The document describes the system of apartheid that was in place in South Africa, where non-white people were treated as inferiors and faced extensive legal discrimination and segregation. It then discusses the formation of groups to protest apartheid and fight for equality. As protests grew, the government began abolishing discriminatory laws and releasing political prisoners like Nelson Mandela. This led to the country's first democratic elections in 1994, where Mandela became president and a new constitution was drafted that enshrined equality and human rights for all.

2.  The non whites were treated as inferiors.
 They did not have voting rights.
 They were forbidden from living in white areas.
 Train, buses, beaches, taxis, hotels, hospitals,
schools, cinema halls were all separate for the
white and black.
 They could not even visit the churches where the
white worshipped.
was formed
in 1912 to fight against policies of apartheid and
segregation.

3. The growing popularity of protest and struggle made government
realise that they could no longer keep black under their rule.
 Discriminating laws were abolished.
 Ban on political parties and restrictions on the media were removed.
 After 28 years of imprisonment Nelson Mandela was set free from
the prison.
 On 26 April 1994 it marked the newly born democracy in the world
Nelson Mandela became the first president of this New South Africa.
 The black leaders were not ruthless towards the white for the
atrocities they had committed white in power.
 A new constitution was formed which was based on equality of all
races and men and women or democratic value , social justice and
human rights.

4.  In this new constitution the interest of both black and whites
were kept in mind. Both had to make some compromises.
The whites –
i. Agreed to the principle of majority.
ii. Accepted one person one vote.
iii. Accepted some basic rights for the poor and the workers .
The blacks –
i. Agreed that majority rule would not be absolute.
ii. Agreed majority would not take away the property of the white
majority.
 This compromise was not easy , it required trust between the
white and blacks but there was no guarantee that this trust will
not be broken in future.
 In constitution some rules were written down and no
government will be able to ignore to ignore.

5.  It creates a degree of trust and coordination .
 It specifies how the government will be made who will
have power to take which decisions.
 Its help creating a goods society.
 It is the source of power and authority of the
government
 It lays down all the details about working of the
government.
 Defines the relation between the different organs of
government.
 It informs us about the right of citizen .

6. India was a huge and diverse country and making of
the constitution was not an easy affair.
The country was divided on the basis of religious
difference.
The merger of princely states was a difficult and
uncertain task.
The future of the country was not much secure.

7. 1) Elections to the constituent assembly were held in July 1946.
2) The constituent assembly that wrote the Indian constitution
had 299 members.
3) The assembly adopted the constitution on 26th November
1949, but it came into effect on January 26th 1950.
Chairman of the constituent assembly-
 First some basic principle were decide and agreed upon.
 Then a drafting committee chaired by
prepared a draft constitution for discussion.
 Several rounds of through discussion took place more than
two thousand amendments were considered.

8.  It contains all the philosophy on which the entire constitution has
been built.
 The permeable is like an introduction or preferences of a book
provides guideline of a constitution.
1) The constitution has been drawn up and
enacted by the people through their representatives and handed
down to them.
2) – People have supreme rights to make decisions on
internal and as well as external rights.
3) – Wealth is generated socially and should be shared
equally by society government give equal respect to religion.
4) – Citizens have complete freedom to follow any religion.

9. 5) - People enjoy equal political rights ,elect their rulers
and hold them accountable.
6) - The head of the state an elected person.
7) – Citizens cannot be discriminated on the basis of caste,
religion, gender. Social in equalities have to be reduced.
Government should work for the welfare of all.
8) – There are no unreasonable restrictions on the citizens on
what they think how they wish to express their thoughts.
9) – All are equal before the law the government should
ensure equal opportunity for all.
10) - All of us should welfare behave as if we are members of
the same family . No one should be treat a fellow citizens as
inferiors.