The document discusses the first and second conditional in English. The first conditional uses the present simple tense to talk about possible future events, such as "If I study, I'll pass." The second conditional uses past tense to talk about improbable or hypothetical events, such as "If I won the lottery, I'd buy a new car." Both conditionals follow an "if clause" with a main clause, and the second conditional employs modal verbs like "would" and "could" in the main clause.