COPD MONA TAVANA
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The patient, a 75-year-old male smoker, was admitted to the hospital for breathlessness and cough for 1 week. Laboratory tests showed signs of COPD. He was prescribed antibiotics, an inhaler, steroids, oxygen, and other medications to treat his COPD symptoms. The doctor identified a potential drug interaction between medications that required monitoring and advised the patient to quit smoking and follow up for examinations to better manage his condition.
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A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection that occurs anywhere in the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Here's a detailed explanation of urinary tract infections in four steps:
Cause and Risk Factors: UTIs are typically caused by bacteria, most commonly Escherichia coli (E. coli) which is found in the digestive system. However, other bacteria such as Klebsiella and Staphylococcus saprophyticus can also cause UTIs. UTIs can occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the urethra and multiply in the bladder. Risk factors for developing UTIs include:
Female anatomy: Women have a shorter urethra than men, making it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder.
Sexual activity: Sexual intercourse can introduce bacteria into the urinary tract.
Certain types of birth control: Diaphragms and spermicides can increase the risk of UTIs.
Menopause: Decreased estrogen levels can lead to changes in the urinary tract that increase susceptibility to infections.
Urinary tract abnormalities: Conditions such as kidney stones or an enlarged prostate can obstruct the flow of urine, increasing the risk of UTIs.
Symptoms: The symptoms of a UTI can vary depending on which part of the urinary tract is affected. Common symptoms include:
Pain or burning sensation during urination (dysuria)
Frequent urination
Urgency to urinate
Blood in the urine (hematuria)
Cloudy or strong-smelling urine
Pelvic pain in women
Rectal pain in men
Symptoms of a UTI in the elderly or individuals with weakened immune systems may be less specific and may include confusion or agitation.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis of a UTI typically involves a medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. A urine sample may be collected to test for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells, or other indicators of infection. In some cases, a urine culture may be performed to identify the specific bacteria causing the infection and determine which antibiotics are most effective for treatment. Imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans may be ordered if there is suspicion of complications such as kidney infection or urinary tract obstruction.
Treatment and Prevention: Treatment for UTIs usually involves antibiotics to eliminate the bacteria causing the infection. The choice of antibiotic and duration of treatment may vary depending on the severity of the infection, the specific bacteria involved, and any underlying health conditions. In addition to antibiotic therapy, drinking plenty of fluids and urinating frequently can help flush bacteria from the urinary tract. Preventive measures for UTIs include:
Drinking plenty of water to stay hydrated
Urinating soon after sexual intercourse
Wiping from front to back after using the toilet
Avoiding the use of irritating feminine products or douches
Taking showers instead of baths
Cranberry products may help prevent recurrent UTIs in some individuals by preventing bacteria from adhering to the uti
case study on urinary tract infection.pptx
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection that occurs anywhere in the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Here's a detailed explanation of urinary tract infections in four steps:
Cause and Risk Factors: UTIs are typically caused by bacteria, most commonly Escherichia coli (E. coli) which is found in the digestive system. However, other bacteria such as Klebsiella and Staphylococcus saprophyticus can also cause UTIs. UTIs can occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the urethra and multiply in the bladder. Risk factors for developing UTIs include:
Female anatomy: Women have a shorter urethra than men, making it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder.
Sexual activity: Sexual intercourse can introduce bacteria into the urinary tract.
Certain types of birth control: Diaphragms and spermicides can increase the risk of UTIs.
Menopause: Decreased estrogen levels can lead to changes in the urinary tract that increase susceptibility to infections.
Urinary tract abnormalities: Conditions such as kidney stones or an enlarged prostate can obstruct the flow of urine, increasing the risk of UTIs.
Symptoms: The symptoms of a UTI can vary depending on which part of the urinary tract is affected. Common symptoms include:
Pain or burning sensation during urination (dysuria)
Frequent urination
Urgency to urinate
Blood in the urine (hematuria)
Cloudy or strong-smelling urine
Pelvic pain in women
Rectal pain in men
Symptoms of a UTI in the elderly or individuals with weakened immune systems may be less specific and may include confusion or agitation.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis of a UTI typically involves a medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. A urine sample may be collected to test for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells, or other indicators of infection. In some cases, a urine culture may be performed to identify the specific bacteria causing the infection and determine which antibiotics are most effective for treatment. Imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans may be ordered if there is suspicion of complications such as kidney infection or urinary tract obstruction.
Treatment and Prevention: Treatment for UTIs usually involves antibiotics to eliminate the bacteria causing the infection. The choice of antibiotic and duration of treatment may vary depending on the severity of the infection, the specific bacteria involved, and any underlying health conditions. In addition to antibiotic therapy, drinking plenty of fluids and urinating frequently can help flush bacteria from the urinary tract. Preventive measures for UTIs include:
Drinking plenty of water to stay hydrated
Urinating soon after sexual intercourse
Wiping from front to back after using the toilet
Avoiding the use of irritating feminine products or douches
Taking showers instead of baths
Cranberry products may help prevent recurrent UTIs in some individuals by preventing bacteria from adhering to the uti
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- 2. NAME XXXX Age: 75 Gender: MALE IP No: 326603 Dept: med DOA: 22/11/15 DOD: 25/11/15 LOS: 4DAYS HEIGHT: 160cm WEIGHT: 60Kg BMI: 21.27(normal)
- 3. REASON FOR ADMISSION: C/O breathlessness since 3-4days Feels breathlessness during rest Cough since 1week(+sputum)
- 4. Alcoholic :No Smoker :yes(30years) Occupation :not mentioned Allergy :No allergy. Education :Primary(4th std)
- 5. Patient is conscious ,co-operative, oriented CVS: S1,S2(+) , no murmurs P-I-C-C-L-E- P/A: soft and non-tender, No organomegally CNS:NAD Afebrile
- 6. Past Medical History: Not a k/c/o DM & HTN • Past Medication History: paracetamol for 2days 1week ago(relief headache & fever)
- 7. VITALS 22/11/15 23/11/15 24/11/15 25/11/15 BP 120/80 120/70 120/70 120/80 RR 20 22 22 22 Pulse 76 76 75 75 Temp 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6
- 8. HEMATOLOGY NORMAL VALUES 23/11/15 Hb% 12-18% 14.8 WBC Count 5ooo-11000 cell/cu.mm 6800 Polymorphs 40 -75% 63 Lymphocyte 20-50% 30
- 9. NORMAL VALUES 23/11 ESR 0-20mm/hr 15 Platelet 1.5-4.5 lakh 1.9 GRBS 70- 140mg/dl Fasting blood sugar Post- prandial 100mg/dl 138mg/dl Serum Urea 20-50mg/dl 35 Serum creatini ne 0.6- 1.1mg/dl 1.1
- 10. LIVER FUNCTION TEST NORMAL VALUES 23/11 T.Bilirubin 0.3-1.2mg/dl 0.4 D.bilirubin 0-0.2mg/dl 0.1 I.bilirubin 0.3-1.0mg/dl 0.3 SGOT Upto31IU/L 17 SGPT Upto34IU/L 09 PROTEIN ANALYSIS Total protein 6.4-8.3gm/dl 5.5
- 11. Urine Analysis RESULT Volume 10ml color Pale yellow Turbidity Clear Pus cells 1-2 Epithelial cell 1-2
- 12. COPD
- 13. To control the signs and symptoms of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.
- 14. s l T. Name G. Name Dos age for m Streng th Freq Tota l dose /day 9 10 1 1 12 1 AZITROMYCI N tab 500mg 1-0-0 500 mg + + + + 2 DUOLIN + BIDECORT Salbutamol sulphate2. 5mg Ipratropiu m bromide 500mcg BUDESONID E Neb 2.5 ml 200mcg 1-1-1 1-0-1 7.5 ml 400 mcg + + + + 3 Dolo parace tamol tab 650mg 1-1-1 1950 ml + + + +
- 15. S L T. Name G. Name Dosa ge form Streng th Freq Total dose/ day 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 4 pan pantoprazol e Tab 40mg 1-0-0 40mg + + + + 5 O2 oxygen Neb 2ml/m in SOS + + + + 6 Synasma Dexophyllin e tab 400mg 1/2-0- 0 200mg + + + +
- 16. There is a moderate drug-drug interaction (PAN-THEOPHYLLIN) The accurate duration for oxygen administration was not given in documentations All drugs are prescribed in normal ranges No duplication of medication was found !!DOLO was prescribed without any reason!!
- 17. issues Intervention steps results Dolo was prescribed 1800mg/day,whithout any reason Discussed with a senior Doctors were agree so they asked the nurses to stop DOLO Doxophyllin and panto are given together so monitoring is necessary Talked with nurses and they asked patient weathere there is any nausea vomiting,.. NO INTERACTION symptoms ,SO they will continue these drugs buy supervision
- 18. • COPD is a condition in which your lung airways blocked due to smoking , that’s why you cant breath properly • Take your antibiotics as prescribed without gap and half an hour before meal • Follow up is necessary for you • Any time u felt breathing problems visit your physician for regular examinations • Use your breathing rehabilitation at the time of breathlessness
- 19. Quit smoking(MOST EFFECTIVE) Breathing exercises can be helpful for you condition Avoid any respiratory allergen or pollutants which stimulates your cough(USE MASK)