The document discusses different levels of economic integration between countries including free trade areas, customs unions, common markets, economic unions, and political unions. It provides examples of economic integrations in different regions: the European Union integrating most of Western Europe, NAFTA integrating Canada, Mexico, and the US, Mercosur integrating South American countries, ASEAN and APEC in Asia, and economic communities in Africa. The goals are generally to reduce barriers to trade and movement of goods, services, and factors of production to promote regional economic cooperation and growth.
This document provides an overview of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) regional organization and its efforts to enhance connectivity. It discusses BIMSTEC's history, objectives, areas of cooperation, achievements and challenges. Key points include identifying priority transport infrastructure projects in the BIMSTEC Transport Infrastructure and Logistics Study to improve road, rail, maritime and digital connectivity. BIMSTEC leaders have committed to advancing physical, economic and energy connectivity through agreements on coastal shipping and a motor vehicles pact.
Public private partnerships-nepal and bangladesh perspectivePrazwal Pradhan
This document provides an overview of public-private partnerships (PPPs). It defines PPPs and discusses their history, objectives, benefits, risks, funding sources, and differences from privatization. Popular PPP models are described. Six keys to successful partnerships are outlined, including having the proper statutory and political environment, an organized structure, a detailed business plan, a guaranteed revenue stream, stakeholder support, and picking the right partners. The document also discusses PPP theories, international instruments related to PPPs, contemporary thoughts on PPPs from scholar Joan Veon, and examples of PPP implementation in Bangladesh and its government's plans for expanding PPPs in the energy sector.
This document provides an overview and comparison of GATT and the WTO. It discusses that GATT was formed in 1949 to reduce tariffs and encourage global trade but was replaced by the WTO in 1995. The objectives of both organizations were to increase global production and standards of living through international cooperation and trade. The WTO now has 146 member countries and aims to make trade rules transparent and beneficial to developing countries while promoting sustainable development and a rules-based global trading system. India has been a founding member of both GATT and the WTO.
Energy Security in South Asia Opportunities & ChallengesIPPAI
The document discusses energy security challenges and opportunities in South Asia. It notes that while the region has significant energy resources, optimal development is hampered by a lack of cooperation and integration between countries. Major challenges include high energy demand growth outpacing supply additions, large unmet energy access needs, and mobilizing financing for new infrastructure projects. The document examines trends in energy consumption, resources, and generation across South Asian nations.
A public–private partnership (PPP) is a government service or private business venture which is funded and operated through a partnership of government and one or more private sector companies
The PPP projects are good as it do not put financial implications on union and states and creating better infrastructural facilities to the people
The document summarizes a workshop on capacity building for the implementation of multilateral environmental agreements in Africa. It describes the objectives of strengthening countries' abilities to implement agreements and highlights achievements like improved negotiation skills. It also outlines challenges like low public awareness and limited political commitment. Recommendations include promoting common activities with initiatives on human resources, science and technology.
The document discusses the concept of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) for evaluating information systems projects. CBA measures and compares the costs and benefits of a project to determine if its benefits outweigh its costs. The CBA process involves identifying the tangible and intangible costs and benefits of a project, evaluating them, and choosing the system with the lowest costs but highest benefits. CBA is useful for decision making by individuals, companies, and governments.
The document discusses different levels of economic integration between countries including free trade areas, customs unions, common markets, economic unions, and political unions. It provides examples of economic integrations in different regions: the European Union integrating most of Western Europe, NAFTA integrating Canada, Mexico, and the US, Mercosur integrating South American countries, ASEAN and APEC in Asia, and economic communities in Africa. The goals are generally to reduce barriers to trade and movement of goods, services, and factors of production to promote regional economic cooperation and growth.
This document provides an overview of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) regional organization and its efforts to enhance connectivity. It discusses BIMSTEC's history, objectives, areas of cooperation, achievements and challenges. Key points include identifying priority transport infrastructure projects in the BIMSTEC Transport Infrastructure and Logistics Study to improve road, rail, maritime and digital connectivity. BIMSTEC leaders have committed to advancing physical, economic and energy connectivity through agreements on coastal shipping and a motor vehicles pact.
Public private partnerships-nepal and bangladesh perspectivePrazwal Pradhan
This document provides an overview of public-private partnerships (PPPs). It defines PPPs and discusses their history, objectives, benefits, risks, funding sources, and differences from privatization. Popular PPP models are described. Six keys to successful partnerships are outlined, including having the proper statutory and political environment, an organized structure, a detailed business plan, a guaranteed revenue stream, stakeholder support, and picking the right partners. The document also discusses PPP theories, international instruments related to PPPs, contemporary thoughts on PPPs from scholar Joan Veon, and examples of PPP implementation in Bangladesh and its government's plans for expanding PPPs in the energy sector.
This document provides an overview and comparison of GATT and the WTO. It discusses that GATT was formed in 1949 to reduce tariffs and encourage global trade but was replaced by the WTO in 1995. The objectives of both organizations were to increase global production and standards of living through international cooperation and trade. The WTO now has 146 member countries and aims to make trade rules transparent and beneficial to developing countries while promoting sustainable development and a rules-based global trading system. India has been a founding member of both GATT and the WTO.
Energy Security in South Asia Opportunities & ChallengesIPPAI
The document discusses energy security challenges and opportunities in South Asia. It notes that while the region has significant energy resources, optimal development is hampered by a lack of cooperation and integration between countries. Major challenges include high energy demand growth outpacing supply additions, large unmet energy access needs, and mobilizing financing for new infrastructure projects. The document examines trends in energy consumption, resources, and generation across South Asian nations.
A public–private partnership (PPP) is a government service or private business venture which is funded and operated through a partnership of government and one or more private sector companies
The PPP projects are good as it do not put financial implications on union and states and creating better infrastructural facilities to the people
The document summarizes a workshop on capacity building for the implementation of multilateral environmental agreements in Africa. It describes the objectives of strengthening countries' abilities to implement agreements and highlights achievements like improved negotiation skills. It also outlines challenges like low public awareness and limited political commitment. Recommendations include promoting common activities with initiatives on human resources, science and technology.
The document discusses the concept of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) for evaluating information systems projects. CBA measures and compares the costs and benefits of a project to determine if its benefits outweigh its costs. The CBA process involves identifying the tangible and intangible costs and benefits of a project, evaluating them, and choosing the system with the lowest costs but highest benefits. CBA is useful for decision making by individuals, companies, and governments.
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) addresses climate change in four main themes: 1) Adapting to climate change by building resilience, 2) Facilitating a transition to low carbon societies, 3) Improving understanding of climate science, and 4) Communicating and raising awareness. UNEP works with countries on issues like adaptation planning, promoting renewable energy, reducing deforestation, and supporting the Clean Development Mechanism. It also undertakes assessments, publishes reports, and runs campaigns to advance global action on climate change.
Environmental auditing assesses a company's environmental performance and impact in order to help inform decision-making. Audits evaluate the nature and extent of environmental harm caused by a company's activities, wastes, or noise. Audits should be independent, objective, credible, transparent, regular and ongoing. Environmental auditing was developed in the 1970s in response to new environmental regulations and has since been used to assess compliance, issues of concern, sites, products, and management systems. Audits identify recommendations to improve practices and reduce environmental impact.
This document provides an overview of business research methods. It discusses the definition and key features of research, as well as the importance and purpose of research. It also defines different types of research including business research, social research, and educational research. The document outlines the characteristics of good research and some limitations of research. Finally, it discusses the role and requirements of theory in research.
Public private partnership(PPP) and Safety,Risk & Benefit AnalysisYubraj Ghimire
1. The document discusses public-private partnerships (PPPs), including defining PPPs as contractual agreements between public and private entities to deliver public services or projects through risk sharing.
2. It identifies some obstacles to PPP implementation like unstable governments and lack of cooperation among agencies, and lists the main types of PPP arrangements in Nepal.
3. Risks and benefits of PPPs are analyzed, with risks including economic, financial, market, political, operations and maintenance, and environmental risks, and benefits being improved efficiency, on-time project delivery, budget certainty, and developing local private sector capabilities.
This document provides an overview of environmental law in the United States. It discusses the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970 to protect human health and the environment. It then summarizes several key federal environmental laws, including the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act. It also discusses the role of state agencies in implementing federal environmental programs and regulating pollution at the state level.
Global meets and conferences on EnvironmentT. Tamilselvan
The document summarizes several major global conferences and agreements related to the environment, including:
- The UNCCUR in 1949 which focused on international cooperation around natural resource management.
- The Ramsar Convention of 1971 which aims to conserve and sustainably use wetlands through local and national action. It has over 2,000 designated wetland sites.
- The World Heritage Convention of 1972 which identifies and helps protect important cultural and natural sites around the world.
- The Washington Convention (CITES) of 1973 which regulates international trade in endangered species and has protected over 35,000 plant and animal species.
- The Montreal Protocol of 1987 which is aimed at protecting the ozone layer and has been
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in Project ManagementJoy Bhattacharjee
Environmental Impact Assessment is a systematic process by which we can identify what will be the future consequences of a projected or recent actions.
Environmental management aims to control human impact on the environment to preserve natural resources and improve human welfare. It focuses on developing and implementing environmental policy. Sustainable development meets present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. India faces many environmental issues like pollution, degradation of land and forests, and loss of biodiversity due to factors like population growth, urbanization, and industrialization. The national environmental policy aims to mainstream environmental concerns in development and achieve conservation, equity, and sustainability.
WORLD SUMMIT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2002LeninVinod
The World Summit on Sustainable Development was held in Johannesburg, South Africa from August 26 to September 4, 2002. It brought together heads of state, leaders from NGOs, businesses, and other groups to discuss advancing sustainable development. The summit sought to identify progress and further efforts needed since the 1992 Earth Summit, address new challenges, and renew commitments to sustainable development. It resulted in the Johannesburg Declaration which reaffirmed commitments to poverty eradication, environmental protection, and equitable development. A Plan of Implementation was also adopted outlining specific actions to promote sustainable consumption and production, conservation, poverty reduction, and other goals.
This document discusses environmental auditing, its objectives and benefits. It begins by defining environmental auditing as a management tool that inspects environmental management activities of industries to make them aware of cleaner technologies. The objectives of environmental auditing include enhancing environmental performance, optimizing resource use, evaluating waste characteristics, and ensuring regulatory compliance. Key activities of an environmental audit involve pre-audit planning, on-site assessment of records, interviews and inspections, and post-audit reporting. Benefits include improving pollution control, verifying legal compliance, and enhancing loss prevention. The document concludes that environmental auditing can help apply best practices to preserve the environment from industrial impacts.
This document discusses the roles of government in business. It outlines the general roles of government in maintaining competition, legal frameworks, stabilizing the economy, redistributing income, and providing goods and services. Specifically, the document examines the government's role as a regulator versus a provider. As a regulator, the government protects competition, business agreements, creative property, and regulates production processes. As a provider, the government provides public services, work opportunities, and supports business through programs like the Small Business Administration. The document gives examples of key laws that govern these areas such as antitrust laws, intellectual property laws, environmental laws, and securities laws.
The document discusses the WTO's Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) and its implications for India. The key points are:
1. The AoA aims to reduce subsidies and trade barriers in agriculture. It classifies subsidies into Amber, Blue, and Green boxes and limits Amber box subsidies which distort trade the most.
2. India opposes the AoA as its subsidy limits are based on 1986-88 production levels and do not account for inflation. India risks being unable to continue minimum support prices for farmers and food security for the poor.
3. At the 2013 Bali summit, India negotiated the "Peace Clause" which protects developing countries from disputes over subsidy limits until 2017 when a
meeting the needs but protecting the environment, Environmental education and training, Environmental degradation and pollution, Resource management, Environmental impact assessment, Environmental Management System, Elements of an EMS, ISO 14001 standard
NEP is a policy formulated in 2006 by Ministry of Environment and Forest,Govt. of India for providing certain strategies and standards that ensures environmental safety to surrounding areas,working areas, laboratories or facilities, are free from dangers.
PACT's Mekong Partnership for the Environment gave this presentation on whether meaningful public participation in Environmental Impact Assessment is possible in the Mekong Region. Case studies in other countries and domains were looked at.
The document provides information on the purpose, objectives, mission, vision, and member countries of several international organizations:
- ASEAN aims to accelerate economic growth and cultural development among its 10 member countries in Southeast Asia. Its mission is to provide leadership and professional development for school principals.
- SEAMEO seeks to promote regional cooperation in education, science, and culture among its 11 member countries in Southeast Asia. Its mission is to establish networks and partnerships to improve quality of life.
- The EU functions as a type of government to promote economic and social progress among its 27 member countries in Europe. Its mission is to support member states in combating crime and terrorism.
- NATO guarantees the freedom and
Ethiopia’s Climate Change Adaptation Policies: OverviewNAP Global Network
Presentation by Kahsay Hagos Kahsay, senior expert on Climate Change Planning and Program Preparation, as part of Ethiopia's National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Assembly
This document provides an overview of environmental audits, including what they are, their objectives and benefits, types of environmental audits, and the audit process. An environmental audit is a systematic, documented evaluation of an organization's environmental management system and performance to help ensure compliance and improve environmental impact. The main types of audits covered are compliance, performance, and financial audits. The audit process involves planning, an on-site assessment, reporting findings and recommendations, and following up on corrective actions.
A consortium is an association of multiple entities that pool resources to achieve common goals. It can include individuals, companies, organizations, or governments. Consortia allow members to share assets, link resources, and spread risks and costs. Examples include educational institutions pooling academic resources, media companies collaborating on a streaming service, and car makers standardizing infotainment systems. Consortia also form between industry, government, and academia for research and development projects requiring diverse expertise and facilities across organizations.
International strategic alliances allow companies to share resources and risks to achieve mutually beneficial goals while remaining independent. They can take various forms with different scopes of cooperation. Key factors for success include selecting compatible partners, jointly managing the alliance, and building trust between partners. While alliances provide benefits like reducing costs and accessing new markets, they also carry risks such as partners becoming competitors or cultural differences hindering cooperation. Overall, strategic alliances are an important way for companies to gain advantages in an increasingly global business environment.
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) addresses climate change in four main themes: 1) Adapting to climate change by building resilience, 2) Facilitating a transition to low carbon societies, 3) Improving understanding of climate science, and 4) Communicating and raising awareness. UNEP works with countries on issues like adaptation planning, promoting renewable energy, reducing deforestation, and supporting the Clean Development Mechanism. It also undertakes assessments, publishes reports, and runs campaigns to advance global action on climate change.
Environmental auditing assesses a company's environmental performance and impact in order to help inform decision-making. Audits evaluate the nature and extent of environmental harm caused by a company's activities, wastes, or noise. Audits should be independent, objective, credible, transparent, regular and ongoing. Environmental auditing was developed in the 1970s in response to new environmental regulations and has since been used to assess compliance, issues of concern, sites, products, and management systems. Audits identify recommendations to improve practices and reduce environmental impact.
This document provides an overview of business research methods. It discusses the definition and key features of research, as well as the importance and purpose of research. It also defines different types of research including business research, social research, and educational research. The document outlines the characteristics of good research and some limitations of research. Finally, it discusses the role and requirements of theory in research.
Public private partnership(PPP) and Safety,Risk & Benefit AnalysisYubraj Ghimire
1. The document discusses public-private partnerships (PPPs), including defining PPPs as contractual agreements between public and private entities to deliver public services or projects through risk sharing.
2. It identifies some obstacles to PPP implementation like unstable governments and lack of cooperation among agencies, and lists the main types of PPP arrangements in Nepal.
3. Risks and benefits of PPPs are analyzed, with risks including economic, financial, market, political, operations and maintenance, and environmental risks, and benefits being improved efficiency, on-time project delivery, budget certainty, and developing local private sector capabilities.
This document provides an overview of environmental law in the United States. It discusses the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970 to protect human health and the environment. It then summarizes several key federal environmental laws, including the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act. It also discusses the role of state agencies in implementing federal environmental programs and regulating pollution at the state level.
Global meets and conferences on EnvironmentT. Tamilselvan
The document summarizes several major global conferences and agreements related to the environment, including:
- The UNCCUR in 1949 which focused on international cooperation around natural resource management.
- The Ramsar Convention of 1971 which aims to conserve and sustainably use wetlands through local and national action. It has over 2,000 designated wetland sites.
- The World Heritage Convention of 1972 which identifies and helps protect important cultural and natural sites around the world.
- The Washington Convention (CITES) of 1973 which regulates international trade in endangered species and has protected over 35,000 plant and animal species.
- The Montreal Protocol of 1987 which is aimed at protecting the ozone layer and has been
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in Project ManagementJoy Bhattacharjee
Environmental Impact Assessment is a systematic process by which we can identify what will be the future consequences of a projected or recent actions.
Environmental management aims to control human impact on the environment to preserve natural resources and improve human welfare. It focuses on developing and implementing environmental policy. Sustainable development meets present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. India faces many environmental issues like pollution, degradation of land and forests, and loss of biodiversity due to factors like population growth, urbanization, and industrialization. The national environmental policy aims to mainstream environmental concerns in development and achieve conservation, equity, and sustainability.
WORLD SUMMIT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2002LeninVinod
The World Summit on Sustainable Development was held in Johannesburg, South Africa from August 26 to September 4, 2002. It brought together heads of state, leaders from NGOs, businesses, and other groups to discuss advancing sustainable development. The summit sought to identify progress and further efforts needed since the 1992 Earth Summit, address new challenges, and renew commitments to sustainable development. It resulted in the Johannesburg Declaration which reaffirmed commitments to poverty eradication, environmental protection, and equitable development. A Plan of Implementation was also adopted outlining specific actions to promote sustainable consumption and production, conservation, poverty reduction, and other goals.
This document discusses environmental auditing, its objectives and benefits. It begins by defining environmental auditing as a management tool that inspects environmental management activities of industries to make them aware of cleaner technologies. The objectives of environmental auditing include enhancing environmental performance, optimizing resource use, evaluating waste characteristics, and ensuring regulatory compliance. Key activities of an environmental audit involve pre-audit planning, on-site assessment of records, interviews and inspections, and post-audit reporting. Benefits include improving pollution control, verifying legal compliance, and enhancing loss prevention. The document concludes that environmental auditing can help apply best practices to preserve the environment from industrial impacts.
This document discusses the roles of government in business. It outlines the general roles of government in maintaining competition, legal frameworks, stabilizing the economy, redistributing income, and providing goods and services. Specifically, the document examines the government's role as a regulator versus a provider. As a regulator, the government protects competition, business agreements, creative property, and regulates production processes. As a provider, the government provides public services, work opportunities, and supports business through programs like the Small Business Administration. The document gives examples of key laws that govern these areas such as antitrust laws, intellectual property laws, environmental laws, and securities laws.
The document discusses the WTO's Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) and its implications for India. The key points are:
1. The AoA aims to reduce subsidies and trade barriers in agriculture. It classifies subsidies into Amber, Blue, and Green boxes and limits Amber box subsidies which distort trade the most.
2. India opposes the AoA as its subsidy limits are based on 1986-88 production levels and do not account for inflation. India risks being unable to continue minimum support prices for farmers and food security for the poor.
3. At the 2013 Bali summit, India negotiated the "Peace Clause" which protects developing countries from disputes over subsidy limits until 2017 when a
meeting the needs but protecting the environment, Environmental education and training, Environmental degradation and pollution, Resource management, Environmental impact assessment, Environmental Management System, Elements of an EMS, ISO 14001 standard
NEP is a policy formulated in 2006 by Ministry of Environment and Forest,Govt. of India for providing certain strategies and standards that ensures environmental safety to surrounding areas,working areas, laboratories or facilities, are free from dangers.
PACT's Mekong Partnership for the Environment gave this presentation on whether meaningful public participation in Environmental Impact Assessment is possible in the Mekong Region. Case studies in other countries and domains were looked at.
The document provides information on the purpose, objectives, mission, vision, and member countries of several international organizations:
- ASEAN aims to accelerate economic growth and cultural development among its 10 member countries in Southeast Asia. Its mission is to provide leadership and professional development for school principals.
- SEAMEO seeks to promote regional cooperation in education, science, and culture among its 11 member countries in Southeast Asia. Its mission is to establish networks and partnerships to improve quality of life.
- The EU functions as a type of government to promote economic and social progress among its 27 member countries in Europe. Its mission is to support member states in combating crime and terrorism.
- NATO guarantees the freedom and
Ethiopia’s Climate Change Adaptation Policies: OverviewNAP Global Network
Presentation by Kahsay Hagos Kahsay, senior expert on Climate Change Planning and Program Preparation, as part of Ethiopia's National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Assembly
This document provides an overview of environmental audits, including what they are, their objectives and benefits, types of environmental audits, and the audit process. An environmental audit is a systematic, documented evaluation of an organization's environmental management system and performance to help ensure compliance and improve environmental impact. The main types of audits covered are compliance, performance, and financial audits. The audit process involves planning, an on-site assessment, reporting findings and recommendations, and following up on corrective actions.
A consortium is an association of multiple entities that pool resources to achieve common goals. It can include individuals, companies, organizations, or governments. Consortia allow members to share assets, link resources, and spread risks and costs. Examples include educational institutions pooling academic resources, media companies collaborating on a streaming service, and car makers standardizing infotainment systems. Consortia also form between industry, government, and academia for research and development projects requiring diverse expertise and facilities across organizations.
International strategic alliances allow companies to share resources and risks to achieve mutually beneficial goals while remaining independent. They can take various forms with different scopes of cooperation. Key factors for success include selecting compatible partners, jointly managing the alliance, and building trust between partners. While alliances provide benefits like reducing costs and accessing new markets, they also carry risks such as partners becoming competitors or cultural differences hindering cooperation. Overall, strategic alliances are an important way for companies to gain advantages in an increasingly global business environment.
International strategic alliances allow companies to share resources and risks to achieve mutually beneficial goals while remaining independent. They can take various forms with different scopes of cooperation. Key factors for success include selecting compatible partners, jointly managing the alliance, and building trust between partners. While alliances provide benefits like shared costs and market access, they also carry risks such as profit sharing and partners becoming competitors. Overall, strategic alliances are an important way for companies to gain advantages in an increasingly global business environment.
This document discusses different types of business organizations and ownership structures. It begins by defining what a business is and its main objectives of generating profit and wealth for owners. The main forms of business ownership discussed are sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. It then provides more details on each of these structures, including their characteristics around ownership, liability, taxation and control. The document also briefly covers cooperatives, holding companies, franchising and joint ventures as other common forms of business organization.
The document discusses various growth strategies for organizations, including mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, and strategic alliances. It defines these strategies and provides examples. Mergers involve two companies combining to form a single new entity, while acquisitions occur when one company takes over another. Joint ventures allow companies to form a new entity to undertake specific projects together. Strategic alliances enable sharing of resources without changes in control.
This document provides an overview of international strategic alliances. It discusses the characteristics of strategic alliances, including independence of partners, shared benefits, and ongoing contributions between partners. It also describes the types of strategic alliances, such as functional alliances involving production, marketing, finance, or research and development. Additionally, it outlines the key stages in the life cycle of a strategic alliance - formation, operation, and end or development. The scope of strategic alliances can range from comprehensive alliances across multiple business functions to narrowly defined alliances within a single function.
3 The competitive advantage of strategic alliances.pdfShivamYadav8517
This document discusses strategic alliances and their competitive advantages. It provides examples of alliances in different industries. Strategic alliances allow companies to access new markets, technologies, and skills. They provide competitive advantages such as entering new markets, confronting competition, overcoming trade barriers, and dividing risks. However, alliances also have disadvantages such as costs, blocking other opportunities, and exposing companies' technologies.
3 The competitive advantage of strategic alliances.pdfShivamYadav8517
This document discusses strategic alliances and their competitive advantages. It provides examples of alliances in different industries. Strategic alliances allow companies to access new markets, technologies, and skills. They provide competitive advantages such as entering new markets, confronting competition, overcoming trade barriers, and dividing risks. However, alliances also have disadvantages such as costs, blocking other opportunities, and exposing companies' technologies.
JOINT VENTURES, CONCEPT OF JOINT VENTURES, HISTORY OF JOINT VENTURES, TOP JOINT VENTURES COMPANIES IN INDIA, REASONS OF JOINT VENTURES, BENEFITS OF JOINT VENTURES, TYPES OF JOINT VENTURES, etc.
CSR has evolved over the 20th century from being rejected by businesses to becoming widely accepted. [1] The 1919 Dodge v. Ford Motor Company case established that a business's primary responsibility is to provide profits to shareholders. [2] However, in the mid-1900s figures like Donald David began calling for businesses to support social causes beyond shareholders. [3] While opponents like Friedman argued for a conservative view of profit-maximization, CSR is now commonly practiced and expected of businesses globally.
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to steps companies take to monitor and ensure their compliance with ethical standards and societal expectations. The goal of CSR is for businesses to have a positive impact on the environment, communities, and stakeholders through their activities. CSR involves integrating public interest considerations into corporate decision-making and upholding a "triple bottom line" of people, planet, and profit. While CSR can benefit companies through risk management and brand differentiation, some critics argue it distracts from the economic role of business or is merely for public relations purposes.
This document provides an overview of strategic alliances. It discusses that many large companies form strategic alliances to outsource production rather than producing goods themselves. It defines strategic alliances as agreements between companies to cooperate beyond normal business dealings, but stop short of a full merger or partnership. The document then notes that strategic alliances are becoming more prominent as a way for companies to enter new markets, obtain new technologies, share costs and risks, and more. However, it also reports that the failure rate of strategic alliances is estimated to be as high as 70% due to management errors.
This document provides an overview of corporate social responsibility (CSR). It defines CSR as a self-regulating business model that helps companies monitor their impact on stakeholders and ensure they operate legally and ethically. The document discusses the business case for CSR, including benefits like risk management, brand differentiation and improved human resources. It also notes criticisms of CSR, such as concerns that it distracts from economic roles or is just superficial. The document provides context on the development of CSR and approaches companies take in implementing it.
This document summarizes and compares different types of cooperatives, including mutual societies, building societies, credit unions, consumer cooperatives, and producer cooperatives. It discusses their purposes of serving member needs by overcoming exploitation and improving quality of life. Case studies are presented on the Trustee Savings Bank, credit unions, building societies, and the Co-operative Retail Services consumer cooperative to analyze causes of failures and reasons for success in cooperative management and control.
The WEF,s Partnering Against Corruption Initiative: Business Setting Standard...Dr Lendy Spires
The World Economic Forum launched the Partnering Against Corruption Initiative (PACI) in 2004 to address corruption and bribery in the private sector. PACI created voluntary guidelines called the PACI Principles for Countering Bribery based on Transparency International's business principles. Over 80 companies representing over $400 billion in annual revenue have signed onto the PACI Principles, committing to eliminate bribery. PACI also works to ensure commitments are implemented through working groups focused on verification, compliance, and collaboration with other anti-corruption organizations. The goal of PACI is to establish a common standard against corruption across multiple industries.
Alliances and joint-ventures the way forward in Relation marketing in ZimbabweBernard Tapiwa Sithole
The document discusses various types of strategic alliances and joint ventures, providing definitions and examples. It outlines the six markets framework for relationship marketing and applies it to MSU Zimbabwe. It then distinguishes between joint ventures and strategic alliances, providing characteristics and examples of each. The document also discusses benefits and risks of strategic alliances for universities in Zimbabwe and outlines seven common types of strategic alliances - joint ventures, outsourcing, affiliate marketing, licensing, product licensing, franchising, and R&D alliances - giving definitions and examples of each.
The Role of Social Enterprise and Hybrid Organizations.pdfSHREYASHTIWARI29
This document discusses hybrid organizations that combine social and profit missions, known as social enterprises. It argues that while interest in social enterprises is growing, legal policies have been ineffective due to a lack of understanding of what makes some social enterprises more effective than others. The document aims to develop a theory identifying the structural and functional elements of social enterprises that address social problems. It argues that social enterprises are effective because they perform a "measurement role" - through transactions with beneficiaries, they measure beneficiaries' abilities and tailor subsidies to individual needs, allowing subsidies to be allocated more effectively compared to donations or corporate social responsibility programs. This measurement function could form the basis for designing legal forms for social enterprises.
British Airways encountered difficulties in the 1970s-1980s due to poor performance and failing to meet customer needs. Chief Executive Colin Marshall led reforms to improve customer service by empowering employees. Through strategies like productivity improvements and privatization, British Airways was able to turn its fortunes around and become profitable and respected.
Ashford 6: - Week 5 - Instructor Guidance
Source: http://vivatlibertas.blogspot.com/2012/05/anti-consumerism.html
SOC 120 Ethics & Social Responsibility
Week 5 Guidance
Source: http://kelceyxcaulder.wordpress.com/
2013/02/11/time-warner-as-a-media-conglomerate/
Weekly Activities
Here is what you will be doing this week:
· Read Chapter 9 in the text: Product Liability and Corporate Responsibility
· Post to Discussion Board 1 on Consumerism and Planned Obsolescence (due by Day 3, Thursday)
· Post to Discussion Board 2 on Conglomerates and Market Domination (due by Day 3, Thursday)
· Respond to two discussion posts by classmates in each discussion (by Day 7, Monday)
· Final paper (due by Day 7, Monday)
· Have a look at the grading rubric as you write the Final Paper to make sure you are addressing all the areas of concern
Consumerism
Much as the Globesity festival presents in its visual depiction, the US, along with many countries has an issue with consumerism. Consumerism is seen to be the rise of desire socially and economically to purchase products and services in ever increasing amounts, often far beyond individual need. Many have linked this to the rise in the middle class throughout the 19th and 20th century (Veblen, 1899; Farrell, 2005). The video above by Richard Wolff provides some background on how this issue, along with class, have significantly affected the economy, social systems, and social issues in the US. Consumerism is also linked to consumer activism in regards to environmental waste issues and product liability and design. Many social issues have been linked as an affect of consumerism: environmental waste issues, resource overuse and depletion, obesity and other public health issues, child labor, sweat shops, materialism, cult of celebrity and wealth, increased personal financial and mental health issues, planned design obsolescence, corporate and media influence, and increasing deviant behavior and consumption (pornography, prostitution, substance abuse) to name a few (Farrell, 2005). The ethical dilemmas of consumerism lay in the questions of: why do we design goods to fail?, why do we need and use so much?, and what impact does our over-need and over-use have on the environment, society and culture.
To help explain Consumerism, here are some videos which may also be helpful in the discussions...
Corporations
In school, including college, you spend a lot of time learning about the structure and function of government―how the U.S. government is organized, what each of the three branches does, and even how your state and local governments function. You study how laws are created and how policies have affected your life.
Interestingly, much less attention is paid to another large bureaucratic organization that today is in many ways as dominant as government, perhaps even more so in some cases. Unless you are a business major, you probably were never taught about the structure and function of large.
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.
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2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdfNeal Brewster
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
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[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
2. Consortium
Consortium is a Latin word, meaning ‘partnership,
agreement and derives from “consors” which means
‘partner’
3. What is Consortium
A consortium is an association of two or more
individuals, companies, organizations (or any
combination of these entities) with the objective of
participating in a common activity or pooling their
resources for achieving a common goal.
4. Who all can take part in an Association
• Academia
• Civil society
• Joint venture company
• Private industries
• Government
• Funders, Business Professional and Trade Association
5. Consortium
• They mainly work together to achieving a common objective
• Entities that participate in a consortium pool resources but are
otherwise only responsible for the obligations that are set out in
the consortium's agreement.
• Every entity that is under the consortium, therefore, remains
independent with regard to their normal business operations and
has no say over another member's operations that are not related
to the consortium
6. Consortiums
Consortiums are often found in the Non-Profit Sector & For-profit ,
Example, For Non-Profit Sector is Educational Institutions.
Educational Consortiums often pool resources such as libraries,
research activities, and professors and share them throughout the
members of the group to benefit their students. Several groups of
North American colleges and universities operate as consortiums.
7. Eg; for non-profit sector
• For example, the Five College Consortium in Massachusetts includes
the University of Massachusetts Amherst, Mount Holyoke College,
Hampshire College, Smith College, and Amherst College as members.
Students attending any of those institutions can attend classes at any
other partnered school for credit at no extra cost. Such educational
consortiums involve partnerships between institutions that are close to
one another. Other college consortia include The Quaker Consortium,
The Claremont Colleges, and the Big Ten Academic Alliance.
8. Consortiums are common among educational institutions that pool
resources so that students can benefit from a broader range of
assets
• Examples of For-Profit Consortiums are Airbus Industries GIE,
composed of the companies British Aerospace, Aerospatiale,
Constructions' Aeronautics SA, and Hulu, composed of Comcast,
Time Warner, the Walt Disney Company, and 21st Century Fox.
9. For-Profit Businesses
Corporate, For-Profit Consortiums also exist, but they are
less prevalent.One of the most famous for-profit
consortiums is the airline manufacturer Airbus Industries'
GIE. European aerospace manufacturers collaborate
within the consortium to produce and sell commercial
aircraft.
10. Advantages of consortium
• Ease of formation
• Flexibility
• Ease of termination
• Tax transparency
• Confidentiality
• Costs
12. • Illustrating the complexity of such an arrangement, the four partner
companies in Airbus (British Aerospace, Aérospa tail, Constructions
Aeronautics SA, and DASA) were simultaneously subcontractors to and
shareholders of the consortium. This arrangement resulted in some conflicts
of interest and inefficiencies as well as the eventual shift to Airbus SAS in
2001, which saw a consolidation of the original consortium members and a
reduction in overheads.
• In the United States, the video streaming service Hulu is a consortium of
big media companies including Comcast, Time Warner, the Walt Disney
Company, and 21st Century Fox.
13. Consortiums and government
Governments and private enterprises often collaborate
to formulate standards for manufacturing, food production,
product compatibility, consumer safety, and more. In such
collaborations, a government leverages its buying power as a
consumer to create standards.
14. • Countries that develop standards have a competitive advantage
over those that do not, and countries and industries that agree to
a worldwide standard are often leaders in International trade. The
creation of standards can lead to potential abuse
and antitrust concerns, however. In the United States, the legal
groundwork for collaborations and consortiums is found in the
Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission's Antitrust
Guidelines for Collaborations Among Competitors