Contrast the views of Piaget and Bandura on how children develop..pdf

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Contrast the views of Piaget and Bandura on how children develop. Solution Piaget\'s theory of child - cognitive development: According to Piaget, cognitive reversibility is a tangible operation state in which children initially habituate and gain knowledge to understand the things how it works and alter they gain knowledge to return to their original state. Paiget illustrated children’s cognitive development in four stages They are 1. Sensory motor stage 2. Pre-operational stage (2 to7 years of old) 3. Concrete operational (children of 7 to 11 years old) 4. Formal operations (11 to 16 years adolescence stage) Preoperational stage defined as the stage at which children mainly habituate and gain knowledge to speak at the age of 2 to 7 years. In this stage child develops to use symbols initially and finally form enduring and manipulating symbols. In this stage, children do not develop logical thinking or reasoning. In concrete operational stage, children often develop logical thinking and efficient cognitive abilities. Preoperational stage includes the following stages of features such as a. animism; b. artificialism c. transductive reasoning. According Piaget conservation has illustrated as the process in which children at the age of 2 to seven are unable to think logically. But their logical thinking starts at the age of seven to eleven years. The formal operational stage starts after 11 years in which children often learn about mathematical models and apply them to solve a variety of problems. According to Bandura, children learning perspective is mainly associated with anticipated outcomes based on observational learning where environmental cues has specific impact on them. Behavioral cognitive theory: According to Bandura, behavior is resultant response due to complex interplay between environmental cues & inner processes in any species finally attain empirical validity. As per cognitive theories behavioral concern always involves a variety of environmental stimulus and concerned response, it could be voluntary response or reflexive response. These responses are associated with cues. This behavior is mainly based on external rewards through cortico-striatal pathway..

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CHAPTER 5 BRIEF CHAPTER SUMMARY According to Piaget, by acting on the environment, children move through four stages of cognitive development in which psychological structures, or schemes, achieve a better fit with external reality. In the sensorimotor stage, these spans the first two years of life, infants make strides in intentional behavior and understanding of object permanence. By the end of the second year, they become capable of mental representation, as seen in their sudden solutions to problems, mastery of object permanence, deferred imitation, and make-believe play. Displaced reference—the realization that words can be used to cue mental images of things not physically present—emerges around the first birthday and greatly expands toddlers’ capacity to learn about the world through communicating with others. Follow-up research on Piaget’s sensorimotor stage yields broad agreement that many cognitive changes of infancy are gradual and continuous and that various aspects of infant cognition change unevenly. However, many studies suggest that infants display a wide array of understandings earlier than Piaget believed. Secondary circular reactions, understanding of object properties, first signs of object permanence, deferred imitation, problem solving by analogy, and displaced reference of words emerge earlier than Piaget expected. Whereas Piaget thought that young babies constructed all mental representations out of sensorimotor activity, the core knowledge perspective maintains that babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems, or core domains of thought. These permit a ready grasp of new, related information and therefore support early, rapid development. Information-processing theorists want to determine exactly what individuals of different ages do when faced with a task or problem. They assume that we use mental strategies to operate on information as it flows through three parts of the mental system: the sensory register, the short-term memory store, and the long-term memory store. The central executive, the conscious, reflective part of our mental system, ensures that we think purposefully, to attain our goals. Research indicates that several aspects of the cognitive system improve during childhood and adolescence: (1) the basic capacity of its memory stores, especially working memory; (2) the speed with which information is worked on; and (3) the functioning of the central executive, which directs the flow of information and engages in more sophisticated activities that enable complex, flexible thinking. Gains in executive function—including controlling attention, suppressing impulses, coordinating information in working memory, and flexibly directing and monitoring thought and behavior—are under way in the first two years. By the second half of the first year, infants are capable of recognition as well as recall, and both recognition and recall improve teadily with age. During toddlerhood, categorization gradually ...

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Explain what differential cell affinity is, how this process is accomplished and why it is important for morphogenesis. Solution Morphogenesis is a process through which the organism develops its shape. The spatial distribution of organs and cells that belong to a specific group is controlled by this process. During the stage of embryonic development, the cells are restricted to particular layers (differential affinity) because all of them are joined by the same adhesion molecules. This homotypic cell adhesion keeps all the cells of similar type intact and form boundaries with the cells with different type of adhesion molecules, thus maintaining the organ’s or tissue’s shape..

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Explain in detail how OFDM helps mitigates multipath fading effects. Thank you! As detailed as possible! Solution Multipath fading is a feature that needs to be taken into account when designing or developing a radio communications system. In any terrestrial radio communications system, the signal will reach the receiver not only via the direct path, but also as a result of reflections from objects such as buildings, hills, ground, water, etc that are adjacent to the main path.The overall signal at the radio receiver is a summation of the variety of signals being received. As they all have different path lengths, the signals will add and subtract from the total dependent upon their relative phases. At times there will be changes in the relative path lengths. This could result from either the radio transmitter or receiver moving, or any of the objects that provides a reflective surface moving. This will result in the phases of the signals arriving at the receiver changing, and in turn this will result in the signal strength varying as a result of the different way in which the signals will sum together. It is this that causes the fading that is present on many signals. Multipath fading can affect radio communications channels in two main ways. This can give the way in which the effects of the multipath fading are mitigated..

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Entamoeba histolytica is an amoeba responsible for the gastrointestinal disease amebic dysentery. While E. histolytica is found in the environment as both an active trophozoite and as an inactive cyst, virtually all cases of amebic dysentery can be traced to infection with the cyst form of the organism. Speculate on why the active form of the pathogen causes far fewer cases of disease. Solution Mature cysts are more resistant to atmosphere as well as for antibiotics and Immune system than mature organism, upon ingestion of active form of organism which gets killed while if mature cyst enters the human body it remains as it is and later it develops to an active organism which can cause actual disease..

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Describe briefly each mouth part of the grasshopper. b. Describe how each of the following mouth parts of the moth, flesh fly. and mosquito have been modified in comparison to the grasshopper. Vocabulary used in drawings: lbr = labrum lbm = labium md = mandible mx = maxillae hyp = hypopharyn p = palp: mxp = maxillary palp lbp = labial palp fc = food channel sc = salivary channel clp = lower part of the head capsule (not a mouth part) Parts of labium: bk, hst, lbl Solution Answer: 2a)Mouthparts of grass hoper: 1)Mandibles:A grasshoper has a pair of mandibles on each side of head. the mandibles are the largest and most robust mouthparts of a chewing insect, and it uses them to cut, tear, crush, chew food items. Two sets of muscles move the mandibles in the coronal plane abductor muscles move insects mandibles apart adductor muscles bring them together . This they do mainly in opening and closing their jaws in feeding, but also useful the mandibles as tools, or possibly help in fighting .The mandibles are caudal to the labrum and anterior to the maxillae. 2)LABRUM: A simple plate-like sclerite that serves as a front lip to help contain the food.it is broad ,roughly rectangular shaped. 3)MAXILLAE:—pair of structures lying outside and behind the mandibles. Each of them consist of 5-segmented sensory maxillary palp in addition to other parts. The maxillae are used to manipulate the food before it enters the mouth. paired appendages with the following parts: Forms the broad median lower lip consisting of several parts in addition to a pair of 3-segmented labial palps on either side. The mandibles and the maxillae grind the food by moving it laterally. 5)HYPOPHARYNX: a tongue-like process that helps mix food and saliva.it is found attached to the labrum.The hypopharynx is a somewhat globular structure, located medially to the mandibles and the maxillae. it is membranous and associated with salivary glands. It assists in swallowing the food.....

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Compute the probability of event E if the odds in favor of E are 3/19 14/27 6/11 11/7 P(E) = (Type the probability as a fraction. Simplify your answer) Solution (A) Given odds in the favour of event E are 3/19 Therefore, probability = 3/(3+19) = 3/22 (B) Given odds in favour of event E are 14/27. Therefore, probability = 14/(14+27) = 14/41 (c) Given odds in favour of event E are 6/11. Therefore, probability = 6/(6+11) = 6/17 (d) Given odds in favour of event E are 11/7. Therefore, probability =11/(11+7) = 11/18.

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Compare and contrast the world population with that of the United States. Is the United States becoming a larger or a smaller part of the world\'s population? Solution According to the results of the 2015 Revision, the world population reached 7.3 billion as of mid- 2015 (table 1), implying that the world has added approximately one billion people in the span of the last twelve years. Sixty per cent of the global population lives in Asia (4.4 billion), 16 per cent in Africa (1.2 billion), 10 per cent in Europe (738 million), 9 per cent in Latin America and the Caribbean (634 million), and the remaining 5 per cent in Northern America (358 million) and Oceania (39 million). China (1.4 billion) and India (1.3 billion) remain the two largest countries of the world, both with more than 1 billion people, representing 19 and 18 per cent of the world’s population, respectively. It is becoming larger part of worlds population. In 2013 its was 4.42% of worlds population..

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