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ConnectingSmartObjects..........................pdf

The document discusses the connectivity options and technologies for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, comparing various wireless communication methods such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and cellular technologies. It outlines the criteria for selecting communication links, including factors like range, power consumption, and network topology. Additionally, it explores the implications of different standards on the performance and applications in areas like smart city infrastructure, industrial automation, and environmental monitoring.

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Connecting Smart Objects N Amanquah
Where we are • Not same as OSI layer 2 • No distinction between last mile gateway and backhaul. • exploring close to last mile.
Overview and Objectives • Criteria for choosing Communications link • Know the connectivity options for IoT • Be able to analyze the pros and cons of each technology • What factors to consider in choosing a particular technology • Access Technologies • To be able to evaluate technologies based on the PHY & MAC • An appreciation of the fundamental technology that make it behave the way they do.
Scenarios • Monitor temperature & humidity in 10 green houses, each about 30m x10m • Monitor light intensity and temperature in classrooms on campus • Monitor vehicle speed, and location in Ghana
Connectivity interfaces
IEEE 803.3 IEEE802.11 • Ethernet Shield Wifi shield ESP8266 ESP-01 WiFI module
Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) 3Mbps HC-05 Master or Slave HC-06 Slave only nRF24L01 nRF24L01+PA_LNA
SIM800L SIM800 SIM900 2G only Discontinued But available. Cellular SIM5320E 3G Module GSM GPRS GPS Supports: UMTS/HSDPA GSM, GPRS, and EDGE (2.5G) SIM800 newer, improves on SIM900 Lower power than SIM900, some have GPS All can do SMS,
ZigBee • NB: Xbee is only a form factor (Zigbee uses IEEE 802.15.4)
LoRa RF modules(Tx,Rx) HC-12 433MHz Wireless Serial Port Module E.g. SX1278 Ra-02
WiFi HaLow (802.11ah) NB-IoT
Connection technologies: Technology Notes Cellular 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G NB-Iot Narrow band IoT, uses Cellular WiFi IEEE 802.11 b,g,n Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.1 LR-WPAN IEEE 802.15.4 technologies :Low Rate WPAN (a PHY+MAC) Many including: ZigBee WPAN, medical device data collection etc. WirelessHART based on Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol (HART) à IIoT ISA100.11a. Wireless Systems for Industrial Automation àIoT ISA=International Society of Automation LoRaWAN Long Range WAN PLC Power Line Communications VLC IEEE 802.15.7 Visible Light Communications See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4 for more on 802.15.4
Criteria to consider • What must be considered in choosing a connectivity options – esp wireless? 1. Range 2. Frequency band 3. Power consumption 4. Topology 5. Type of Constrained Devices in use 6. Type of Constrained Node Network Wireless mostly, because it aids mobility, quick deployment etc Others: application dependent: topology, data rates
1. Range • Short range • Indoor (vs outdoor) • 802.15.1- BT • 802.15.7 VLC (visible light comms) • Medium range <1mile • 10s to 100s m to a km • 802.11 (wifi) • 802.15.4 WPAN • 802.3 Wired Ethernet • 1901.2 Narrow band power line comms (PLC) • Long range • Some IEEE 802.11 wifi • Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) eg LoRa • Cellular Long Medium Short
2. Frequency band –I Licensed • ITU, FCC, NCA etc regulate, is a critical resource • Generally applicable to long range IoT access technologies. • Service provider needed (subscribe, get exclusive access)
2. Frequency Band –II- Unlicensed eg ISM • Free to use, but national rules may apply eg, • transmit power, duty cycles, dwell time, channel bandwidth, channel hoping, transmit power or EIRP (effective irradiated radiated power) • Interference more likely e.g. in 2.4GHz, from: WiFi, BT, 802.15.4 etc • Lower data rate • Sub GHz range allows greater range, better penetration of buildings, go round obstacles etc. (better than 2.4Ghz) • Common Freqs: 169MHz, 433MHz, 868 MHz, 915 MHz • Much IoT uses 868 (Europe) and 915MHz (US) with some counry variations • 802.11ah Wifi HaLow (900MHz, 0.3-347Mbps, low power, longer range than wifi) • 802.11ah is also in license free band LPWA -(low power wide area) - comms cover large distances
3. Power Consumption • Power source, • Mobility • Lifetime of battery operations: 10-15 yrs? 5-7? 2-3yrs • Water & gas meters, smart parking meters, devices with regular maintenance • Wired IoT can consume power when aggregated • Eg (PLC instrumentation, power line comms)
Power E.g.: Bluetooth vs WiFi • HC05 Bluetooth module: • Pairing: 40mA • Paired, but idle: 8mA • Communication: 20mA • ESP8266 ESP-01s WiFi Serial Transceiver Module • Idle: 70mA • Communication: RX mode: 50-56mA, • Tx mode: 120-170 mA • (data sheet info)
4. Topology • Start- single central BS or controller • Peer-to-peer – full function peer nodes • Mesh a mix • Mesh helps deal with • Low transmit power • Extended coverage, • Leaf nodes messages are forwarded.
5. Constrained Device type • Constrained – limited resources, eg not full IP stack • Class 0 – • Limited memory, <100kB Flash, 1KB RAM, no IP stack eg transmit status of a switch • sensors/transducers. They do not communicate with the server. Need gateway • Typically they use zigbee, NFC, Bluetooth and RFID standards for comms. • Class 1 – (eg environmental sensors) 100kB Flash 10kB RAM • A bit more memory, but limited IP stack, may use CoAP • (CoAP – constrained application protocol, a UDP based transport protocol) • Can have meaningful interaction on IP/IPv6 network without using a gateway. • May have security functions • Class 2 – eg smart power meter 250kB Flash, 50kB RAM • Full IP stack implementation
6. Constrained Node Network • Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLN) - A network with constrained nodes • Battery powered, NW can suffer from interference. • Factors to consider: • Data rate & Throughput • 1. Actual throughput less bc of overhead. 2. Battery operated device may have low rate, long range, but emphasis may be on battery life. eg LPWA : few msgs/day • Goodput lost because of overhead, because of say FEC, IP stack overhead, SAR • Latency – should be an expectation. • Upper layers should deal with retransmissions. Variability in delivery times, routing options • Overhead & payload • Consider MAC payload size vs application requirements • Using IP? Eg 802.15.4 payload is 127 bytes, but IPv6 has min MTU of 1280bytes • 802.15.4g payload is 2048. IPv6 can fit. LoRaWAN payload: 18-250bytes • eg FEC reduces payload.
Comparison of technologies
High mobility High throughput Applications based on mobility & throughput
Access technologies Explore Cost, Power, and Bandwidth
Notes on PHY • All about transferring data from one point to another through a medium • Modulation: Carrier, signal, modulated waveform. • Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) • Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) • Others: FSK, OFDM, etc • Shannon: max data rate C=B*log2(S/N+1)
Notes on Data Link Layer & MAC • Data Link Control: • Error detection & Correction • Framing • Flow control • Media access control (MAC) • Round robin, ALOHA • CSMA/CA; CSMA/CD; • FDM, Frequency Division multiple access (FDMA) • TDM, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) • Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Short-range Wireless connectivity options IoT Access Technologies: PHY MAC Topology Security Competing technologies
IEEE802.15 • IEEE802.15 group of standards for WPANs, different applications https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15 Ultra wideband Provides mesh NW for 15
IEEE 802.15.4 Low Rate WPAN
IEEE 802.15.4 • Provides for communication of nearby devices with little to no underlying infrastructure. • up to about 10 metres • maximum transfer data rates of 250 kbps • For very low cost • Not competing with end user-oriented systems like IEEE 802.11 where • costs are not as critical • higher speeds are demanded • power may not be quite as critical
IEEE 802.15.4 • Provides a framework and PHY + MAC for low cost, low power wireless connectivity networks. • The essential lower network layers for a wireless personal area network, WPAN • PHY: freq, power modulation and wireless conditions, • frequencies : 868MHz, 915MHz, 2.4GHz • modulation: DSSS (tolerant of noise), BPSK(low speed version), O-QPSK (higher data rate) • MAC: format of data handling • Often CSMA/CA • Topology is generally star https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4
IEEE 802.15.4: used by: • Zigbee, well known. Provides Layer3 upwards, Mesh topology, used in home/building automation, monitoring health, smart energy, etc • 6LowPAN*, Is IPv6 adaptation layer, uses IPv6 over LP-WPAN. Facilitates use of the standard to implement IoT, Smart Grid, and M2M applications. • ZigbeeIP, like Zigbee, but adopts 6LoWPAN adaptation (hence IP) • ISA100.11a, Industrial automation, used in process control. Employs time multiplexed protocol for accessing multiple nodes of sensors and actuators • WirelessHart, IoT on road infrastructure (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol (HART), a wireless version of HART protocol ) • Thread Protocol stack for secure mesh nw for home automation. IPv6 based *6LowPAN not 15.4 wireless standard. Allows IPv6 over LPWAN.
IEEE 802.15.4 -Low Rate PAN • Pros of vanilla 802.15.4: • Low cost, • [low data rate], • good battery life • A low complexity wireless solution • Cons: • Poor MAC reliability, • unbounded latency (not great for time sensitive operations eg in factory), mostly bc of CSMA/CA • susceptibility to interference • lack of Frequency hopping technique can result in • Interference • Fading In a pro http
Use cases • Uses case: • Home & building automations • Automotive • Industrial sensor networks • Interactive toys, remote controls etc
Enhancements to 802.15.4
802.15.4 • Enhancements https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15
IEEE 802.5.4 enhancements: 15.4e (MAC) • MAC amendment for industrial applications • MAC layer improved for reliability, bounded latency, • With bounded latency, can be used in factory & process automation, smart grid etc • Reduced effect of multipath fading, (uses frequency hopping) • Max PSDU (phy layer service data unit) is 2047 (up from 127) • Can hold IPv6 MTU of 1280 • SAR not needed at L2, removes some overhead. • Enhanced data rates, 50-800kbps (depends on Freq & modulation) • Also: • Greater no. of channels for hopping. • Different modulation schemes (eg Multi rate Frequency Shift Keying) • Improved error protection: CRC 32bit (up from 16 bit) • Compatible with ISA100.11a Make note for Wi-SU
IEEE 802.5.4 enhancements: 15.4g. (PHY) • PHY amendment for Smart Utility Networks • Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) – guarantees bandwidth and predictable latency • Increases NW capacity, as multiple nodes can TX on same time slot in diff channels. • Seeks to improve outdoor wireless mesh NW • Topology - MESH. Makes use of powered nodes to relay traffic
15.4g – application areas • Applications: • Often used in SCADA systems • Public lighting • Environmental sensors in smart cities • EV charging stations, parking meters, • Use in smart grids and renewable energy etc • For very large-scale process control applications such as the utility smart grid network, geographically diverse networks with minimal infrastructure
A look at actual implementations • Bluetooth & Wifi • Zigbee & Zigbee IP (802.15.4) • Wi-SUN (uses 802.15.4.e/g) • **6LowPAN (adaptation layer) • IEE1901.2a (Narrow band PLC comms) • IEEE 802.11ah (Wifi HaLow) • LoRaWAN • What network architecture (set of protocols & layers) • What packet sizes & implications etc • What data rates
Short range wireless choices • Bluetooth – • often for audio, • low energy versions applications include monitoring fitness (medical, sports etc) • 2.4GHz ISM band • WiFi • High speed internet access, smart TVs for video transfer • 2.4-, 5- and 60 GHz ISM bands
Zigbee and Zigbee IP Probably most widely deployed
Zigbee (uses IEEE802.15.4) • Uses: • Aimed at smart objects with low power, low bw needs • Industry: temperature & humidity monitoring, tracking assets • home automation: thermostats, security, lighting etc • Smart energy, smart meters etc. • Many interoperable Zigbee devices. • Smart Energy devices can be controlled (eg by utility) to coordinate between homes and businesses. Monitors delivery and control use of services • “Amazon Echo Plus works as a Zigbee hardware hub, which can scan your network for Zigbee devices, without you having to set up each one individually….also SmartThings and Wink” • Thermostats, humidity, asset tracking, security functions,
Zigbee (uses IEEE802.15.4) • Defines its own L3 and above • NW & Sec • Takes care of starting nw, configuration, routing and securing comms • Eg Forms the appropriate topology by itself, eg mesh • Uses AODV routing – Ad hoc on demand • AES –Adv. Encryption Std • Interoperability among Zigbee devices • Lacks interoperability with other IoT solutions Zigbee has its own network and security layer and application profiles NB: uses IEEE802.15.4 PHY & MAC
Zigbee IP • Embraces IETF work on LLN (6LoWPAN) • Supports IP at NW layer • Supports 6LoWPAN as adaptation layer • Thus supports UDP+TCP • Zigbee specific only at top • Smart Energy profile is aimed at metering and residential energy mgt sys. • ZigBee IP interoperable with other IoT tech
Zigbee • PHY • Three PHY options: DSSS at different rate. (also BPSK, ASK…) • 2.4GHz, 250kbps • 915MHz, 40kbps • 868 MHz, 20kbps • Frame format, note 127 PSDU, SAR will occur since min IPv6 MTU is 1280 A range of 802.15.4 version exist. Variations in modulation, frequency bands, data rates, and PHY implementation
Zigbee • MAC Frame control is “type” of frame e.g. data, beacon, ACK etc MAC address is usually 64-bit, but 16-bit short version also supported, short address version is local to PAN, reduces overhead.
Zigbee Topology • Topology- mesh* • Devices on same 15.4 nw use same PAN ID • 1 Full function device (FFD) needed- to communicate with other devices • RFD communicate with FFD only • Path selection within topology can be • “Mesh under” - based on Layer 2, usually proprietary • ”Mesh over” – normal Layer 3 routing, using say “IPv6 Routing protocol for Low Power Lossy Networks” (RPL) Often, IEEE802.15.4 topology is star
Zigbee Summary: • Summary: • 250kbps max, reliable comms, some security (128 bit AES security). Good topology formation
WiSUN
Wi-SUN applications • Advanced Metering Infrastructure • Distribution Automation • Home Energy Management. • Intelligent transport and traffic systems, • Street lighting, • Smart home automation
Wi-SUN àuses 802.15.4.g • The Wi-SUN Alliance, (250 members) • Wireless Smart Utility Network ß open standard • Developing a universal connectivity standard for smart city infrastructure. • Remove web of proprietary & legacy technologies in smart grids • Wireless mesh solutions for Field Area Networks • Multi-mile range (up to 4km if mesh), but mesh supports multihop transmissions • Normal range: 200-800m • Comparison to other unlicensed LPWAN protocols • Low latency • Higher bw, IPv6 compliant. (up to 300kbps vs 250bps) • Uses more power than LoRA or SigFox Some stakeholders: Analog Devices , Cisco , Murata, Nict, Itron Industries: Energy, Construction & Buildings
IEEE1901.2a Narrow band PLC comms. (NB-PLC)
Smart Grids…. • “An electricity grid without adequate communications is simply a power distributor.” • “….the addition of two-way communications that the power grid is made "smart.” • Operators – • ability to monitor electricity consumption throughout the grid in real time, implement variable tariff schedules, and set limits on electricity consumption to better manage peak loads. • consumers – • will have real-time visibility into their electricity consumption, thus promoting demand-side conservation. Variable tariff schedules encourages conservation during peak usage http://www.g3-plc.com/what-is-g3-plc/g3-plc-overview/
IEE1901.2a-Narrow band PLC comms. (NB-PLC) • Wired technology, unlike others considered. • Low power, long range resistance to interference • Uses: • Smart metering – automated meter reading • (Power) distribution automation – monitor & control devices on the grid • Public lighting • EV charging stations • Micro grids • Renewable energy • All are grid connected. (make use of the connectivity)
IEEE 1901.2a • Suitable for • AC and DC power lines, • low and medium voltages, • indoor and outdoor • Data rates up to 500kpbs • Data rate can be variable, depending on PHY modulation type • MAC is based on IEEE 802.15.4e (which supports mesh technologies) • Support for any Upper layer protocols – eg IPv6, 6LoWPAN, RPL etc
IEEE 1901.2a • Topology • Where the power lines are. • Challenge: • noise interference, attenuation, distortion • Use mesh networking – relaying of traffic. • Security- similar to IEEE 802.15.4g (AES) • Notes: • IEEE 1901.2a supports multiple PHY frequencies
Competing technologies: • PRIME: (ITU G.9904) • PoweRline Intelligent Metering Evolution • (Narrowband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing power line communication transceivers for PRIME networks ) • G3-PLC 9 (ITU G.9903) • 3rd Generation Power Line Communication • They continue to evolve and borrow features from each otheràmay converge eventually.
WiFi-HaLow (802.11ah)
IEEE 802.11ah - Wifi HaLow • Features: (compared to wifi) • Sub-GHz, better signal penetration especially of walls, • low power, • support large no. of devices. • Application areas: • Smart meter, smart grid. • Sensors: Environmental, agriculture, industrial, indoor health care, fitness, home & building automation • Backhaul aggregation of industrial sensors and meter data (eg connect 802.15.4g subnetworks’ data) • Extending WiFi coverage “Industrial WiFi”
Wifi HaLow (802.11ah) • PHY • Unlicensed Sub-GHz Bands , 868MHz (Europe), 915MHz, (US), also 415MHz etc • Bandwidth 1-2MHz (1/10 of usual wifi of 20MHz) • Data rate 100kbps, • Range – 1km • MAC • Up to 8192 devices per access point. • Grouping– uses group ID to organize which group can contend • Sectorization uses antenna array and beam forming to partition cell coverage • Minimize interference. Read other cool MAC features
Wifi HaLow (802.11ah) • Topology • Star • May use up to 2 hops to extend range • Relay device is not the AP • Security • Similar to 802.15.4 • Competition • 802.15.4, and 4e, 4g products
LoRaWAN
LoRaWAN • Semtech (bought Cycleo) company developed LoRa • LoRa (originally) the PHY modulation (chirp modulation) • LoRaWAN - the entire end to end architecture & comms protocol LoRaWAN layers Who is responsible for what
LoRa- PHY • Frequency: 415, 868, 915 MHz • LoRa gateway is needed as the center hub of star topology • Uses multiple transceivers and channels, can demodulate multiple signals at once. A transparent bridge/relay • Star topology - end nodes use single hop to reach one or more gateways. • Data rate can be variable, using ADR (adaptive data rate) • Ensures best data rate for each signal for each end point • Closer nodes transmit faster, lower power, Further nodes, higher power, slower • Uses a “spreading factor” if low, will decrease range, but increase TX rate. • NB the choice of freq will impact bw and speed. Lower Freq, lower rate.
LoRa MAC • Three classes (designed to optimize batt life) • Class A- bidirectional can TX and then RX in two windows (default) • Eg battery powered sensors. No latency constraints • Class B – Has additional RX windows . • eg battery powered actuators. Energy efficient comms for latency controlled downlink • based on slotted comms • Class C – for powered devices, can continuously listen when not TX • LoRaWAN MAC payload • 59-230 bytes (815MHz) • 19-250 bytes (915MHz) Now LoRA Mesh exists (2024)
• Topology– star of stars, endpoints à gateways à LoRaWAN nw server • Because multiple gateways can transfer same packet, duplicates should be handled by NW sever • Gateway connects to IP network
NB-IoT and LTE variations
• Generally, cellular technologies not battery friendly. • Evolve cellular technologies for IoT purposes • NB-IoT for (uses subset of LTE technologies) • massive no. of low throughput devices, • low power • Improved indoor coverage, • extended range • Optimized network architecture. • Use case: • data loggers that require more frequency comms • Smart city (parking, street lighting, waste etc), smart meters, smart home, manufacturing, smart grid, etc
Some variants: • NB-IoT 250kbps, 1km • LTE Cat 0 1Mbps, • LTE Cat M1 1Mbps, expensive, mobility support See https://podgroup.com/a-complete-explainer-lpwan-lora-nb-iot-cat-m1-cat-0-5g-4g-lte/
NB-IoT • Objective is to better approach LPWA ideals • 3 modes of operation • Standalone mode: Can use a GSM carrier • In-band – Carrier allocates a freq band for IoT • (need to configure IoT devices accordingly depending on operator) • Guard Band – between bands • Uses half duplex Frequency Division Duplex. • Uplink 60kpbs, downlink 30kpbs • Better signal penetration (into buildings/basements etc • Operators can leverage their licensed spectrum.
Review • A range of Wireless & Wired networks to choose from. • Always consider • Usage • Data rate, • Frequency, • MAC and multiplexing used • Frame format at PHY and MAC • Topology • Competing technologies • etc

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ConnectingSmartObjects..........................pdf

  • 1.
  • 2.
    Where we are •Not same as OSI layer 2 • No distinction between last mile gateway and backhaul. • exploring close to last mile.
  • 3.
    Overview and Objectives •Criteria for choosing Communications link • Know the connectivity options for IoT • Be able to analyze the pros and cons of each technology • What factors to consider in choosing a particular technology • Access Technologies • To be able to evaluate technologies based on the PHY & MAC • An appreciation of the fundamental technology that make it behave the way they do.
  • 4.
    Scenarios • Monitor temperature& humidity in 10 green houses, each about 30m x10m • Monitor light intensity and temperature in classrooms on campus • Monitor vehicle speed, and location in Ghana
  • 5.
  • 6.
    IEEE 803.3 IEEE802.11 •Ethernet Shield Wifi shield ESP8266 ESP-01 WiFI module
  • 7.
    Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.1 BluetoothV2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) 3Mbps HC-05 Master or Slave HC-06 Slave only nRF24L01 nRF24L01+PA_LNA
  • 8.
    SIM800L SIM800 SIM900 2G only Discontinued Butavailable. Cellular SIM5320E 3G Module GSM GPRS GPS Supports: UMTS/HSDPA GSM, GPRS, and EDGE (2.5G) SIM800 newer, improves on SIM900 Lower power than SIM900, some have GPS All can do SMS,
  • 9.
    ZigBee • NB: Xbeeis only a form factor (Zigbee uses IEEE 802.15.4)
  • 10.
    LoRa RF modules(Tx,Rx) HC-12433MHz Wireless Serial Port Module E.g. SX1278 Ra-02
  • 11.
  • 12.
    Connection technologies: Technology Notes Cellular2G, 3G, 4G, 5G NB-Iot Narrow band IoT, uses Cellular WiFi IEEE 802.11 b,g,n Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.1 LR-WPAN IEEE 802.15.4 technologies :Low Rate WPAN (a PHY+MAC) Many including: ZigBee WPAN, medical device data collection etc. WirelessHART based on Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol (HART) à IIoT ISA100.11a. Wireless Systems for Industrial Automation àIoT ISA=International Society of Automation LoRaWAN Long Range WAN PLC Power Line Communications VLC IEEE 802.15.7 Visible Light Communications See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4 for more on 802.15.4
  • 13.
    Criteria to consider •What must be considered in choosing a connectivity options – esp wireless? 1. Range 2. Frequency band 3. Power consumption 4. Topology 5. Type of Constrained Devices in use 6. Type of Constrained Node Network Wireless mostly, because it aids mobility, quick deployment etc Others: application dependent: topology, data rates
  • 14.
    1. Range • Shortrange • Indoor (vs outdoor) • 802.15.1- BT • 802.15.7 VLC (visible light comms) • Medium range <1mile • 10s to 100s m to a km • 802.11 (wifi) • 802.15.4 WPAN • 802.3 Wired Ethernet • 1901.2 Narrow band power line comms (PLC) • Long range • Some IEEE 802.11 wifi • Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) eg LoRa • Cellular Long Medium Short
  • 15.
    2. Frequency band–I Licensed • ITU, FCC, NCA etc regulate, is a critical resource • Generally applicable to long range IoT access technologies. • Service provider needed (subscribe, get exclusive access)
  • 16.
    2. Frequency Band–II- Unlicensed eg ISM • Free to use, but national rules may apply eg, • transmit power, duty cycles, dwell time, channel bandwidth, channel hoping, transmit power or EIRP (effective irradiated radiated power) • Interference more likely e.g. in 2.4GHz, from: WiFi, BT, 802.15.4 etc • Lower data rate • Sub GHz range allows greater range, better penetration of buildings, go round obstacles etc. (better than 2.4Ghz) • Common Freqs: 169MHz, 433MHz, 868 MHz, 915 MHz • Much IoT uses 868 (Europe) and 915MHz (US) with some counry variations • 802.11ah Wifi HaLow (900MHz, 0.3-347Mbps, low power, longer range than wifi) • 802.11ah is also in license free band LPWA -(low power wide area) - comms cover large distances
  • 17.
    3. Power Consumption •Power source, • Mobility • Lifetime of battery operations: 10-15 yrs? 5-7? 2-3yrs • Water & gas meters, smart parking meters, devices with regular maintenance • Wired IoT can consume power when aggregated • Eg (PLC instrumentation, power line comms)
  • 18.
    Power E.g.: Bluetoothvs WiFi • HC05 Bluetooth module: • Pairing: 40mA • Paired, but idle: 8mA • Communication: 20mA • ESP8266 ESP-01s WiFi Serial Transceiver Module • Idle: 70mA • Communication: RX mode: 50-56mA, • Tx mode: 120-170 mA • (data sheet info)
  • 19.
    4. Topology • Start-single central BS or controller • Peer-to-peer – full function peer nodes • Mesh a mix • Mesh helps deal with • Low transmit power • Extended coverage, • Leaf nodes messages are forwarded.
  • 20.
    5. Constrained Devicetype • Constrained – limited resources, eg not full IP stack • Class 0 – • Limited memory, <100kB Flash, 1KB RAM, no IP stack eg transmit status of a switch • sensors/transducers. They do not communicate with the server. Need gateway • Typically they use zigbee, NFC, Bluetooth and RFID standards for comms. • Class 1 – (eg environmental sensors) 100kB Flash 10kB RAM • A bit more memory, but limited IP stack, may use CoAP • (CoAP – constrained application protocol, a UDP based transport protocol) • Can have meaningful interaction on IP/IPv6 network without using a gateway. • May have security functions • Class 2 – eg smart power meter 250kB Flash, 50kB RAM • Full IP stack implementation
  • 21.
    6. Constrained NodeNetwork • Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLN) - A network with constrained nodes • Battery powered, NW can suffer from interference. • Factors to consider: • Data rate & Throughput • 1. Actual throughput less bc of overhead. 2. Battery operated device may have low rate, long range, but emphasis may be on battery life. eg LPWA : few msgs/day • Goodput lost because of overhead, because of say FEC, IP stack overhead, SAR • Latency – should be an expectation. • Upper layers should deal with retransmissions. Variability in delivery times, routing options • Overhead & payload • Consider MAC payload size vs application requirements • Using IP? Eg 802.15.4 payload is 127 bytes, but IPv6 has min MTU of 1280bytes • 802.15.4g payload is 2048. IPv6 can fit. LoRaWAN payload: 18-250bytes • eg FEC reduces payload.
  • 22.
  • 23.
    High mobility High throughput Applicationsbased on mobility & throughput
  • 24.
  • 25.
    Notes on PHY •All about transferring data from one point to another through a medium • Modulation: Carrier, signal, modulated waveform. • Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) • Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) • Others: FSK, OFDM, etc • Shannon: max data rate C=B*log2(S/N+1)
  • 26.
    Notes on DataLink Layer & MAC • Data Link Control: • Error detection & Correction • Framing • Flow control • Media access control (MAC) • Round robin, ALOHA • CSMA/CA; CSMA/CD; • FDM, Frequency Division multiple access (FDMA) • TDM, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) • Code division multiple access (CDMA)
  • 27.
    Short-range Wireless connectivity options IoTAccess Technologies: PHY MAC Topology Security Competing technologies
  • 28.
    IEEE802.15 • IEEE802.15 groupof standards for WPANs, different applications https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15 Ultra wideband Provides mesh NW for 15
  • 29.
  • 30.
    IEEE 802.15.4 • Providesfor communication of nearby devices with little to no underlying infrastructure. • up to about 10 metres • maximum transfer data rates of 250 kbps • For very low cost • Not competing with end user-oriented systems like IEEE 802.11 where • costs are not as critical • higher speeds are demanded • power may not be quite as critical
  • 31.
    IEEE 802.15.4 • Providesa framework and PHY + MAC for low cost, low power wireless connectivity networks. • The essential lower network layers for a wireless personal area network, WPAN • PHY: freq, power modulation and wireless conditions, • frequencies : 868MHz, 915MHz, 2.4GHz • modulation: DSSS (tolerant of noise), BPSK(low speed version), O-QPSK (higher data rate) • MAC: format of data handling • Often CSMA/CA • Topology is generally star https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4
  • 32.
    IEEE 802.15.4: usedby: • Zigbee, well known. Provides Layer3 upwards, Mesh topology, used in home/building automation, monitoring health, smart energy, etc • 6LowPAN*, Is IPv6 adaptation layer, uses IPv6 over LP-WPAN. Facilitates use of the standard to implement IoT, Smart Grid, and M2M applications. • ZigbeeIP, like Zigbee, but adopts 6LoWPAN adaptation (hence IP) • ISA100.11a, Industrial automation, used in process control. Employs time multiplexed protocol for accessing multiple nodes of sensors and actuators • WirelessHart, IoT on road infrastructure (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol (HART), a wireless version of HART protocol ) • Thread Protocol stack for secure mesh nw for home automation. IPv6 based *6LowPAN not 15.4 wireless standard. Allows IPv6 over LPWAN.
  • 33.
    IEEE 802.15.4 -LowRate PAN • Pros of vanilla 802.15.4: • Low cost, • [low data rate], • good battery life • A low complexity wireless solution • Cons: • Poor MAC reliability, • unbounded latency (not great for time sensitive operations eg in factory), mostly bc of CSMA/CA • susceptibility to interference • lack of Frequency hopping technique can result in • Interference • Fading In a pro http
  • 34.
    Use cases • Usescase: • Home & building automations • Automotive • Industrial sensor networks • Interactive toys, remote controls etc
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
    IEEE 802.5.4 enhancements:15.4e (MAC) • MAC amendment for industrial applications • MAC layer improved for reliability, bounded latency, • With bounded latency, can be used in factory & process automation, smart grid etc • Reduced effect of multipath fading, (uses frequency hopping) • Max PSDU (phy layer service data unit) is 2047 (up from 127) • Can hold IPv6 MTU of 1280 • SAR not needed at L2, removes some overhead. • Enhanced data rates, 50-800kbps (depends on Freq & modulation) • Also: • Greater no. of channels for hopping. • Different modulation schemes (eg Multi rate Frequency Shift Keying) • Improved error protection: CRC 32bit (up from 16 bit) • Compatible with ISA100.11a Make note for Wi-SU
  • 38.
    IEEE 802.5.4 enhancements:15.4g. (PHY) • PHY amendment for Smart Utility Networks • Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) – guarantees bandwidth and predictable latency • Increases NW capacity, as multiple nodes can TX on same time slot in diff channels. • Seeks to improve outdoor wireless mesh NW • Topology - MESH. Makes use of powered nodes to relay traffic
  • 39.
    15.4g – applicationareas • Applications: • Often used in SCADA systems • Public lighting • Environmental sensors in smart cities • EV charging stations, parking meters, • Use in smart grids and renewable energy etc • For very large-scale process control applications such as the utility smart grid network, geographically diverse networks with minimal infrastructure
  • 40.
    A look atactual implementations • Bluetooth & Wifi • Zigbee & Zigbee IP (802.15.4) • Wi-SUN (uses 802.15.4.e/g) • **6LowPAN (adaptation layer) • IEE1901.2a (Narrow band PLC comms) • IEEE 802.11ah (Wifi HaLow) • LoRaWAN • What network architecture (set of protocols & layers) • What packet sizes & implications etc • What data rates
  • 41.
    Short range wirelesschoices • Bluetooth – • often for audio, • low energy versions applications include monitoring fitness (medical, sports etc) • 2.4GHz ISM band • WiFi • High speed internet access, smart TVs for video transfer • 2.4-, 5- and 60 GHz ISM bands
  • 42.
    Zigbee and ZigbeeIP Probably most widely deployed
  • 43.
    Zigbee (uses IEEE802.15.4) •Uses: • Aimed at smart objects with low power, low bw needs • Industry: temperature & humidity monitoring, tracking assets • home automation: thermostats, security, lighting etc • Smart energy, smart meters etc. • Many interoperable Zigbee devices. • Smart Energy devices can be controlled (eg by utility) to coordinate between homes and businesses. Monitors delivery and control use of services • “Amazon Echo Plus works as a Zigbee hardware hub, which can scan your network for Zigbee devices, without you having to set up each one individually….also SmartThings and Wink” • Thermostats, humidity, asset tracking, security functions,
  • 44.
    Zigbee (uses IEEE802.15.4) •Defines its own L3 and above • NW & Sec • Takes care of starting nw, configuration, routing and securing comms • Eg Forms the appropriate topology by itself, eg mesh • Uses AODV routing – Ad hoc on demand • AES –Adv. Encryption Std • Interoperability among Zigbee devices • Lacks interoperability with other IoT solutions Zigbee has its own network and security layer and application profiles NB: uses IEEE802.15.4 PHY & MAC
  • 45.
    Zigbee IP • EmbracesIETF work on LLN (6LoWPAN) • Supports IP at NW layer • Supports 6LoWPAN as adaptation layer • Thus supports UDP+TCP • Zigbee specific only at top • Smart Energy profile is aimed at metering and residential energy mgt sys. • ZigBee IP interoperable with other IoT tech
  • 46.
    Zigbee • PHY • ThreePHY options: DSSS at different rate. (also BPSK, ASK…) • 2.4GHz, 250kbps • 915MHz, 40kbps • 868 MHz, 20kbps • Frame format, note 127 PSDU, SAR will occur since min IPv6 MTU is 1280 A range of 802.15.4 version exist. Variations in modulation, frequency bands, data rates, and PHY implementation
  • 47.
    Zigbee • MAC Frame controlis “type” of frame e.g. data, beacon, ACK etc MAC address is usually 64-bit, but 16-bit short version also supported, short address version is local to PAN, reduces overhead.
  • 48.
    Zigbee Topology • Topology-mesh* • Devices on same 15.4 nw use same PAN ID • 1 Full function device (FFD) needed- to communicate with other devices • RFD communicate with FFD only • Path selection within topology can be • “Mesh under” - based on Layer 2, usually proprietary • ”Mesh over” – normal Layer 3 routing, using say “IPv6 Routing protocol for Low Power Lossy Networks” (RPL) Often, IEEE802.15.4 topology is star
  • 49.
    Zigbee Summary: • Summary: •250kbps max, reliable comms, some security (128 bit AES security). Good topology formation
  • 50.
  • 51.
    Wi-SUN applications • AdvancedMetering Infrastructure • Distribution Automation • Home Energy Management. • Intelligent transport and traffic systems, • Street lighting, • Smart home automation
  • 52.
    Wi-SUN àuses 802.15.4.g •The Wi-SUN Alliance, (250 members) • Wireless Smart Utility Network ß open standard • Developing a universal connectivity standard for smart city infrastructure. • Remove web of proprietary & legacy technologies in smart grids • Wireless mesh solutions for Field Area Networks • Multi-mile range (up to 4km if mesh), but mesh supports multihop transmissions • Normal range: 200-800m • Comparison to other unlicensed LPWAN protocols • Low latency • Higher bw, IPv6 compliant. (up to 300kbps vs 250bps) • Uses more power than LoRA or SigFox Some stakeholders: Analog Devices , Cisco , Murata, Nict, Itron Industries: Energy, Construction & Buildings
  • 53.
  • 54.
    Smart Grids…. • “Anelectricity grid without adequate communications is simply a power distributor.” • “….the addition of two-way communications that the power grid is made "smart.” • Operators – • ability to monitor electricity consumption throughout the grid in real time, implement variable tariff schedules, and set limits on electricity consumption to better manage peak loads. • consumers – • will have real-time visibility into their electricity consumption, thus promoting demand-side conservation. Variable tariff schedules encourages conservation during peak usage http://www.g3-plc.com/what-is-g3-plc/g3-plc-overview/
  • 55.
    IEE1901.2a-Narrow band PLCcomms. (NB-PLC) • Wired technology, unlike others considered. • Low power, long range resistance to interference • Uses: • Smart metering – automated meter reading • (Power) distribution automation – monitor & control devices on the grid • Public lighting • EV charging stations • Micro grids • Renewable energy • All are grid connected. (make use of the connectivity)
  • 56.
    IEEE 1901.2a • Suitablefor • AC and DC power lines, • low and medium voltages, • indoor and outdoor • Data rates up to 500kpbs • Data rate can be variable, depending on PHY modulation type • MAC is based on IEEE 802.15.4e (which supports mesh technologies) • Support for any Upper layer protocols – eg IPv6, 6LoWPAN, RPL etc
  • 57.
    IEEE 1901.2a • Topology •Where the power lines are. • Challenge: • noise interference, attenuation, distortion • Use mesh networking – relaying of traffic. • Security- similar to IEEE 802.15.4g (AES) • Notes: • IEEE 1901.2a supports multiple PHY frequencies
  • 58.
    Competing technologies: • PRIME:(ITU G.9904) • PoweRline Intelligent Metering Evolution • (Narrowband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing power line communication transceivers for PRIME networks ) • G3-PLC 9 (ITU G.9903) • 3rd Generation Power Line Communication • They continue to evolve and borrow features from each otheràmay converge eventually.
  • 59.
  • 60.
    IEEE 802.11ah -Wifi HaLow • Features: (compared to wifi) • Sub-GHz, better signal penetration especially of walls, • low power, • support large no. of devices. • Application areas: • Smart meter, smart grid. • Sensors: Environmental, agriculture, industrial, indoor health care, fitness, home & building automation • Backhaul aggregation of industrial sensors and meter data (eg connect 802.15.4g subnetworks’ data) • Extending WiFi coverage “Industrial WiFi”
  • 61.
    Wifi HaLow (802.11ah) •PHY • Unlicensed Sub-GHz Bands , 868MHz (Europe), 915MHz, (US), also 415MHz etc • Bandwidth 1-2MHz (1/10 of usual wifi of 20MHz) • Data rate 100kbps, • Range – 1km • MAC • Up to 8192 devices per access point. • Grouping– uses group ID to organize which group can contend • Sectorization uses antenna array and beam forming to partition cell coverage • Minimize interference. Read other cool MAC features
  • 62.
    Wifi HaLow (802.11ah) •Topology • Star • May use up to 2 hops to extend range • Relay device is not the AP • Security • Similar to 802.15.4 • Competition • 802.15.4, and 4e, 4g products
  • 63.
  • 64.
    LoRaWAN • Semtech (boughtCycleo) company developed LoRa • LoRa (originally) the PHY modulation (chirp modulation) • LoRaWAN - the entire end to end architecture & comms protocol LoRaWAN layers Who is responsible for what
  • 65.
    LoRa- PHY • Frequency:415, 868, 915 MHz • LoRa gateway is needed as the center hub of star topology • Uses multiple transceivers and channels, can demodulate multiple signals at once. A transparent bridge/relay • Star topology - end nodes use single hop to reach one or more gateways. • Data rate can be variable, using ADR (adaptive data rate) • Ensures best data rate for each signal for each end point • Closer nodes transmit faster, lower power, Further nodes, higher power, slower • Uses a “spreading factor” if low, will decrease range, but increase TX rate. • NB the choice of freq will impact bw and speed. Lower Freq, lower rate.
  • 66.
    LoRa MAC • Threeclasses (designed to optimize batt life) • Class A- bidirectional can TX and then RX in two windows (default) • Eg battery powered sensors. No latency constraints • Class B – Has additional RX windows . • eg battery powered actuators. Energy efficient comms for latency controlled downlink • based on slotted comms • Class C – for powered devices, can continuously listen when not TX • LoRaWAN MAC payload • 59-230 bytes (815MHz) • 19-250 bytes (915MHz) Now LoRA Mesh exists (2024)
  • 67.
    • Topology– starof stars, endpoints à gateways à LoRaWAN nw server • Because multiple gateways can transfer same packet, duplicates should be handled by NW sever • Gateway connects to IP network
  • 68.
    NB-IoT and LTEvariations
  • 69.
    • Generally, cellulartechnologies not battery friendly. • Evolve cellular technologies for IoT purposes • NB-IoT for (uses subset of LTE technologies) • massive no. of low throughput devices, • low power • Improved indoor coverage, • extended range • Optimized network architecture. • Use case: • data loggers that require more frequency comms • Smart city (parking, street lighting, waste etc), smart meters, smart home, manufacturing, smart grid, etc
  • 70.
    Some variants: • NB-IoT250kbps, 1km • LTE Cat 0 1Mbps, • LTE Cat M1 1Mbps, expensive, mobility support See https://podgroup.com/a-complete-explainer-lpwan-lora-nb-iot-cat-m1-cat-0-5g-4g-lte/
  • 71.
    NB-IoT • Objective isto better approach LPWA ideals • 3 modes of operation • Standalone mode: Can use a GSM carrier • In-band – Carrier allocates a freq band for IoT • (need to configure IoT devices accordingly depending on operator) • Guard Band – between bands • Uses half duplex Frequency Division Duplex. • Uplink 60kpbs, downlink 30kpbs • Better signal penetration (into buildings/basements etc • Operators can leverage their licensed spectrum.
  • 72.
    Review • A rangeof Wireless & Wired networks to choose from. • Always consider • Usage • Data rate, • Frequency, • MAC and multiplexing used • Frame format at PHY and MAC • Topology • Competing technologies • etc