C provides various data types to store different types of data. The main data types are integer, float, double, and char. Variables are used to store and manipulate data in a program. Variables must be declared before use, specifying the data type. Constants are fixed values that don't change, and can be numeric, character, or string values. Symbolic constants can be defined to represent constant values used throughout a program. Input and output of data can be done using functions like scanf and printf.
The document provides an overview of the C programming language. It discusses the history and development of C, which originated from programming languages like ALGOL and BCPL. C was created by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs in 1972 and is strongly associated with UNIX. The document also covers basic C programming concepts like data types, functions, header files, and the structure of a C program. It provides examples of simple C programs and discusses programming style and executing a C program.
Arrays in c unit iii chapter 1 mrs.sowmya jyothiSowmya Jyothi
1. Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same data type under a single variable name. There are one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and multidimensional arrays.
2. One-dimensional arrays use a single subscript to store elements, two-dimensional arrays use two subscripts for rows and columns, and multidimensional arrays can have three or more dimensions.
3. Arrays can be initialized at compile-time by providing initial values, or at run-time by assigning values with a for loop or other method.
This document discusses handling of character strings in C. It explains that a string is a sequence of characters stored in memory as ASCII codes appended with a null terminator. It describes common string operations in C like reading, displaying, concatenating, comparing and extracting substrings. It also discusses functions like strlen(), strcat(), strcmp(), strcpy() for performing various operations on strings.
This document summarizes different types of loops in C programming: for loops, while loops, and do-while loops. It explains the basic structure of each loop type, including where the initialization, test condition, and updating of the loop variable occurs. It also distinguishes between entry controlled loops (for and while) and exit controlled loops (do-while). Additional loop concepts covered include break and continue statements, and sentinel controlled loops. Examples are provided to illustrate usage of each loop type.
Pointers in C are variables that store memory addresses. They allow accessing and modifying the value stored at a specific memory location. Pointers contain the address of another variable as their value. To use pointers, they must first be declared along with the data type of the variable being pointed to. The address of the variable is then assigned to the pointer using the & operator. The value at the address can then be accessed using the * operator in front of the pointer variable name. The NULL pointer is a constant with a value of 0 that indicates an unassigned pointer. When a pointer is incremented, its value increases by the scale factor, which is the length of the data type being pointed to.
The document provides an overview of the C programming language. It discusses the history and development of C, which originated from programming languages like ALGOL and BCPL. C was created by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs in 1972 and is strongly associated with UNIX. The document also covers basic C programming concepts like data types, functions, header files, and the structure of a C program. It provides examples of simple C programs and discusses programming style and executing a C program.
Arrays in c unit iii chapter 1 mrs.sowmya jyothiSowmya Jyothi
1. Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same data type under a single variable name. There are one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and multidimensional arrays.
2. One-dimensional arrays use a single subscript to store elements, two-dimensional arrays use two subscripts for rows and columns, and multidimensional arrays can have three or more dimensions.
3. Arrays can be initialized at compile-time by providing initial values, or at run-time by assigning values with a for loop or other method.
This document discusses handling of character strings in C. It explains that a string is a sequence of characters stored in memory as ASCII codes appended with a null terminator. It describes common string operations in C like reading, displaying, concatenating, comparing and extracting substrings. It also discusses functions like strlen(), strcat(), strcmp(), strcpy() for performing various operations on strings.
This document summarizes different types of loops in C programming: for loops, while loops, and do-while loops. It explains the basic structure of each loop type, including where the initialization, test condition, and updating of the loop variable occurs. It also distinguishes between entry controlled loops (for and while) and exit controlled loops (do-while). Additional loop concepts covered include break and continue statements, and sentinel controlled loops. Examples are provided to illustrate usage of each loop type.
Pointers in C are variables that store memory addresses. They allow accessing and modifying the value stored at a specific memory location. Pointers contain the address of another variable as their value. To use pointers, they must first be declared along with the data type of the variable being pointed to. The address of the variable is then assigned to the pointer using the & operator. The value at the address can then be accessed using the * operator in front of the pointer variable name. The NULL pointer is a constant with a value of 0 that indicates an unassigned pointer. When a pointer is incremented, its value increases by the scale factor, which is the length of the data type being pointed to.
This document provides an overview of data types in C programming, including:
1) It describes four main types of data types - fundamental, modifiers, derived, and user defined. Fundamental types include integer, character, float, void. Modifiers change properties of other types. Derived types include arrays and pointers.
2) It explains the integer, float, character, and void fundamental data types in more detail. Integer can be short, int, long. Float and double store numbers in mantissa and exponent. Character represents keyboard characters.
3) Common C data type sizes and value ranges are provided for integer, float, and character types along with their modifiers like short, long, signed, unsigned.
Operators and expressions in c languagetanmaymodi4
what is operator in c language
uses of operator in c language
syatax of operator in c language
program of operator in c language
what is expressions in c language
use of expressions in c language
syantax of expressions in c language
C++ is an object-oriented programming language that is an extension of C. It was developed in the 1980s to support object-oriented programming. In C++, data and functions can be combined into objects. Data in an object can only be accessed by the object's functions, allowing for encapsulation. The document then provides an overview of key C++ concepts like data types, tokens, operators, and input/output streams to introduce basic C++ syntax and programming.
Data types in C include primary (fundamental) types like integers and floating-point numbers, as well as derived and user-defined types. Primary types include integers of various sizes (char, short, int, long) that can be signed or unsigned, and floating-point types like float, double, and long double. Integer types have size and value ranges that depend on the machine, such as 8-bit char from -128 to 127. Floating-point types have prescribed sizes and precision levels. User can define their own types using typedef to create new type names, or enum to define enumeration types with named values.
The document discusses C programming functions. It provides examples of defining, calling, and using functions to calculate factorials, Fibonacci sequences, HCF and LCM recursively and iteratively. Functions allow breaking programs into smaller, reusable blocks of code. They take in parameters, can return values, and have local scope. Function prototypes declare their interface so they can be called from other code locations.
1) The document discusses different aspects of structures in C programming such as defining a structure, initializing structures, accessing structure members, arrays of structures, nested structures, and pointers to structures.
2) A structure allows grouping of different data types under a single name and is useful for representing records with multiple attributes of an entity.
3) Structures can contain other structures to represent nested relationships between entities. Pointers to structures allow structures to be passed to functions and returned from functions.
This document discusses various control structures in C programming language including if, if-else, nested if-else, switch, break, continue and ternary operators. It provides syntax and examples for each control structure. The if statement is used for simple decisions while if-else is used for two-way decisions. Nested if-else allows for multiple conditions to be checked. Switch statement compares a value to multiple cases. Break and continue statements are used to control loops. The ternary operator provides a short-hand for if-else statements. In the end, contact details are provided to learn more about programming courses.
A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C program has at least one function, which is main(), and all the most trivial programs can define additional functions. You can divide up your code into separate functions.
The document provides an introduction to the C programming language including:
- The C development environment and how a program is compiled from source code to executable code
- A simple "Hello World" example program
- Key elements of a C program like comments, preprocessor directives, data types, and basic functions like printf()
- Details on tokens, variables, statements, and basic data types and functions in C
Pointers in C store the address of another variable. They allow dynamic memory allocation at runtime and can refer to variables of any data type. Pointers help save memory space and improve performance. A pointer variable contains the address of another variable. Common pointer types include null pointers, void pointers, and wild pointers. Pointers are useful for accessing memory locations and forming complex data structures like linked lists. However, pointers also present risks like memory corruption if misused.
This document provides an introduction to the C programming language. It discusses that C was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs to be used for the UNIX operating system. The document then covers some key characteristics of C including that it is a structured, low-level programming language. It also lists some common features of C like simple syntax, rich libraries, and pointers. The document concludes with examples of basic C programs and descriptions of input/output functions and escape sequences.
The document discusses functions in C programming. The key points are:
1. A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. Functions allow code reusability and modularity.
2. main() is the starting point of a C program where execution begins. User-defined functions are called from main() or other functions.
3. Functions can take arguments and return values. There are different ways functions can be defined based on these criteria.
4. Variables used within a function have local scope while global variables can be accessed from anywhere. Pointers allow passing arguments by reference.
Unions allow a variable to hold objects of different types in the same memory location. All members of a union share the same memory location, which is the size of the largest member. This means unions save memory by storing all members in one block, but the programmer must ensure the correct member is being accessed based on the data currently stored. The example program defines a union called Student containing different data types, reads values into members, and displays the members to demonstrate unions share the same memory location.
This document discusses key concepts in C programming including variables, data types, constants, keywords, comments, and rules for writing C programs. It defines variables as containers for storing data in memory locations. It describes predefined data types like char, int, float, and double as well as derived and user-defined data types. It also covers identifiers, declarations, initialization, keywords, constants, comments, and general rules for writing C programs.
The document provides information about a C programming module including:
- It is a 15 credit module comprising 50 hours of lectures and 50 hours of self-study.
- Assessment includes a CAT worth 60 marks and a final exam worth 40 marks.
- The module aims to teach students how to write and debug C programs, structured program design, and use C language constructs to solve problems in various areas.
A string in C is an array of characters that ends with a null character '\0'. Strings are stored in memory as arrays of characters with the null character added to the end. Common string operations in C include declaring and initializing strings, reading strings from users, and built-in string handling functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), and strcmp().
Data Types and Variables In C ProgrammingKamal Acharya
This document discusses data types and variables in C programming. It defines the basic data types like integer, floating point, character and void. It explains the size and range of integer and floating point data types. It also covers user-defined data types using typedef and enumeration. Variables are used to store and manipulate data in a program and the document outlines the rules for declaring variables and assigning values to them.
This document provides an overview of C programming, including getting started, keywords, identifiers, variables, constants, and data types. It explains that C is an efficient programming language widely used for system and application software. It also covers the basics of compilers, keywords, variables, constants, and different data types like integers, floats, characters, and more. The document is intended for beginners to provide a solid foundation of C programming concepts.
This document provides an overview of data types in C programming, including:
1) It describes four main types of data types - fundamental, modifiers, derived, and user defined. Fundamental types include integer, character, float, void. Modifiers change properties of other types. Derived types include arrays and pointers.
2) It explains the integer, float, character, and void fundamental data types in more detail. Integer can be short, int, long. Float and double store numbers in mantissa and exponent. Character represents keyboard characters.
3) Common C data type sizes and value ranges are provided for integer, float, and character types along with their modifiers like short, long, signed, unsigned.
Operators and expressions in c languagetanmaymodi4
what is operator in c language
uses of operator in c language
syatax of operator in c language
program of operator in c language
what is expressions in c language
use of expressions in c language
syantax of expressions in c language
C++ is an object-oriented programming language that is an extension of C. It was developed in the 1980s to support object-oriented programming. In C++, data and functions can be combined into objects. Data in an object can only be accessed by the object's functions, allowing for encapsulation. The document then provides an overview of key C++ concepts like data types, tokens, operators, and input/output streams to introduce basic C++ syntax and programming.
Data types in C include primary (fundamental) types like integers and floating-point numbers, as well as derived and user-defined types. Primary types include integers of various sizes (char, short, int, long) that can be signed or unsigned, and floating-point types like float, double, and long double. Integer types have size and value ranges that depend on the machine, such as 8-bit char from -128 to 127. Floating-point types have prescribed sizes and precision levels. User can define their own types using typedef to create new type names, or enum to define enumeration types with named values.
The document discusses C programming functions. It provides examples of defining, calling, and using functions to calculate factorials, Fibonacci sequences, HCF and LCM recursively and iteratively. Functions allow breaking programs into smaller, reusable blocks of code. They take in parameters, can return values, and have local scope. Function prototypes declare their interface so they can be called from other code locations.
1) The document discusses different aspects of structures in C programming such as defining a structure, initializing structures, accessing structure members, arrays of structures, nested structures, and pointers to structures.
2) A structure allows grouping of different data types under a single name and is useful for representing records with multiple attributes of an entity.
3) Structures can contain other structures to represent nested relationships between entities. Pointers to structures allow structures to be passed to functions and returned from functions.
This document discusses various control structures in C programming language including if, if-else, nested if-else, switch, break, continue and ternary operators. It provides syntax and examples for each control structure. The if statement is used for simple decisions while if-else is used for two-way decisions. Nested if-else allows for multiple conditions to be checked. Switch statement compares a value to multiple cases. Break and continue statements are used to control loops. The ternary operator provides a short-hand for if-else statements. In the end, contact details are provided to learn more about programming courses.
A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C program has at least one function, which is main(), and all the most trivial programs can define additional functions. You can divide up your code into separate functions.
The document provides an introduction to the C programming language including:
- The C development environment and how a program is compiled from source code to executable code
- A simple "Hello World" example program
- Key elements of a C program like comments, preprocessor directives, data types, and basic functions like printf()
- Details on tokens, variables, statements, and basic data types and functions in C
Pointers in C store the address of another variable. They allow dynamic memory allocation at runtime and can refer to variables of any data type. Pointers help save memory space and improve performance. A pointer variable contains the address of another variable. Common pointer types include null pointers, void pointers, and wild pointers. Pointers are useful for accessing memory locations and forming complex data structures like linked lists. However, pointers also present risks like memory corruption if misused.
This document provides an introduction to the C programming language. It discusses that C was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs to be used for the UNIX operating system. The document then covers some key characteristics of C including that it is a structured, low-level programming language. It also lists some common features of C like simple syntax, rich libraries, and pointers. The document concludes with examples of basic C programs and descriptions of input/output functions and escape sequences.
The document discusses functions in C programming. The key points are:
1. A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. Functions allow code reusability and modularity.
2. main() is the starting point of a C program where execution begins. User-defined functions are called from main() or other functions.
3. Functions can take arguments and return values. There are different ways functions can be defined based on these criteria.
4. Variables used within a function have local scope while global variables can be accessed from anywhere. Pointers allow passing arguments by reference.
Unions allow a variable to hold objects of different types in the same memory location. All members of a union share the same memory location, which is the size of the largest member. This means unions save memory by storing all members in one block, but the programmer must ensure the correct member is being accessed based on the data currently stored. The example program defines a union called Student containing different data types, reads values into members, and displays the members to demonstrate unions share the same memory location.
This document discusses key concepts in C programming including variables, data types, constants, keywords, comments, and rules for writing C programs. It defines variables as containers for storing data in memory locations. It describes predefined data types like char, int, float, and double as well as derived and user-defined data types. It also covers identifiers, declarations, initialization, keywords, constants, comments, and general rules for writing C programs.
The document provides information about a C programming module including:
- It is a 15 credit module comprising 50 hours of lectures and 50 hours of self-study.
- Assessment includes a CAT worth 60 marks and a final exam worth 40 marks.
- The module aims to teach students how to write and debug C programs, structured program design, and use C language constructs to solve problems in various areas.
A string in C is an array of characters that ends with a null character '\0'. Strings are stored in memory as arrays of characters with the null character added to the end. Common string operations in C include declaring and initializing strings, reading strings from users, and built-in string handling functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), and strcmp().
Data Types and Variables In C ProgrammingKamal Acharya
This document discusses data types and variables in C programming. It defines the basic data types like integer, floating point, character and void. It explains the size and range of integer and floating point data types. It also covers user-defined data types using typedef and enumeration. Variables are used to store and manipulate data in a program and the document outlines the rules for declaring variables and assigning values to them.
This document provides an overview of C programming, including getting started, keywords, identifiers, variables, constants, and data types. It explains that C is an efficient programming language widely used for system and application software. It also covers the basics of compilers, keywords, variables, constants, and different data types like integers, floats, characters, and more. The document is intended for beginners to provide a solid foundation of C programming concepts.
This document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in C programming such as keywords, identifiers, data types, constants, variables, and operators. Key points include:
- Keywords are reserved words in C that have special meaning, while identifiers are names given to variables, functions, etc. Identifiers cannot be the same as keywords.
- There are different data types in C like int, char, float, etc. that determine the type of data a variable can hold.
- Constants cannot change value once defined, while the value of variables can change during program execution.
- Operators like unary, binary, and ternary are used to perform operations on operands. Unary operators require a single
Bsc cs i pic u-2 datatypes and variables in c languageRai University
The document discusses various topics related to C programming language including basic structure of a C program, programming rules, comments, main method, declaration, data types, variables, operators, and conditional operators. It provides explanations and examples for each topic. The key points are that a C program contains functions organized into sections, all statements must end with a semicolon, comments are enclosed in /* */ , the main() function contains the main program logic, variables must be declared before use with a specified data type, and operators are used to manipulate variables and perform tasks like arithmetic, comparisons, assignments, and conditionals.
Btech i pic u-2 datatypes and variables in c languageRai University
This document discusses various topics related to C programming language including basic structure of a C program, programming rules, comments, main method, declaration, data types, variables, operators, and input/output functions. It explains that a C program contains functions organized into sections like main, documentation, definitions, and subprograms. It provides rules for writing comments, declaring and initializing variables, and defining valid identifiers. It also describes different data types in C like integer, float, character, and string. Finally, it discusses various operators supported in C for arithmetic, relational, logical, assignment, increment/decrement operations.
Diploma ii cfpc u-2 datatypes and variables in c languageRai University
The document discusses various topics related to C programming language such as basic structure of a C program, programming rules, comments, main method, declaration, data types, variables, operators, and conditional operators. It explains that a C program consists of functions organized into sections like documentation, definitions, global declarations, main function, and subprograms. It provides rules for writing comments, declaring variables, and defining valid identifiers and constants. It also describes various data types in C including integer, floating point, character, and string types.
Mca i pic u-2 datatypes and variables in c languageRai University
This document discusses various concepts related to data types and variables in the C programming language. It covers the basic structure of a C program and sections like documentation, definition, global declaration, main function, and subprogram sections. It describes rules for comments, the main method, declaration, data types like integer, floating point, character, and string. It also discusses variables, assigning values, and declaring variables with different storage classes.
This document provides an overview of basic concepts in C programming including data types, variables, constants, and storage classes. It discusses the basic structure of a C program and sections like main(), functions, and declarations. It describes various data types in C like integer, float, character, and string. Rules for identifiers, keywords, and comments are also covered. The document explains variable declaration and assignment as well as constants like integer, real, character, string and escape sequences. Storage classes and scope of variables are discussed.
This document discusses variables in C++, including data types, identifiers, and variable declaration. It provides the following key points:
- Data types specify the type of data a variable can store (e.g. int, float, char) and determine how much memory is allocated. Common fundamental data types include integers, floating point numbers, booleans, characters, and strings.
- Identifiers are names given to variables and follow naming rules like starting with a letter and not being a reserved keyword. Variables must be declared before use by specifying the data type.
- Declaration syntax is the data type followed by the variable name(s). For example, "int x, y;" declares two integer variables.
The document provides an overview of the C programming language. It discusses the origins and development of C from earlier languages like ALGOL and BCPL. It describes key features of C like data types, variables, constants, and operators. It also provides a basic Hello World program example and explains the process of compiling and executing a C program.
The document provides an introduction to data types in C++ programming language. It discusses the different levels of programming languages, common uses of C/C++, its character set, whitespace characters, and defines what a data type is. It then lists the primitive/built-in data types in C++ like integer, float, boolean, etc. and describes variables types and memory used. It also covers rules for constructing identifiers, variable declaration, and the four types of C/C++ instructions.
The document outlines topics to be covered in a C programming course, including structure of C programs, identifiers, data types, constants, variables, expressions, and operators. It provides details on each topic in 3 sentences or less:
The structure of a C program consists of functions, with one function called main executing first. Functions contain a heading, argument declarations, and a compound statement enclosed in braces. Compound statements can be nested and expressions must end with semicolons.
C is a middle-level programming language developed in the 1970s at Bell Labs. It is modular, portable, reusable, and features functions, keywords, and standard libraries. C code is written in functions and compiled before being executed on a computer to solve problems.
This document provides an overview of constants, variables, and data types in the C programming language. It discusses the different categories of characters used in C, C tokens including keywords, identifiers, constants, strings, special symbols, and operators. It also covers rules for identifiers and variables, integer constants, real constants, single character constants, string constants, and backslash character constants. Finally, it describes the primary data types in C including integer, character, floating point, double, and void, as well as integer, floating point, and character types.
This document provides an overview of constants, variables, and data types in the C programming language. It discusses the different categories of characters used in C, C tokens including keywords, identifiers, constants, strings, special symbols, and operators. It also covers rules for identifiers and variables, integer, floating point, void, and character data types, and describes constants like integer, real, single character, string, and backslash character constants.
This document introduces some of the basic elements of the C programming language, including the C character set, keywords and identifiers, constants, data types, variables, arrays, declarations, expressions, and statements. It discusses each of these elements in 1-3 sentences, providing the key details about what they are and how they are used in C programs. For example, it notes that identifiers are names given to program elements like variables and functions, and that keywords are reserved words in C that cannot be used as identifiers. It also gives examples of different types of constants in C like integer, floating point, character, and string constants.
The document discusses various topics related to programming style in C language including tokens, keywords, variables, constants, data types, operators, and flow control statements. It provides definitions and examples of each. Specifically, it defines the different types of tokens in C and gives an example program to demonstrate tokens. It also lists and describes the 32 keywords in C and provides rules for constructing identifiers and variables. Further, it discusses various data types in C including integer, floating-point, and character types and provides their storage sizes and value ranges. The document also covers the different categories of operators in C like arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, and assignment operators including their syntax and examples. Finally, it discusses selection and repetition statements like
This document provides a summary of the MetaQuotes Language 4 (MQL4) programming language. MQL4 allows users to create expert advisors, indicators, scripts and libraries to automate trading strategies. The document covers MQL4 syntax including data types, variables, functions, operators and expressions. It provides examples and descriptions of commands for technical analysis, trading and working with arrays, strings, colors and dates.
Similar to Constants Variables Datatypes by Mrs. Sowmya Jyothi (20)
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
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BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Constants Variables Datatypes by Mrs. Sowmya Jyothi
1. CONSTANTS, VARIABLES AND
DATA TYPES in C
Reference: Programming in C by Balaguruswamy
MRS. SOWMYA JYOTHI, SDMCBM, MANGALORE
2. Introduction:-
A programming language is designed to help process certain kinds of data consisting of numbers,
characters and strings and to provide useful output known as information.
The task of processing of data is accomplished by executing a sequence of precise instructions called
a program. These instructions are formed using certain symbols and words according to some rigid
rules known as syntax rules (or grammar).
3. Character set:-
The characters that can be used to form words, numbers and expressions depend upon the computer on
which the program is run.
The character set in C Language can be grouped into the following categories:
1.Letters
2.Digits
3.SpecialCharacters
4. White Spaces
6. White Spaces
Blank Space
Horizontal Tab
Carriage return
New Line
Form feed
White Spaces are ignored by the compiler until they are a part of string constant. White Space may be
used to separate words, but are strictly prohibited while using between characters or keywords or
identifiers.
7. C Tokens:
In the passage of text, individual words and punctuation marks
are called tokens.
In C program, the smallest individual units are known as C
tokens.
C has six type of tokens.
Every C program is written using these tokens and the syntax of
the language
8.
9. Keywords and Identifiers
All Keywords have fixed meanings and these meanings cannot
be changed.
There are 32 keywords.
Some compiler may use additional keywords that must be
identified from the C manual.
Keywords serve as basic building block for a program
statement.
All keyword must be written in lowercase.
10. auto else register union
break enum return unsigned
case extern short void
char float signed volatile
const for size of while
continue goto static .
default if struct .
do int switch .
double long typedef .
11. Identifier refers to the names of user-defined variables, array and
functions.
A variable should be essentially a sequence of letters and or digits and the
variable name should begin with a character. Both uppercase and
lowercase letters are permitted, although lowercase letters are commonly
used. The underscore character is also permitted in identifiers.
The identifiers must conform to the following rules.
1. First character must be an alphabet (or underscore)
2. Identifier names must consists of only letters, digits and underscore.
3. A identifier name should have less than 31 characters.
4. Any standard C language keyword cannot be used as a variable
name.
5. A identifier should not contain a space.
12. 3. Constants
Constants in C refer to fixed values that do not change during
the execution of a program. C supports several types of
constants.
1. Integer Constants
2.Real Constants
3.Single Character Constants
4. String Constants
13.
14. Integer Constants
An integer constant is a sequence of digits.
There are 3 types of integers namely decimal integer, octal integer
and hexadecimal integer.
Decimal Integers consists of a set of digits 0 to 9 preceded by an
optional + or - sign. Spaces, commas and non digit characters are not
permitted between digits. Examples for valid decimal integer
constants are
123 -31 0 562321 + 78
Embedded spaces, commas and non-digit characters are not
permitted between digits. Some examples for invalid integer
constants are
15 750 20,000 Rs. 1000
15. Octal Integers constant consists of any combination of digits from 0
through 7 with a 0 at the beginning. Some examples of octal integers
are
026 0 0347 0676
Hexadecimal integer constant is preceded by 0X or 0x, they
may contain alphabets from A to F or a to f.
The alphabets A to F refers to 10 to 15 in decimal digits.
Example of valid hexadecimal integers are
0X2 0X8C 0Xbcd 0x
16. Real Constants
Real constants are used to represent quantities that
are very continuously, such as distances, temperature
etc. These quantities are represented by numbers.
These numbers are shown in decimal notation, having
a whole number followed by a decimal point and the
fractional part.
Real Numbers can also be represented by exponential
or scientific notation. For example, the value 215.65 may
be written as 2.1565e2 in exponential notation.e2 means
multiply by 102
17. The general form for exponential notation is
mantissa e exponent.
The mantissa is either a real number expressed in decimal notation or an integer. The
exponent is an integer number with an optional plus or minus sign. The letter e separating the
mantissa and the exponent can be written.
Exponential notation is useful for representing numbers that are either very large or very small in
magnitude. Floating-point constants are normally represented as double-precision quantities. However,
the suffixes f or F may be used to force single-precision and l or L to extend double precision further in
either lowercase or uppercase.
Examples of legal floating-point constants are:- 0.65e4 1.2e-1
18. ASCII, abbreviation of American Standard Code For Information Interchange, a standard data-
transmission code that is used by smaller and less-powerful computers to represent both textual data
(letters, numbers, and punctuation marks) and noninput-device commands (control characters like
Carriage return, line feed, back space etc..).
It's a 7-bit character code where every single bit represents a unique character
19. Single Character Constants
A single character constants contains a single character enclosed within a pair
of single quote marks.
Example, ‘5’ ‘X’ ‘;’.
The character constant ‘5’ is not the same as the number 5.
All character constants have an equivalent integer value which are called ASCII
Values.
For example:- printf(“%d”, ‘a’);
Would print the number 97, the ASCII value of the letter a.
Similarly, the statement
printf(“%c”,’97’)
would output the letter ‘a’.
char data type is used to store ASCII characters in C.
20. String Constants
A string constant contains a string of
characters enclosed within a pair of double
quote marks.
Examples: “Hello !” “1987” “?....!”
21. Backslash character constants/Escape Sequences are
special characters used in output functions.
Although they contain two characters they represent only one
character.
These characters combinations are known as escape
sequences.
Constant Meaning
'a' Audible Alert
'b' Backspace
'f' Formfeed
'n' New Line
'r' Carriage
't' Horizontal tab
'v' Vertical Tab
''' Single Quote
'"' Double Quote
'?' Question Mark
'' Back Slash
'0' Null
22. Variables
A variable is a data name that may be used to store data
value.
A variable may take different value at different times during
execution. Some examples are: average, height,
class_strength, abc123.
Variable names may consist of letters, digits and the
underscore character, subject to the following conditions.
23. 1. They must always begin with a letter, although some
systems permit underscore as the first character.
2. The length of a variable must not be more than 8 characters.
3. White space is not allowed and
4. A variable should not be a Keyword
5. It should not contain any special characters.
6. Uppercase and lowercase are significant. That is, the variable
Total is not the same as total or TOTAL.
24. Data Types
C language is rich in its data types.
Storage representations and machine instructions to handle constants differ from machine to
machine.
The variety of data types available allow the programmer to select the type appropriate to the needs
of the application as well as the machine.
It supports 3 classes of data types. They are:-
1. Primary data type
2. Derived data type
3. User-defined data type
25.
26. 1.Integer int
2.Character char
3.Floating Point float
4.Double precision floating point double
5.Void void
Primary data type
All C compilers support five fundamental data types.
27. DATA RANGE OF
char -128 to 127
Int -32768 to +32767
float 3.4 e-38 to 3.4 e+38
double 1.7 e-308 to 1.7
The size and range of each data type is given in the
table below
28. Integer Type :
Integer are whole numbers with a range of values
supported by a particular machine. If we use a 16 bit(2
bytes) word length, the size of the integer value is limited
to the range -32768 to +32767.
C has 3 classes of integer storage namely short int, int
and long int. All of these data types have signed and
unsigned forms.
29. Floating Point Types:
Floating point number represents a real number with 6 digits precision.
Floating point numbers are denoted by the keyword float.
When the accuracy of the floating point number is insufficient, we can use the double to define the
number.
The double is same as float but with longer precision.
A double data type number uses 64 bits giving a precision of 14 digits. To extend the precision
further we can use long double which consumes 80 bits of memory space.
Float(4 bytes) Double(8 bytes) Long Double(10 bytes)
30. void Type :
The void type has no values.
Using void data type, we can specify the type of a function.
The type of a function is said to be void when it does not return
any value to the calling function. Keyword used is void.
Character Type :
A single character can be defined as a defined as a character type
of data. Characters are usually stored in 8 bits of internal storage.
The qualifier signed or unsigned can be explicitly applied to char.
While unsigned characters have values between 0 and 255, signed
characters have values from –128 to 127.
Keyword used for character data type is char
31.
32.
33. Declaration of Variables
Every variable used in the program should be declared
to the compiler. The declaration does two things.
1. Tells the compiler the variables name.
2. Specifies what type of data the variable will hold.
The declaration of variables must be done before they
are used in the program.
34. The general format of any declaration
datatype v1, v2, v3, ……….. vn;
Where v1, v2, v3 are variable names. Variables are separated by commas.
A declaration statement must end with a semicolon.
Example:
int sum;
int number, salary;
double average, mean;
35. User defined type declaration
In C language a user can define an identifier that represents an
existing data type.
The user defined data type identifier can later be used to declare
variables.
The general syntax is
typedef type identifier;
where type represents existing data type and
‘identifier’ refers to the ‘new’ name given to the data type.
36. Example:
typedef int units;
typedef float average;
Here salary symbolizes int and average symbolizes float. They can be later used to declare variables as
follows:
units dept1, dept2;
average section1, section2;
Therefore dept1 and dept2 are indirectly declared as integer datatype and section1 and section2 are
indirectly float data type.
37. The second type of user defined datatype is enumerated data
type which is defined as follows.
enum identifier {value1, value2 …. Value n};
The identifier is a user defined enumerated datatype which can be used to declare variables that have one of the values
enclosed within the braces.
After the definition we can declare variables to be of this ‘new’ type as below.
enum identifier V1, V2, V3, ……… Vn
The enumerated variables V1, V2, ….. Vn can have only one of the values
value1, value2 ….. value n
Example:
enum day {Monday, Tuesday, …. Sunday};
enum day week_st, week end;
week_st = Monday;
week_end = Friday;
38. Assignment Statement:-
Values can be assigned to variables using the assignment operator = as follows:-
variable_name= constant;
For example:
initial_value = 0;
final_value=100;
An assignment statement implies that the value of the variable on the left of the ‘equal sign’ is set
equal to the value of the quantity( or the expression) on the right.
year= year+1;
means that the ‘new value ‘ of year is equal to the ‘old value’ of year plus 1.
39. It is also possible to assign a value to a variable at the time the variable is declared.
data-type variable-name = constant;
For example:-
int final_value= 100;
char yes = ‘x’;
The process of giving initial values to variables is called initialization. C permits the initialization of more
than one variables in one statement using multiple assignment operators.
For example:-
p = q = s = 0;
x = y = z = MAX;
40. Reading data from keyboard:-
Another way of giving values to variables is to input data through
keyboard using the scanf function. It is a general input function
available in C.
The general format of scanf is as follows:-
scanf(“control string”, &variable1, &variable2,…….);
The control string contains the format of data being received.
The ampersand symbol & before each variable name is an operator
that specifies the variable name’s address.
We must always use this operator, otherwise unexpected results may
occur.
41. For example:- scanf(“%d”, &number);
When this statement is encountered by the computer, the execution stops and waits for the value of
the variable number to be types in.
Since the control string “%d” specifies that an integer value is to be read from the terminal, we
have to type in the value in integer form.
Once the number is typed in and the ‘Return’ key is pressed, the computer then proceeds to the next
statement.
Thus, the use of scanf provides an interactive feature and makes the program ‘user friendly’. The
value is assigned to the variable number.
42. Defining Symbolic Constants
Constants may appear repeatedly in a number of places in the program.
A symbolic constant value can be defined as a preprocessor statement and used in the program as any other
constant value.
The general form of a symbolic constant is
Syntax:-
#define symbolic_name valueofconstant
Valid examples of constant definitions are :
#define marks 100
#define total 50
#define pi 3.14159
These values may appear anywhere in the program, but must come before it is referenced in the program. It is
a standard practice to place them at the beginning of the program.
43. Declaring Variable as Constant
The values of some variable may be required to remain constant through-out the program. We can
do this by using the qualifier const at the time of initialization.
Example:
const int class_size = 40;
The const data type qualifier tells the compiler that the value of the int variable class_size may not
be modified in the program.