re-
search models socioenvironmental, personal, and behavioral
variables.
Variables in the present study are modeled in SCT as follows:
socioenvi-
9. ronmental variables (family connectedness, priority of family
meals, at-
mosphere of family meals, father/mother encourages to diet),
personal
variables (self-esteem, body satisfaction, depressed mood), and
behavioral
variables (unhealthy weight-control behaviors).
Data Analysis
Depressed mood, body satisfaction, self-esteem, and UWCB
items
served as dependent variables. Demographic variables, family
connected-
ness, priority of family meals, positive atmosphere at mealtime,
weight-
based teasing by family, and parental encouragement to diet
served as
independent variables. We conducted separate hierarchical
multiple regres-
sion analyses for each outcome variable, stratified by gender.2
This method
allowed us to test the contribution of familial weight
commentary and the
family mealtime environment with the demographic factors and
general
family connectedness already in the model. For each analysis,
blocks of
variables were defined as follows: Block 1 � demographic
variables
(parental marital status, grade level, and race); Block 2 �
general family
connectedness; Block 3 � family mealtime variables; and Block
4 �
familial commentary about weight variables. We conducted all
analyses
10. using SPSS statistical software (Version 12.0 for Windows;
SPSS Inc.,
Chicago, IL).
Results
Correlations in Table 2 indicate significant associations
between
many of the independent variables. Family connectedness was
not
significantly correlated with mother’s encouragement to diet.
Gen-
der differences were apparent for associations between positive
meal atmosphere and mother’s encouragement to diet as well as
1 Because gender differences in eating and weight-control
behaviors are
well documented, we conducted our analyses separately by
gender. Al-
though we anticipated that family factors would play a key role
for both
genders, previous research (e.g., Elfhag & Linne, 2005) led us
to expect
stronger associations between family environment and well-
being for fe-
male adolescents.
2 Scale scores for all psychosocial measures differed
significantly by gen-
der, with female participants reporting higher mean scores on
depressed mood,
F(1, 1270) � �8.1, p � .001, and unhealthy weight-control
behaviors, F(1,
1333) � �9.8, p � .001, and lower mean scores on body
satisfaction, F(1,
1298) � 9.2, p � .001, and self-esteem, F(1, 1266) � 7.4, p �
11. .001. Means
and standard deviations by gender are provided in Table 1.
182 BRIEF REPORTS
for associations between priority of family meals and father’s
encouragement to diet.
Demographic characteristics and family connectedness were
significantly associated with all four psychosocial measures for
overweight female participants, with the exception of a
nonsignif-
icant relationship between demographic factors and self-esteem
(see Table 3). Family mealtime environment and familial com-
mentary about weight also yielded significant �R2s for several
of
the dependent variables. Specifically, priority of family meals
was
inversely related to UWCB items, and positive meal atmosphere
was directly associated with self-esteem. Family weight-based
teasing was positively associated with depressed mood and in-
versely related to self-esteem and body satisfaction. Paternal
en-
couragement to diet was inversely related to self-esteem and
positively associated with UWCB items, whereas maternal
encour-
agement to diet was associated only with depressed mood.
Generally, demographic factors were not associated with
psychosocial well-being for overweight male participants, but
family connectedness was robustly correlated with all four
psychosocial variables (see Table 4). Family mealtime and
12. Table 1
Demographic Characteristics, Descriptive Statistics, and
Psychometric Properties for Independent and Dependent
Variables Among
Overweight Youths by Gender
Variable
No.
of
items � Range
Total
(N � 1,351)
Girls
(n � 684)
Boys
(n � 667)
% M SD % M SD % M SD
Demographics
Grade level (% junior high) 1 0–1 37 39 36
Parental marital status (% married) 1 0–1 59 54 63
Race/ethnicity (% non-White) 1 0–1 53 57 50
Caucasian 47 43 50
African American 20 27 14
Asian American 16 14 19
Hispanic/Latino(a) 8 6 9
Native American 5 5 5
Other or multiracial 4 5 3
13. Body mass index 1 20.9–51.9 28.6 4.6 28.6 4.6 28.6 4.6
General family connectedness
Family Connectedness Scale 4 .69 1–5 15.0 3.5 14.7 3.5 15.4
3.4
Family mealtime environment
Priority of Family Meal Scale 5 .82 2–20 13.0 3.5 12.8 3.6 13.3
3.4
Positive Meal Atmosphere Scale 4 .73 4–16 11.3 3.0 11.2 3.1
11.4 2.9
Familial commentary about weight
Weight-Based Teasing by Family
Scale 1 1–2 1.3 0.5 1.4 0.5 1.3 0.4
Father encourages to diet 1 1–4 1.8 1.1 1.8 1.1 1.8 1.1
Mother encourages to diet 1 1–4 2.0 1.1 2.0 1.1 1.9 1.1
Depressed mood 6 .80 10–30 17.3 4.8 18.3 4.8 16.2 4.5
Self-esteem 6 .78 6–24 17.6 3.5 16.9 3.5 18.3 3.3
Body satisfactiona 10 .92 10–50 31.0 9.5 28.7 9.5 33.4 8.9
Unhealthy Weight-Control Behaviors
Scale 9 .70 0–9 1.4 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.0 1.3
Note. Alpha values represent Cronbach’s internal consistency
reliability alphas.
a Two-week test–retest reliability, r � .68 –.77.
Table 2
Intercorrelations of Independent Variables by Gender
Variable
Family
14. Connectedness
Scale
Positive Meal
Atmosphere
Scale
Priority of
Family Meal
Scale
Weight-Based
Teasing by Family
Scale
Father
encourages to
diet
Mother
encourages to
diet
Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls
Boys
Family Connectedness Scale — — .50*** .44*** .24*** .27***
�.16*** �.15*** .17*** .15*** .05 .05
Positive Meal Atmosphere Scale — — .44*** .43*** �.17***
�.17*** .13** .13** .05 .13**
15. Priority of Family Meal Scale — — �.16*** �.18*** .12** .06
.09* .09*
Weight-Based Teasing by Family Scale — — .04 .17*** .12**
.10**
Father encourages to diet — — .60*** .66***
* p � .05. ** p �.01. *** p � .001.
183BRIEF REPORTS
familial commentary about weight also yielded significant �R2s
for several of the dependent variables. Priority of family meals
was positively associated with self-esteem and inversely asso-
ciated with depressed mood and UWCB items, whereas positive
meal atmosphere was positively associated with both self-
esteem and body satisfaction. Family weight-based teasing was
significantly associated with all four dependent variables. Ma-
ternal encouragement to diet was positively associated with
depressed mood and UWCB items and inversely associated
with self-esteem. Paternal encouragement to diet was positively
associated with UWCB items and inversely associated with
body satisfaction.
Discussion
In the present study, we explored the connections between
concurrent measures of family environment and well-being in
overweight teens. As hypothesized, analyses revealed that
making
family meals a priority and having a positive mealtime environ-
ment were positively associated with psychological well-being
16. and
inversely associated with depressive symptoms and unhealthy
weight-control behaviors among overweight male and female
par-
ticipants. Similarly, teasing about weight by family members
and
parental encouragement to diet were associated with many
indica-
tors of poor psychological health. Familial teasing was strongly
correlated with problematic psychosocial outcomes among both
overweight male and female participants, whereas the
associations
between parental encouragement to diet and psychosocial out-
comes varied by gender. Findings suggest that making family
meals a priority, keeping the atmosphere at meals positive, and
refraining from weight teasing and direct encouragement to diet
co-occur with many facets of psychological well-being among
overweight youths.
Our findings suggest specific links between making family
meals a priority and fewer unhealthy weight-control behaviors
among overweight female adolescents and less depressed mood
among overweight male adolescents. Although we cannot infer
the
direction of causality from our data, we speculate that
scheduling
regular family mealtimes may foster teen health; however, it is
also
possible that healthy teens are more likely to participate in
family
mealtimes. Family routines provide the bedrock for building and
maintaining emotional health throughout the life span (Fiese et
al.,
2002). Future research should assess the possible benefits of
plac-
ing a premium on family meals as a venue for consolidating an
17. adolescent’s sense of self and connection to family. We also
found
notable relationships between the atmosphere of the mealtime
environment and self-esteem among overweight male and
female
participants. A home base marked by affirming mealtime
conver-
sations may enhance the self-esteem of overweight youths from
the core. Using a detailed family mealtime interaction coding
system, Dickstein and Martin (2002) demonstrated a strong rela-
tionship between family mealtime environment and early child-
hood social and emotional competence. We urge a fuller
prospec-
tive examination of these mealtime dynamics in adolescence,
especially with overweight teens.
Our findings with overweight teens are consistent with previous
research showing the harmful effects of weight-based teasing on
psychosocial well-being among adolescents (Eisenberg et al.,
2003; Keery et al., 2005). Although such teasing has an obvious
link to adverse outcomes, our data suggest a less obvious
connec-
tion between parental encouragement to diet and decrements in
well-being among overweight youths. The strength and pattern
of
results generally varied as a function of participant and parental
gender; detrimental patterns emerged for paternal
encouragement
to diet among female adolescents and maternal encouragement
to
Table 3
Standardized Hierarchical Regression Coefficients for
Overweight Girls (n � 684) Estimating Four Psychosocial
Outcomes From
Demographic Variables, General Family Connectedness, Family
18. Mealtime Environmental Variables, and Weight-Based Family
Influences
Variable
Depressed mood Self-esteem Body satisfaction
Unhealthy weight-
control behaviors
�R2 � �R2 � �R2 � �R2 �
Block 1: Demographics .03*** .01 .04*** .03***
Grade .08* .08 �.09* .06
Parental marital status �.07 .01 .09 .03
Race/ethnicity �.06 .15** .13** �.09*
Block 2: General family connectedness .05*** .06*** .03***
.04***
Family Connectedness Scale �.17** .16** .11* �.21***
Block 3: Family mealtime environment .01 .03*** .01 .04***
Priority of family Meal Scale �.09 .01 .06 �.24***
Positive Meal Atmosphere Scale �.01 .19*** .06 .09
Block 4: Familial commentary about weight .07*** .06***
.05*** .06***
Weight-Based Teasing by Family Scale .22*** �.15***
�.17*** .06
Father encourages to diet .00 �.17** �.08 .22***
Mother encourages to diet .11* �.03 �.08 .02
Total R2 .15 .15 .13 .16
19. Note. Change in R2 values indicate the associated significance
test for change in R2 as each block of variables is entered into
the model. Beta estimates
are shown for final model only; all standard error of estimates
ranged from .04 to .05.
* p � .05. ** p � .01. *** p � .001.
184 BRIEF REPORTS
diet among male adolescents. Because male and female partici-
pants reported equivalent rates of maternal and paternal encour-
agement to diet (50% and 40%, respectively), the pattern cannot
be
attributed to differential prevalence. Alternative explanations
for
this cross-gender configuration await future research, yet the
over-
all finding is apparent: Even well-intentioned parental
encourage-
ment to diet may backfire.
The study focus on specific food- and weight-related family
factors beyond general family connectedness provides important
information regarding potential areas for intervention and future
research. By choosing to control for general family
connectedness
early in the model, we were able to assess the amount of unique
variance in psychosocial variables associated with family meal-
time environment and familial weight commentary. However,
the
significant associations between family connectedness and psy-
chosocial well-being highlight the robust role of general
feelings
20. of family connectedness in adolescent well-being.
Study limitations include the self-reported and abbreviated na-
ture of the psychological measures. Using full scales would
have
been prohibitive in our population-based design; therefore, we
are
unable to compare our findings with the original scales.
Further-
more, assessment of familial weight-based teasing is based on a
single item. Also, the present study was cross-sectional by
design;
thus, we cannot directly infer that negative family influences
caused poor psychological health among youths—adolescents
with
poor psychosocial health likely experience and influence their
family environment negatively. Potential moderating effects of
race/ethnicity were not assessed owing to small sample sizes,
and
these effects should be assessed in future research. Finally, al-
though significant, our models ultimately accounted for a rela-
tively small proportion of the total variance in well-being.
Study strengths include the exploration of the links among
family mealtime environment, familial commentary about
weight,
and well-being in a large population-based, ethnically diverse
sample of overweight youths. Including an array of global and
weight-specific measures of family interaction along with a
range
of well-being variables allows for a more fine-grained analysis
than in past investigations. In addition, the sample size was
large
enough to allow for gender stratification. Finally, because BMI
was measured objectively, our findings are not confounded by
21. self-report biases regarding weight.
References
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A
social
cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Birch, L. L., & Davison, K. K. (2001). Family environmental
factors
influencing the developing behavioral controls of food intake
and child-
hood overweight. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 48, 893–
907.
Dickstein, S., & Martin, S. E. (2002). What’s for dinner?
Family function-
ing, maternal depression, and early childhood outcomes. Zero to
Three,
22, 21–28.
Eisenberg, M. E., Neumark-Sztainer, D., & Story, M. (2003).
Associations
of weight-based teasing and emotional well-being among
adolescents.
Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 157, 733–738.
Elfhag, K., & Linne, Y. (2005). Gender differences in
associations of
eating pathology between mothers and their adolescent
offspring. Obe-
sity Research, 13, 1070 –1076.
Fiese, B. H., Tomcho, T. J., Douglas, M., Josephs, K., Poltrock,
S., &
Baker, T. (2002). A review of 50 years of research on naturally
22. occurring
family routines and rituals: Cause for celebration? Journal of
Family
Psychology, 16, 381–390.
Fulkerson, J. A., Story, M., Mellin A., Leffert, N., Neumark-
Sztainer, D.,
& French, S. A. (2006). Family dinner meal frequency and
adolescent
development: Relationships with developmental assets and high-
risk
behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 337–345.
Himes, J. H., & Dietz, W. H. (1994). Guidelines for overweight
in ado-
lescent preventive services: Recommendations from an expert
commit-
tee. The Expert Committee on Clinical Guidelines for
Overweight in
Adolescent Preventive Services. American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition,
59, 307–316.
Table 4
Standardized Hierarchical Regression Coefficients for
Overweight Boys (n � 667) Estimating Four Psychosocial
Outcomes From
Demographic Variables, General Family Connectedness, Family
Mealtime Environmental Variables, and Weight-Based Family
Influences
Variable
Depressed mood Self-esteem Body satisfaction Unhealthy
weight-control behaviors
23. �R2 � �R2 � �R2 � �R2 �
Block 1: Demographics .01 .01 .00 .02*
Grade .05 .09 �.02 �.08
Parental marital status �.01 .05 .05 �.01
Race/ethnicity �.06 .03 .02 .01
Block 2: General family connectedness .06*** .11*** .10***
.07***
Family connectedness Scale �.20*** .26*** .28*** �.22***
Block 3: Family mealtime environment .02** .02** .01 .01*
Priority of Family Meal Scale �.14** .09* �.03 �.09*
Positive Meal Atmosphere Scale �.01 .10* .12* �.06
Block 4: Familial commentary about weight .04*** .08***
.06*** .09***
Weight-Based Teasing by Family Scale .16*** �.18***
�.15*** .09*
Father encourages to diet �.04 �.04 �.12* .11*
Mother encourages to diet .15** �.20*** �.09 .21***
Total R2 .14 .23 .17 .19
Note. Change in R2 values indicate the associated significance
test for change in R2 as each block of variables is entered into
the model. Beta estimates
are shown for final model only; all standard error of estimates
ranged from .04 to .05.
* p � .05. ** p � .01. *** p � .001.
24. 185BRIEF REPORTS
Kandel, D. B., & Davies, M. (1982). Epidemiology of
depressive mood in
adolescents: An empirical study. Archives of General
Psychiatry, 39,
1205–1212.
Keery, H., Boutelle, K., van den Berg, P., & Thompson, J. K.
(2005). The
impact of appearance-related teasing by family members.
Journal of
Adolescent Health, 37, 120 –127.
Koplan, J. P., & Dietz, W. H. (1999). Caloric imbalance and
public health
policy. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 1579
–1581.
Mellin, A. E., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., Ireland, M., &
Resnick,
M. D. (2002). Unhealthy behaviors and psychosocial difficulties
among
overweight adolescents: The potential impact of familial
factors. Journal
of Adolescent Health, 31, 145–153.
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Falkner, N., Story, M., Perry, C.,
Hannan, P. J., &
Mulert, S. (2002). Weight-teasing among adolescents:
Correlations with
weight status and disordered eating behaviors. International
Journal of
25. Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 26, 123–131.
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Wall, M., Story, M., & Fulkerson, J. A.
(2004). Are
family meal patterns associated with disordered eating
behaviors among
adolescents? Journal of Adolescent Health, 35, 350 –359.
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Wall, M., Story, M., & Perry, C. L.
(2003). Corre-
lates of unhealthy weight-control behaviors among adolescents:
Impli-
cations for prevention programs. Health Psychology, 22, 88 –98.
Resnick, M. D., Bearman, P. S., Blum, R. W., Bauman, K. E.,
Harris,
K. M., Jones, J., et al. (1997). Protecting adolescents from
harm: Find-
ings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent
Health. Jour-
nal of the American Medical Association, 278, 823– 832.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image.
Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press.
Steinberg, A. B., & Phares, V. (2001). Family functioning, body
image,
and eating disturbances. In J. K. Thompson & L. Smolak (Eds.),
Body
image, eating disorders, and obesity in youth (pp. 127–148).
Washing-
ton, DC: American Psychological Association.
Stradmeijer, M., Bosch, J., Koops, W., & Seidell, J. (2000).
Family
26. functioning and psychosocial adjustment in overweight
youngsters. In-
ternational Journal of Eating Disorders, 27, 110 –114.
Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Yanovski, S. Z., Wilfley, D. E.,
Marmarosh, C.,
Morgan, C. M., & Yanovski, J. A. (2004). Eating-disordered
behaviors,
body fat, and psychopathology in overweight and normal-weight
chil-
dren. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 53–
61.
Taveras, E. M., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Berkey, C. S., Rockett, H.
R., Field,
A. E., Frazier, A. L., et al. (2005). Family dinner and adolescent
overweight. Obesity Research, 13, 900 –906.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). The
Surgeon
General’s call to action to prevent and decrease overweight and
obesity.
Rockville, MD: Author.
Videon, T. M., & Manning, C. K. (2003). Influences on
adolescent eating
patterns: The importance of family meals. Journal of Adolescent
Health,
32, 365–373.
Wertheim, E. H., Martin, G., Prior, M., Sanson, A., & Smart, D.
(2002).
Parental influences in the transmission of eating and weight
related
values and behaviors. Eating Disorders: The Journal of
Treatment and
27. Prevention, 10, 321–334.
Received December 14, 2005
Revision received August 23, 2006
Accepted August 28, 2006 �
186 BRIEF REPORTS
PSYC101 Journal Article Review Assignment - Part 1
Enter your name and student ID here:
_4379152__________________
Then respond to the following succinctly and thoroughly in the
spaces below.
NOTE: You must complete your work in this document, save
and attach it to the PSYC101 Journal Article Review
Assignment - Part 1 classroom Assignment page; while you may
want to do so as a back-up, content pasted into the assignment
page Student Comments space cannot be accepted as a
substitute for an on-time attachment submission and cannot be
graded. Inserting your answers here will change the number of
document pages and the location of particular items at the top,
middle or bottom of pages.
While you may not remove or reorder items or change font size
or other content in this document, a document page number
increase or an item moving from or to the top, middle or bottom
of a page as a result of your response entries directly below
each item as required taking more lines in most cases than the
small space currently showing is to be expected and is not of
concern.
===============================================
==================================
ARTICLE IDENTIFICATION – 10 points possible
NOTE: Both Number 1 and Number 2 below must be completed
to earn these points
28. 1. In the space below explain why you picked the article you
selected for this assignment from the classroom Resources
folder. Include a description of what about the focus of the
article you chose captured your interest and why.
According to recent studies, one in every three American kids
and youths is overweight. Obesity is a primary health issue with
both genetic and environmental risk factors. These factors have
increased the prevalence of the subject of obesity in modern
studies on the social and physical constructs of the modern
society. However, most of these studies are often founded on
the goal to explore the risks factors and the effects of obesity
not only to the individual, but also to the entire society. On the
contrary, the most intriguing characteristic of this article is the
shift of focus from the risk factors and effects to a greater
exploration of the role of the family on the well-being of obese
adolescents.
2. APA Citation Format
Show in the spaces below how you would source credit and
reference-list (in APA formatting style), if you were writing a
formal paper, the article you selected in the body of the paper
and in a Reference list that would be attached to the end of the
paper (for examples of how to correctly source credit in APA
formatting style see the classroom Resources folder entitled,
“APA Formatting Guides”):
a. I’d give credit of my selected article in the body of a paper in
the follow order:
(Fulkerson, Strauss, Neumark-Sztainer, Story, & Boutelle,
2007) for the first citation, and:
(Fulkerson et al., 2007) for subsequent credentials in the bulk of
the paper.
b. I would reference-list my selected article in Reference list
that would be attached to the end of a paper as follows
29. Fulkerson, J. A., Strauss, J., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M.,
& Boutelle, k. (2007). Correlates of Psychologcial Well-Being
Among Overweight Adolescents: The Role of the Family.
Journal of Consulting and clinical Psychology, 75(1), 181-186.
doi:10.1037/0022-006X.75.1.181
===============================================
===================================
Note: While Part 2 of the Journal Article Review assignment,
which is due in Week 6, includes minimum answer length
requirements, hereno minimum lengths are required for the
items below because answer length may vary depending on the
amount of descriptive detail your selected article includes and
your answers will be graded for thoroughness, accuracy and
clarity in covering article details. It is expected, however, that
none of the following items can be adequately addressed in
fewer than 100 words.You answers must be articulated in
complete thought sentences and not include lists, bulleted items
or sentence fragments.
ARTICLE SUMMARY – 40 points possible
1. Introduction (also referred to as lead-in information)
In the space below summarize the key introductory points made
in the beginning of your selected article Note: In some articles
this information is under the heading “Introduction” and in
others it is not, but every article will contain “lead-in”
introductory information.
The authors introduce the article by stating the prevalence ratio
of obesity among the U.S. adolescents. According to the
authors, obese adolescents have increased indisposition to
obesity and experience a myriad of psychological impacts
including suicidal ideation, low self-esteem and social
stigmatization. In addition, the article succinctly states its major
goal of assessing the role of the family environment in
imparting positive emotional well-being and healthy eating
habits among these individuals.
30. 2. Research Methods
a. Describe the research design that your selected article’s
author(s) used in conducting the study (Ex: survey or inventory,
individual or group interview, case study, laboratory controlled
or naturalistic observation).
In order to gain insight into the prevalence of obesity amongst
the adolescents, the data used in this study is based on a school-
based survey on an ethical diverse sample of 667 male and 684
female 7th-12th graders at risk of obesity. The metrics used in
the research methodology targeted family connectedness,
unhealthy weight-control procedures, family eating habits,
depression and body satisfaction. A hierarchical linear
regression assessment was used to measure the variables, which
were assessed concurrently.
b. Identify by name in the space below any specific measures
(surveys, inventories, tests, etc.) used by your selected article’s
author(s) in the study (Ex: the Psychological Distress Symptom
Checklist; the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; the
Attitudes about Seeking Professional Psychological Help
Survey; or measures developed by the article author[s]).
The data used in this study were retrieved from the Project EAT
(Eating Among Teens), a detailed study of the eating habits
amongst a sample of 4,746 ethnically diverse teenagers from 31
schools in the Midwestern part of the U.S.
c. Describe in the space below characteristics of the participants
(sometimes called “subjects”) involved in the research study
conducted by the author(s) of your selected article. Examples
of this type of information include: The number of persons who
participated; participant demographics (age, gender, race and
ethnicity, college or employment status, geographic location);
whether participants were paid to participate in the study or if
31. no compensation was provided to them for their participation
The Project EAT surveyed 4,746 ethnically diverse young
people of between the 7th grade and the 12th grade, from 31
different schools in the Midwest U.S. However, this present
study focused on a sample of 1351 – 667 male and 684 female –
ethnically dissimilar participants. There was a wide variation in
attributes associated with the metrics or scales used in the study
amongst the participants.
3. Findings/Analysis
a. Identify in the space below the types of statistical analyses
used by the author(s) of your selected article Note: You are
likely not at this point in your college career an expert on
statistical analyses but don’t have to be in order to complete
this portion of the assignment which only requires listing them
by name.
The dependent variables used in the analysis include depressed
mood, UWCB items, body satisfaction and self-esteem. On the
other hand, the independent variables used during the data
analysis include priority of family meals, parental
encouragement, demographic variables, and positive atmosphere
during mealtimes, and family connectedness. These variables
were subjected to a hierarchical multiple linear regression data
analyses.
b. In the space below, summarize the research findings (often
referred to in articles as “results”) of the study conducted by the
author(s) of your selected article.
Primarily, the outcomes of the analyses prove significant
interrelations between most of the independent variables.
Secondly, the results show an insignificant correlation between
family connectedness and the mother’s reinforcement of diet.
Thirdly, the results show that gender enforces a significant
impact on the parental encouragement to diet. Finally, the
results indicate disapprove relationships between demographic
32. factors and psychosocial well-being for obese male participants.
However, family connectedness is robustly associated with all
of the four psychosocial variables.
4. Conclusion/Discussion
Summarize in the space below the conclusions reached by the
author(s) of your selected article. Note: These may be found
under the heading “Conclusion” or “Discussion” or in
paragraphs near the end of the article and are based on the
research findings of the author(s) of your selected article.
The results of the analysis conform to previous research o
weight teasing on the psychosocial wellbeing of the obese kids.
The findings of the study reveal that the family plays a
significant role in the management of the psychosocial impacts
of obesity on kids and adolescents. The specific roles of the
family include prioritization of family meals, enforcing a
positive family meal environment, adopting healthy family
weight-control behaviors. The article suggests that a regular
family mealtime presents greater chances of fostering teen
health.
Apart from the large sample size, some of the strengths of the
sample include ethnically varied sample of obese adolescents
and assessment of the relations between family mealtime
environment and familial commentary about obesity. In
addition, a wide range of weight-specific variables and
measures make the research fine-grained relative to previous
investigations. However, some of the weaknesses of this study
include self-reported and abridged nature of the psychological
metrics, inability to compare the research findings with the
original scales, and the insufficient assessment of the potential
moderating impacts of race or ethnicity.
===============================================
====================================
===============================================
====================================
33. Reminder: After you have completed your work, save and attach
this document, with your name as part of the document file
name, to the Journal Article Review Assignment Part 1
Assignment page.
PSYC101 Journal Article Review Assignment - Part 2
Article Analysis, Connection, and Reflection
Due: 11:55pm ETSunday at the end ofWeek 6of the 8-week
course term
You may work on this assignment ahead of its deadline but may
not submit it prior to Week 6.
Points Possible: 140
OVERVIEW: For Part I of this two-part assignment you
identified and summarized elements of a published scholarly
article selected from the classroom Resources Folder. For Part
2, which is due by the end of Week 6, you will analyze,
connect, and reflect on aspects of your selected article. Note
that the words “succinct” and “thorough” repeat regularly in the
instructions below. They will serve as reminders that this is a
formal assignment and sentence fragments, bulleted lists,
conversational or other types of casual language cannot be used.
In completing Part 2 you will:
--Describe a research method alternative to the one used by
your selected article’s author(s) to study the same phenomena
-- Evaluate the potential impact on the “real world” of your
selected article’s research;
-- Apply three concepts from required textbook readings;
-- Identify an aspect of the article’s topic focus about which you
would like to know more
In composing your work use complete and clearly articulated
sentences in one or more paragraphs, as assigned below, a
minimum of 250 words each and citing sources in the body of
your writing and in a References list attached to the end of it.
Proofread your work carefully as proper spelling, grammar and
writing structure are required. All answers must be your
34. original words or paraphrases of material in your selected
article or the course textbook. No other sources may be used.
Copying from published material is a violation of the University
policy on academic integrity and will void all points for this
assignment with no option for revision and submission.
**You may work on this assignment ahead of its deadline but
may not submit it prior to Week 6 of the 8-week course term.
Begin your Part 2 work here.
Enter your name and student ID here: ___________________
Then respond to the following succinctly and thoroughly in the
spaces below
NOTE: You must complete your work in this document, save
and attach it to the assignment tab; while you may want to do so
as a back-up, content pasted into the assignment page Student
Comments space cannot be accepted as a substitute for an on-
time attachment submission and cannot be graded. Inserting
your answers here will change the number of document pages
and the location of particular items at the top, middle or bottom
of pages.
While you may not remove or reorder items or change font size
or other elements of this document and need to place your
responses directly under each item, page number increases or an
item moving from the top, middle or bottom of a page as a
result of you entering your responses is to be expected and is
not of concern.
===============================================
=====================================
ANALYSIS – 30 points possible (15 points each)
The authors of the article you have selected for this assignment
used a particular research design, group of participants, and set
of study methods to investigate a research question (sometimes
referred to in scholarly articles as the “hypothesis tested”). As
you know from early assigned readings in the course textbook,
35. research questions can be investigated using a variety of
methods.
1. Write a succinct and thorough paragraph in the space below
either justifying or challenging the use of your selected article’s
research methods used to examine its research question.NOTE:
You must base your writing on the course textbook information
about which research methods are best suited for which types of
studies, not on personal opinion or preference, and choose just
one position here. A paragraph that both justifies and
challenges the use of an article’s research methods or that states
why one position cannot be chosen cannot not be assigned
points. Include in the body of your writing appropriately placed
and formatted source citations for both the article and the
course textbook.2. Write a succinct and thorough paragraph in
the space below describing a research method other than the one
noted in your selected article that the article author(s) could
have used to conduct the same study and explain why it would
be suitable as an alternative method.NOTE: The alternative
research method you select must be suited for the article’s study
so you will want to review the assigned course readings on the
various types of methods. Include in the body of your writing
appropriately placed and formatted source citations for both the
article and the course textbook.
CONNECTION – 50 points possible (25 points each)
1. In the space below, write a succinct and thorough paragraph
(250 words minimum)describing three concepts, theories or
principles from the course textbook that can be related the focus
of your selected article. NOTE: Research methods and
statistical analyses have already been addressed earlier in this
assignment and cannot be used as textbook concepts here.
Include in the body of your writing appropriately placed and
formatted source citations for both the article and the course
textbook.
36. 2. One of the most interesting aspects of the field of psychology
is the application of its concepts, theories, and principles to
everyday life. In the space below, write a succinct and
thorough paragraph (250 words minimum)describing at least 3
different ways that the research conducted by your selected
article’s author(s) can impact the “real world”. Include in the
body of your writing appropriately placed and formatted source
citations for the article and the course textbook (if you use the
latter in the construction of this paragraph).
REFLECTION – 50 points possible (25 points each)
1. Although the author(s) of your selected article addressed
many aspects of its focus of study, it is inevitable that
components were not discussed that might also be interesting.
In the space below, write a succinct and thorough paragraph
(250 words minimum)explaining one aspect of your selected
article’s focus that the researchers did not mention that you
would like to know more about. Include in the body of your
writing appropriately placed and formatted source citations for
the article and the course textbook (if you use the latter in the
construction of this paragraph).
2. Combined, the Week 3 and Week 6 portions of this
assignment provided several opportunities, to identify the key
components of a published scholarly journal article, to
demonstrate knowledge of research methods use in studying
psychological phenomena, (Week 3); and second, to develop
and hone article summary and analysis skills (Week 6). With
the second opportunity in mind, in the space below, write a
succinct and thorough paragraph (250 words
minimum)describing three aspects of summarizing and
reviewing a published scholarly journal article that you now
37. understand that you didn’t know about before starting the
assignment. NOTE: You are reflecting on your learning
experience here, not summarizing or evaluating the selected
article. This is the only part of the assignment to be written
personal reflection style. It is expected that you would have few
or perhaps no source citations here, using them only for
portions of your reflective work that are directly based on either
your selected article or the course textbook.
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SPELLING, GRAMMAR, AND CITATIONS – 10 points
possible(Nothing to type here. This is an alert to go back and
proofread your writing and make any needed corrections before
submitting this assignment to avoid the loss of these 10
important points. Tip: Look for basic grammar errors [ex:
using “their” when you are talking about one person),
misspellings and typos, correctly spelled but incorrectly used
words that SpellCheck won’t catch, sentence fragments that
don’t state complete thoughts, run-on sentences that should be
split into smaller ones or sentences that read awkwardly or
don’t make sense when you read them aloud, etc.).
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After you have completed your work, save and attach this
document, with your name as part of the document file name, to
the Journal Article Review Assignment Part 2 Assignment page.