1) The document discusses consumer equilibrium and demand curve based on the ordinal utility approach. It explains the concepts of income effect, substitution effect and price effect using diagrams. 2) The derivation of the demand curve shows the inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded through shifts in equilibrium along indifference curves as price changes. 3) Consumer surplus is defined as the excess amount a consumer is willing to pay for a good over the actual amount paid, which declines with higher consumption. It represents potential revenue that can be extracted under special conditions.