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COPYRIGHT LAW
AND INTERNET MEMES
NICOLE TOREN
BRIEF HISTORY OF COPYRIGHT LAW
• Copyright law first introduced in the U.S. in 1790
• - “Aimed to encourage creativity by providing authors and artists with
legal protection for their creative activities” (Lisby, 2018, p. 258)
• Adapted over the years to match new technology and increase
in years a work can be protected
• The Internet is all about sharing work and ideas, so lawmakers are
having difficulty figuring out how copyright law can apply to cyberspace
STATUTE LAW
• Copyright Act of 1976
• Copyright protection in section 102(a)
• Fair use of copyright infringement in section 107
• Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998
• Four bills to address how copyright applies to the Internet
• “Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act”
• “Notice-takedown-putback” policy for copyright infringement on online
servers (i.e. YouTube)
RECENT CASE LAW
• Getty Images – Socially Awkward Penguin (2015)
• Socially Awkward Penguin meme uses copyrighted image of Adelie Penguin
owned by National Geographic and Getty
• Small Internet blogs settle infringement rather than court
• Charles L. Schmidt, et al. v. Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc, et al.
(2013)
• Warner Brothers “Scribblenauts Unlimited” video game uses the copyrighted
memes “Nyan Cat” and “Keyboard Cat” without permission
• WB settles for infringement and further use
• Grumpy Cat Limited v. Grenade Beverage, LLC, et al. (2018)
• Licensing deal between Grumpy Cat Limited and Grenade Beverage to make
Grumpy Cat themed ice coffee then went outside deal
• Grenade ordered by jury to pay Grumpy Cat Limited $710,001 for breach of
contract, trademark infringement and copyright infringement
LAW REVIEW ANALYSES
• Internet memes transform sometimes copyrighted work that
transcends the original value
• Levinson believes Internet memes should be protected from copyright
due to the social value and creative dialogue that comes from them
• Memes are on a usage spectrum between “static memes” and
“mutating memes” so legality varies between memes
• Lantagne believes Internet memes are a unique form of communication
which means that memes can’t be copyrighted and they are fair use
CONCLUSION: INTERPRETATION, RESEARCH
LIMITATIONS, AND FUTURE RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
• Ultimately, there is a struggle of uniformity in how to apply copyright
to Internet memes since it is such a new concept and so far is
decided in a case-by-case basis
• Limitations: Need more time, more knowledge about law, not enough
cases
• Future Research:
• How will the legality of Internet memes change in the future as the Internet
and social media continue to grow as a prominent part of society?
• What sort of framework could set up for memes and copyright?
• Could memes turn into a protected form of speech and how will that affect
copyright?

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Copyright Law and Internet Memes

  • 1. COPYRIGHT LAW AND INTERNET MEMES NICOLE TOREN
  • 2. BRIEF HISTORY OF COPYRIGHT LAW • Copyright law first introduced in the U.S. in 1790 • - “Aimed to encourage creativity by providing authors and artists with legal protection for their creative activities” (Lisby, 2018, p. 258) • Adapted over the years to match new technology and increase in years a work can be protected • The Internet is all about sharing work and ideas, so lawmakers are having difficulty figuring out how copyright law can apply to cyberspace
  • 3. STATUTE LAW • Copyright Act of 1976 • Copyright protection in section 102(a) • Fair use of copyright infringement in section 107 • Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 • Four bills to address how copyright applies to the Internet • “Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act” • “Notice-takedown-putback” policy for copyright infringement on online servers (i.e. YouTube)
  • 4. RECENT CASE LAW • Getty Images – Socially Awkward Penguin (2015) • Socially Awkward Penguin meme uses copyrighted image of Adelie Penguin owned by National Geographic and Getty • Small Internet blogs settle infringement rather than court • Charles L. Schmidt, et al. v. Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc, et al. (2013) • Warner Brothers “Scribblenauts Unlimited” video game uses the copyrighted memes “Nyan Cat” and “Keyboard Cat” without permission • WB settles for infringement and further use • Grumpy Cat Limited v. Grenade Beverage, LLC, et al. (2018) • Licensing deal between Grumpy Cat Limited and Grenade Beverage to make Grumpy Cat themed ice coffee then went outside deal • Grenade ordered by jury to pay Grumpy Cat Limited $710,001 for breach of contract, trademark infringement and copyright infringement
  • 5. LAW REVIEW ANALYSES • Internet memes transform sometimes copyrighted work that transcends the original value • Levinson believes Internet memes should be protected from copyright due to the social value and creative dialogue that comes from them • Memes are on a usage spectrum between “static memes” and “mutating memes” so legality varies between memes • Lantagne believes Internet memes are a unique form of communication which means that memes can’t be copyrighted and they are fair use
  • 6. CONCLUSION: INTERPRETATION, RESEARCH LIMITATIONS, AND FUTURE RESEARCH QUESTIONS • Ultimately, there is a struggle of uniformity in how to apply copyright to Internet memes since it is such a new concept and so far is decided in a case-by-case basis • Limitations: Need more time, more knowledge about law, not enough cases • Future Research: • How will the legality of Internet memes change in the future as the Internet and social media continue to grow as a prominent part of society? • What sort of framework could set up for memes and copyright? • Could memes turn into a protected form of speech and how will that affect copyright?