The document discusses cardiometabolic risk and its contributing factors such as metabolic syndrome, hypertension, diabetes, age, gender, smoking, and genetic factors. It shows increases in obesity rates in the US from 1960-2000 and estimates that the worldwide prevalence of diabetes will nearly double from 2000 to 2030. It also outlines the concept of positive energy balance, interactions between organs and the central nervous system in regulating food intake, and how total energy expenditure is affected by physical activity and exercise.
This particular presentation of mine covers salient features of recent drug developed for treatment of dyslipidaemia particularly familial hypercholesterolemia. This presentation also covers recent modifications in treatment guidelines.
This particular presentation of mine covers salient features of recent drug developed for treatment of dyslipidaemia particularly familial hypercholesterolemia. This presentation also covers recent modifications in treatment guidelines.
DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE - THE CONTINUUMPraveen Nagula
DIABETES IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES WORLD WIDE.
EVERY 6 SECONDS ONE PERSON IS AFFECTED BY DIABETES..
THEME FOR 2014-2016
LETS UNITE FOR DIABETES
Diabetic Dyslipidemia
By Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
ISMA CME Activity 2021
In Tolip EL Galala Hotel
-----------
Introduction
Physiology of lipid metabolism
Pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidemia
Statin therapy (+/- ezetimibe) evidence and translation of evidence
Residual CV risk: excess TG
EPA therapy evidence and translation of evidence
Presentation given to our fellowship program about diabetic kidney disease.
2022 update discussing SGLT2i, MRA (e.g. finerenone), health economics and beyond
Are you Struggling to Control of your Diabetes and Weight?
People who are overweight or obese are more prone to developing Type 2 diabetes. Those who have Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes with weight problems struggle to control their blood sugar levels. Research shows that people with diabetes find it more difficult to lose weight than those without diabetes.
Weight loss significantly improves blood sugar control and also reduces the risk of getting complications from diabetes. However, whilst attempting to lose weight, people with diabetes find it hard to restrict their intake of food since eating less may trigger hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar). All these facts explain the need for specialist input in management of weight in people with diabetes.
This Slideshow gives you insight to Diabesity
For more information please visit
http://www.simplyweight.co.uk
Articles
http://www.simplyweight.co.uk/articles/
Videos
http://www.simplyweight.co.uk/video/
Blogs
http://simplyweight.co.uk/blogs/
Forum
http://www.simplyweight.co.uk/forum/forum.php
Contact Us
http://www.simplyweight.co.uk/how-to-contact-us/
Cardiovascular safety of anti-diabetic drugs.Cardiovascular Outcome Trials ...magdy elmasry
Cardiologists and diabetes.Target organs and action mechanism of antidiabetic drugs.Cardiovascular Outcome Trials
( CVOTs ) in Diabetes.Completed and ongoing CVOTs in type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Medications
and
Cardiovascular Impact.Recommendations for management of diabetes
Cardiovascular safety of anti-diabetic drugs.
The health hazards associated with obesity. Mortality morbidity
Complications related to obesity
type 2 diabetes.
high blood pressure.
heart disease and strokes.
certain types of cancer.
sleep apnea.
osteoarthritis.
fatty liver disease.
Diabetes and heart two sides of the same coinSunil Wadhwa
This ppt presented in a CME of doctors in March 2017 discusses-if all Diabetics should be treated aggressively for prevention of coronary artery disease & SHOULD IT BE PRESUMED AS IF THEY ARE ALREADY PATIENTS OF CAD?
This presentation is updated till March 2017
SGLT2 inhibitors in Heart failure: A prized addition to HF treatment optionsahvc0858
Early Diabetes and Dyslipidaemia Treatment Optimisation.
Presentation by Dr Chan Wan Xian
Cardiologist, Echocardiologist
Heart Failure Intensivist
Asian Heart & Vascular Centre
www.ahvc.com.sg
Prediabetes and Diabetes: Are you at risk?Summit Health
Learn how the four healthy pillars of managing diet, exercise, sleep habits, and stress can significantly reduce your chance of developing prediabetes or progressing from prediabetes to diabetes.
Challenges in Implementing Tobacco Dependence Treatment in Jordan and the Eas...Global Bridges
Presentation by Feras Hawari, M.D., a pulmonologist and the Global Bridges regional director for the Eastern Mediterranean region, at the Global Bridges Preconference at the 15th World Conference on Tobacco OR Health in Singapore.
DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE - THE CONTINUUMPraveen Nagula
DIABETES IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES WORLD WIDE.
EVERY 6 SECONDS ONE PERSON IS AFFECTED BY DIABETES..
THEME FOR 2014-2016
LETS UNITE FOR DIABETES
Diabetic Dyslipidemia
By Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
ISMA CME Activity 2021
In Tolip EL Galala Hotel
-----------
Introduction
Physiology of lipid metabolism
Pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidemia
Statin therapy (+/- ezetimibe) evidence and translation of evidence
Residual CV risk: excess TG
EPA therapy evidence and translation of evidence
Presentation given to our fellowship program about diabetic kidney disease.
2022 update discussing SGLT2i, MRA (e.g. finerenone), health economics and beyond
Are you Struggling to Control of your Diabetes and Weight?
People who are overweight or obese are more prone to developing Type 2 diabetes. Those who have Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes with weight problems struggle to control their blood sugar levels. Research shows that people with diabetes find it more difficult to lose weight than those without diabetes.
Weight loss significantly improves blood sugar control and also reduces the risk of getting complications from diabetes. However, whilst attempting to lose weight, people with diabetes find it hard to restrict their intake of food since eating less may trigger hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar). All these facts explain the need for specialist input in management of weight in people with diabetes.
This Slideshow gives you insight to Diabesity
For more information please visit
http://www.simplyweight.co.uk
Articles
http://www.simplyweight.co.uk/articles/
Videos
http://www.simplyweight.co.uk/video/
Blogs
http://simplyweight.co.uk/blogs/
Forum
http://www.simplyweight.co.uk/forum/forum.php
Contact Us
http://www.simplyweight.co.uk/how-to-contact-us/
Cardiovascular safety of anti-diabetic drugs.Cardiovascular Outcome Trials ...magdy elmasry
Cardiologists and diabetes.Target organs and action mechanism of antidiabetic drugs.Cardiovascular Outcome Trials
( CVOTs ) in Diabetes.Completed and ongoing CVOTs in type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Medications
and
Cardiovascular Impact.Recommendations for management of diabetes
Cardiovascular safety of anti-diabetic drugs.
The health hazards associated with obesity. Mortality morbidity
Complications related to obesity
type 2 diabetes.
high blood pressure.
heart disease and strokes.
certain types of cancer.
sleep apnea.
osteoarthritis.
fatty liver disease.
Diabetes and heart two sides of the same coinSunil Wadhwa
This ppt presented in a CME of doctors in March 2017 discusses-if all Diabetics should be treated aggressively for prevention of coronary artery disease & SHOULD IT BE PRESUMED AS IF THEY ARE ALREADY PATIENTS OF CAD?
This presentation is updated till March 2017
SGLT2 inhibitors in Heart failure: A prized addition to HF treatment optionsahvc0858
Early Diabetes and Dyslipidaemia Treatment Optimisation.
Presentation by Dr Chan Wan Xian
Cardiologist, Echocardiologist
Heart Failure Intensivist
Asian Heart & Vascular Centre
www.ahvc.com.sg
Prediabetes and Diabetes: Are you at risk?Summit Health
Learn how the four healthy pillars of managing diet, exercise, sleep habits, and stress can significantly reduce your chance of developing prediabetes or progressing from prediabetes to diabetes.
Challenges in Implementing Tobacco Dependence Treatment in Jordan and the Eas...Global Bridges
Presentation by Feras Hawari, M.D., a pulmonologist and the Global Bridges regional director for the Eastern Mediterranean region, at the Global Bridges Preconference at the 15th World Conference on Tobacco OR Health in Singapore.
Sexual activity after myocardial infarctionTarek Anis
This presentation describes cardiovascular risk of sexual activity as well as recommendation to manage erectile dysfunction in men with coronary artery disease
The European Healthy Lifestyle Alliance (EHLA) is pleased to present - in close cooperation with ICCR - the first-ever 'Global Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Sale Barometer'.
Targeting abdominal obesity in diabetology: What can we do about it?My Healthy Waist
By Luc Van Gaal, MD, PhD, Professor of Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Diabetology, Metabolism & Clinical Nutrition, Antwerp, Belgium
Hypertrophic obesity is associated with type 2 diabetes and impaired adipogen...My Healthy Waist
By Ulf Smith, MD, PhD, Professor of Internal Medicine, The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
Clinical Management of CVD Risk in Abdominal Obesity and Type 2 DiabetesTarg...My Healthy Waist
By Paul Poirier MD, PhD, FRCPC, FACC, FAHA
Associate Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval
Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec
Québec, QC, Canada
Global dimensions of sugary beverages in programmatic and policy solutions.My Healthy Waist
Global dimensions of sugary beverages in programmatic and policy solutions.
By Barry Popkin, PhD, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and Medicine Department of Economics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Physical Activity in the Management of Abdominal ObesityMy Healthy Waist
By Robert Ross, PhD, Professor, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Abdominal obesity, intra-abdominal adiposity and related cardiometabolic risk...My Healthy Waist
By Jean-Pierre Després, PhD, FAHA, Scientific Director, International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk, Professor, Division of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada.
A simplified view of Victor Dzau´s cardiovascular continuumMy Healthy Waist
By Luis Miguel Ruilope, MD, Professor, Internal Medicine, Complutense University, Head of the Hypertension Unit, 12 de Octubre Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in relation to diabetes and cardiovascul...My Healthy Waist
By Frank B. Hu, MD, PhD Professor of Nutrition and Epidemiology Harvard School of Public HealthChanning Laboratory, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital
By Juliana C N Chan, MBChB, MD, FRCP Professor of Medicine & Therapeutics, Director, Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Maxilla, Mandible & Hyoid Bone & Clinical Correlations by Dr. RIG.pptx
The concept of cardiometabolic risk
1. Illustrations relevant to
The Concept of CMR section
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
2. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK
LDL LDL
Metabolic Metabolic
syndrome? HDL syndrome? HDL
Hypertension Diabetes Hypertension Diabetes
Age Male gender Age Male gender
Other Other
Smoking (genetic Smoking (genetic
factors) factors)
Global CVD risk from traditional
A new CVD risk factor Global cardiometabolic risk
risk factors
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org Adapted from Després JP and Lemieux I Nature 2006; 444: 881-7
3. OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY BY AGE, UNITED STATES, 1960-2000
70
60
50 Overweight, 20-74 years
Percent
40
30
20
Obesity, 20-74 years
10 Overweight, 6-11 years
Overweight,12-19 years
0
1960-1962 1963-1965 1966-1970 1971-1974 1976-1980 1988-1994 1999-2000
Year
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk From National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2003
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org Reproduced with permission
4. REGIONAL ESTIMATES FOR DIABETES (20-79 AGE GROUP),
2003 AND 2025
Population No. of people Population No. of people
Prevalence Prevalence
(20-79 group) with diabetes (20-79 group) with diabetes
(%) (%)
(million) (million) (million) (million)
African Region
Eastern Mediterranean
and Middle East Region
European Region
North American Region
South and Central
American Region
Southeast Asian Region
Western Pacific Region
Total
From Intemational Diabetes Federation (IDF)
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk http://www.eatlas.idf.org/Prevalence/AlI_diabetes/
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org Reproduced with permission
5. WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF DIABETES IN 2000
AND ESTIMATES FOR THE YEAR 2030 (IN MILLIONS)
28.3 37.4 20.7 42.3
31.7 79.4
19.7 33.9
20.0 52.8 China
32%
Europe
Middle 104%
United States East
and Canada
72% 22.3 58.1
13.3 33.0 Sub-Saharan 164% 150% Southeast
India Asia
Africa
7.1 18.6
161%
148%
Latin America
162% 0.9 1.7
2000 and Carabbean
89%
Australia
2030
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
Adapted from Hossain P et al. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 213-5
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
6. THE CONCEPT OF POSITIVE ENERGY BALANCE
Energy Intake Energy Expenditure
Resting
(e.g. sleeping)
Physical activity
(including exercise)
Thermic effect
Calories consumed of food
(eating)
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
7. SUMMARY OF THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PERIPHERAL ORGANS,
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, AND BEHAVIOUR IN REGULATING
FOOD INTAKE
Cultural, psychological, and physiological
influences of food on energy intake
Conceptual nervous Religious taboos, economic factors, cuisine life Food
system events, learned experience, education cognitive effects
• Cognitions and beliefs • Physical structure
• Moods • Nutritional composition
• Subjective hunger,
appetite, preference Learned preferences
Aversions
Eating
Central nervous system
• Food and energy intake
• Neurotransmitters • Meal size and frequency
• Neuro modulators • Nutrient selection
• CNS-PNS relays
Postingestional
feedback
Ingestion
Digestion
Specific nutrient
Energy flux
Absorption
Liver
• Lean body mass
• Fat stores
• CHO stores
Nutrient stores
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk Adapted from Bray GA et al. Handbook of Obesity
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org 1998 pp.427-460
8. COMPONENTS OF TOTAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE IN AN INITIALLY
SEDENTARY MAN EATING 2800 KCAL/DAY (A), WHO INCREASES PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY (B); WHO ADDS DAILY PHYSICAL EXERCISE (C)
2800 kcal 3000 kcal 3200 kcal
6.3%
200 kcal
100 30%
% Total Energy Expenditure
840 kcal
34.7% 32.5%
1040 kcal 1040 kcal
80 10%
280 kcal 9.3%
8.7%
280 kcal
280 kcal
60
60% 52.5%
40 56%
1680 kcal 1680 kcal
1680 kcal
20
0
Physically active individual Physically active individual
A Sedentary individual B who does not exercise
C who does exercise
Resting Metabolic Rate Thermic Effect of Food Physical Activity Exercise
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
12. RESPECTIVE CONTRIBUTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETIC HYPERGLYCEMIA VERSUS THE
CLUSTERING OF ABDOMINAL OBESITY-RELATED RISK FACTORS (METABOLIC
SYNDROME) TO THE INCREASED CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CHD) RISK IN DIABETES
IGT
NGT
Glycemia
75g OGTT
Time
CHD RISK
Metabolic
Syndrome Abdominal Obesity
Insulin Resistance
Atherogenic Dyslipidemia
Impaired Fibrinolysis
Patient with Pro-thrombotic State
Abdominal Obesity
Inflammation
and Type 2 Diabetes
Increased Blood Pressure
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
13. NUMBER OF METABOLIC SYNDROME ABNORMALITIES BY NCEP-ATP III
CLINICAL CRITERIA, DIABETES, AND PREVALENT CVD AND HAZARD RATIOS OF
10-YEAR RISK OF FATAL AND NON-FATAL CVD
NCEP- Type 2 NCEP- Type 2
0 1 2 ATP III Diabetes
CVD 0 1 2 CVD
ATP III Diabetes
Men Women
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk From Dekker JM et al. Circulation 2005; 112: 666-73
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org Reproduced with permission
14. RISK OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CHD) IN U.S. ADULTS ACCORDING
TO SUBGROUPS OF METABOLIC SYNDROME (MS) COMPONENTS
5.02
6
5
Hazard Ratio
2.87
4
2.10
3
1.0
2
1
0
No MS 1-2 MS Metabolic Syndrome (all)
Risk Factors Risk Factors No Diabetes Diabetes
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org Adapted from Malik S et al. Circulation 2004; 110: 1245-50
15. OBESITY AS A MODIFIABLE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD)
RISK FACTOR
Global CVD risk
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
16. OBESE INDIVIDUALS WITH A PREFERENTIAL ACCUMULATION OF INTRA-
ABDOMINAL ADIPOSE TISSUE (AT): SUBGROUP AT HIGH CVD RISK
Same BMI
Gynoid Obesity >30 kg/m2 Android Obesity
Intra-abdominal AT Intra-abdominal AT
Subcutaneous AT Subcutaneous AT
Normal Metabolic Profile Altered Metabolic Profile
- Low Trlglycerides - Hypertriglyceridemia
- Normal HDL Cholesterol - Low HDL Cholesterol
- Insulin Sensitive - Insulin Resistance
- Normal Glucose Tolerance - Glucose Intolerance
- Normal lnflammatory and - Pro-inflammatory and
Thrombotic Profile Pro-thrombotic Profile
NO METABOLIC SYNDROME METABOLIC SYNDROME
CVD RISK CVD RISK
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
17. BODY MASS INDEX AND RELATIVE RISK OF TYPE 2 DIABETES IN WOMEN
FOLLOWED FOR 14 YEARS IN THE NURSES' HEALTH STUDY
Relative Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
120
93.2
100
80
54.0
60
40.3
40 27.6
15.8
20 5.0
8.1
2.9 4.3
1.0
0
Body Mass Index (kg/m2)
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org Adapted from Colditz GA et al. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 481-6
19. GENERAL STRUCTURE OF A LIPOPROTEIN
Polar surface envelope
Apolipoprotein
Free cholesterol
Phospholipid
Neural lipid core
Cholesteryl ester
Triglyceride
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
20. TRIGLYCERIDE TRANSPORT AND METABOLISM
Liver
Intestinal Acetyl-CoA
lumen
Fatty acids
Dietary
triglycerides Enterocyte VLDL Triglycerides
Fatty acids Triglycerides
Adipose Albumin
tissue
Fatty acids
Triglycerides
LPL Fatty acids
Oxidation
Chylomicron
Muscle Legend
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org LPL=lipoprotein lipase
21. CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT AND METABOLISM
Intestinal Enterocyte Tissues
lumen
Acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA
Dietary
cholesterol Cholesterol Cholesterol
LCAT
LDL
Chylomicron
HDL
HTGL
VLDL
LPL remnant
Bile
CETP
LPL Chylomicron remnant
VLDL
Excretion
Legend Cholesterol
CETP = cholesteryl ester transfer protein
HTGL = hepatic triglyceride lipase
LCAT = lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase
Acetyl-CoA
LPL = lipoprotein lipase Bile salts
Cholesterol
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk Liver
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
22. INTRAVASCULAR VLDL METABOLISM
Nascent VLDL Cholesteryl
esters HDL
Apo CII, CIII
Apo E
Liver Apo B/E
receptor
Mature VLDL
LDL
LPL
Apo E
Apo CII, CIII HDL
VLDL remnant Phospholipids
Fatty acids
Tissues Legend
(adipose, muscle)
LPL = lipoprotein lipase
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
23. VLDL REMNANT METABOLISM
Liver uptake
(LDL receptor)
Apo B/E HTGL
receptor
Uptake by
hepatic LDL
receptors
(60%-70%)
VLDL remnants Hydrolysis by Fatty acids
HTGL
(30%-40%) Apo C’s
LDL formation
Apo E’s
Legend
HTGL = hepatic triglyceride lipase
LDL
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
24. HDL METABOLISM: GENESIS (A) AND ROLE IN REVERSE
CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT (B)
A Liver Intestine B VLDL
Liver
Nascent HDL Transfer of
Remnant cholesteryl esters to
SR-B1 receptor VLDL via CETP
LCAT
Apo AI Apo E Direct liver uptake of
cholesteryl esters by LDL
SR-B1 receptor
HDL3
HTGL
Acquisition of free
cholesterol by HDL and
Apo AI Apo AII Lipid-depleted esterification by LCAT
HDL
apo AI is catabolized
mainly In the kidney
• Uptake of free cholesterol (from cells
surface of TG-rlch lipoproteins)
• Esterification of free cholesterol by
LCAT
• Migration from surface to core of HDL Legend
CETP = cholesteryl ester transfer protein
HTGL = hepatic triglyceride lipase
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk LCAT = lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org TG = triglyceride
25. CHYLOMICRON METABOLISM: THE FATE OF DIETARY FAT
Apo AI
Triglyceride
Apo B48
Apo CII
Gut Apo CIII HDL
Apo E
Cholesteryl
Apo CII ester
Apo E Chylomicron
Apo CIII
Fatty acids
Tissues
Liver (adipose, muscle)
LPL
Remnant
receptor (LRP)
Apo AI, AIV
HDL
Apo CII, CIII
Chylomicron remnant
Legend
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org LPL = lipoprotein lipase
26. TRIGLYCERIDE AND HDL CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN NON-OBESE
WOMEN AND IN OBESE WOMEN WITH LOW OR HIGH LEVELS OF INTRA-
ABDOMINAL ADIPOSE TISSUE
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) Triglycerides (mmol/l)
Non-obese Obese with low Obese with high Non-obese Obese with low Obese with high
(N=25) levels of intra- levels of intra- (N=25) levels of intra- levels of intra-
abdominal fat abdominal fat abdominal fat abdominal fat
(N=10) (N=10) (N=10) (N=10)
Legend
* Significantly different from non-obese women
† Significantly different from obese women with
low levels of intra-abdominal fat, p<0.05
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org Adapted from Després JP et al. Arteriosclerosis 1990; 10: 497·511
27. THE DYSLIPIDEMIA OF INTRA-ABDOMINAL OBESITY AND THE
METABOLIC SYNDROME
VLDL LDL HDL
NORMAL
INSULIN
RESISTANCE
↑ VLDL triglycerides = LDL cholesterol ↓ HDL2 cholesterol
↑ VLDL apo B ↑ LDL apo B ↓ Number
↑ Number ↑ LDL apo B/LDL ↓ Size (small, dense)
↑ Size ↑ Number
↓ Size (small, dense)
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
28. THE MANY FUNCTIONS OF INSULIN IN LIPID METABOLISM
Insulin resistance
Adipose LPL (triglyceride clearance)
Lipolysis (VLDL-triglyceride precursors)
Legend
The arrows indicate whether insulin
Muscle LPL (triglyceride clearance) increases (upward green) or decreases
(downward red) the corresponding
process under normal conditions of
insulin sensitivity. The red Xs indicate
the insulin actions that are lost in the
De novo lipid synthesis insulin resistant state. In this
Apo B degradation condition, liver lipid synthesis is the
LDL-receptor expression sole insulin action maintained and is
VLDL assembly therefore exacerbated by
VLDL secretion hyperinsulinemia.
Apo CIII expression
LPL = lipoprotein lipase
CETP = cholesteryl ester transfer protein
Intravascular CETP-mediated lipid transfer
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
29. HOW INSULIN RESISTANCE AND DYSLIPIDEMIA ARE LINKED
Adipose tissue* Liver* Blood Kidney
Shorter HDL Half-life
CE
HTGL
Fatty acids
VLDL CETP HDL
Adipokines TG
Apo B Apo AI
VLDL TG Small HDL
Hypertriglyceridemia CE CETP TG
LDL LDL
HTGL
Small LDL
Legend
CE = cholesteryl ester
* Insulin resistance CETP = cholesteryl ester transfer protein
HTGL = hepatic triglyceride lipase
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk TG = triglyceride
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
30. LINK BETWEEN HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA AND SMALL, DENSE
LDL AND LOW HDL
Inefficient triglyceride metabolism
Triglycerides LPL Atherogenic
remnant
Cholesterol
CETP
HTGL LDL HDL HTGL
Atherogenic Short ½ life
CETP
Chylomicrons Remnant
VLDL uptake
LPL
Efficient triglyceride metabolism
Fatty acids Legend
CETP = cholesteryl ester transfer protein
HTGL = hepatic triglyceride lipase
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk LPL = lipoprotein lipase
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
34. MODEL FOR ADIPOSE TISSUE MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION AND
ITS FUNCTION IN ADIPOSE TISSUE WITH PROGRESSIVE OBESITY
Leanness Mild Obesity Severe Obesity
Insulin-sensitive Insulin-sensitive Insulin-resistant
iNOS
TNF-α CLS
IL-6
Arginase IL-10 iNOS
IL-10 TNF-α
IL-6 Insulin
Arginase resistance
IL-10
DIO DIO
JNK
NF-κB
CCR2+ MCP-1
FFA
Legend Inflammatory
Arginase: less NO production ATM = adipose tissue macrophage adipo-cytokines
IL-10: anti-inflammatory CLS = crownlike structures
DIO = diet-induced obesity
FFA = free fatty acids
IL = interleukin
M2 ATM Tissue repair iNOS = inducible nitric oxide synthase
JNK = C-jun N-terminal kinase
CX3CR1highCCR2- Less NO production MCP-1 = monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
NF-κB = nuclear factor-кB
M1 ATM Pro-inflammatory NO = nitric oxide
CX3CR1lowCCR2+ More NO production TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-α
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk Adapted from Lumeng CN et al. J Clin Invest 2007; 117: 175-84
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org Reproduced with permission
35. MECHANISM OF FATTY ACID-INDUCED INSULIN RESISTANCE IN
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Insulin Receptor
GLUCOSE
Fatty Acid
FATPs GLUT 4
pY pY PDK Akt pS/T
pY pY PIP3
Akt
PKC-θ PI3K Glucose
Ser/Thr kinase
LCCoA
G6P
pS
pY
β-oxidation
pS IRS-1 GSK3 pS/T UDP-glucose
DAG pS
GS activity
Mitochondrial Glycogen
Density Synthesis
Legend
Akt = protein kinase B GSK3 = glycogen synthase kinase-3 PIP3 = phosphatidylinositol 3 triphosphate
DAG = diacylglycerol IRS-1 = insulin receptor substrate-1 pS = serine phosphorylation
FATPs = fatty acid transport proteins LCCoA = long-chain acylcoenzyme A pS/T = serine/threonine phosphorylation
G6P = glucose 6-phosphate PDK = phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase pY = tyrosine phosphorylation
GLUT = glucose transporter PKC = protein kinase C Ser/Thr = serine/threonine
GS = glycogen synthase PI3K = phosphatidylinositol [3,4,5] kinase UDP = uridine diphosphate glucose
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org Adapted from Savage DB et al. Physiol Rev 2007; 87: 507-20
36. MECHANISM OF FATTY ACID-INDUCED INSULIN RESISTANCE IN LIVER
Insulin Receptor
GLUCOSE
Fatty Acid
FATPs GLUT 2
pY pY PDK Akt pS/T
pY pY PIP3
Akt
PI3K Gluconeogenesis
PKC-ε
Ser/Thr kinase
pY GSK3 pS/T FOXO pS/T
IRS-2 pY
LCCoA DAG
Glycogen
Synthesis
FOXO PEPCK
β-oxidation?
de novo lipid NUCLEUS G6Pase
synthesis
Legend
Akt = protein kinase B GSK3 = glycogen synthase kinase-3 PI3K = phosphatidynositol [3,4,5] kinase
DAG = diacylglycerol IRS-2 = insulin receptor substrate-2 PIP3 = phosphatidylinositol 3 triphosphate
FATPs = fatty acid transport proteins LCCoA = long-chain acylcoenzyme A pS/T = serine/threonine phosphorylation
FOXO = forkhead box protein O PDK = phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase pY = tyrosine phosphorylation
G6P = glucose 6-phosphate PKC = protein kinase C Ser/Thr = serine/threonlne
GLUT = glucose transporter PEPCK = phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
Adapted from Savage DB et al. Physiol Rev 2007; 87: 507-20
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
37. POTENTIAL CELLULAR MECHANISMS FOR ACTIVATING
INFLAMMATORY SIGNALING
Legend
TNFR, RAGE TLRs, IL-1R
AP-1 = activator protein-1
ER = endoplasmic reticulum
Plasma Membrane IKK = IкB kinase
Ceramide PKCs IL-1 R = interleukin-1 receptor
INOS = inducible nitric oxide
synthase
IRS-1 = insulin receptor substrate-1
ROS JNK IKKα IKKβ ER stress
IKKγ JNK = C-jun N-terminal kinase
Salicylates, NF = nuclear factor
TZDs, and PKC = novel protein kinase
pS IκBα statins
IRS-1 RAGE = receptor of advanced
pS p65 p50 glycation endproducts
?
NF-κB ROS = reactive oxygen species
TLR = toll-like receptor
TNFR = tumor necrosis factor
AP-1 NF-кB receptor
iNOS and other
p65 p50 inflammatory TZD = thiazolidinediones
mediators
Nucleus Insulin Resistance
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
Adapted from Shoelson SE et al. J Clin Invest 2006; 116: 1793-1801
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
38. SUMMARY OF THE EFFECTS OF INSULIN ON GLUCOSE AND LIPID METABOLISM IN
VARIOUS TISSUES AND THE COMPONENTS AFFECTED BY INSULIN RESISTANCE
Insulin action is reduced in obesity
Glucose Lipids
Uptake Uptake from blood triglycerides
Glucose → Glycerol → Triglycerides
Glucose → Fatty acids → Triglycerides
Release (anti-lipolytic)
Hyperglycemia, Delayed triglyceride clearance, Increased fatty acid output
Uptake Oxidation
Storage (glycogen)
Oxidation
Lesser use of glucose
Storage (glycogen) Glucose → Fatty acids → Triglycerides
Oxidation VLDL secretion
Gluconeogenesis
Secretion
Hyperglycemia, Hypertriglyceridemia
Legend
Green upward arrow = stimulation by insulin
Red downward arrow = inhibition by insulin
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk Red x mark = loss of insulin action in insulin resistance
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
39. POTENTIAL MECHANISMS FOR OBESITY-INDUCED INFLAMMATION
Lean
Nutrient excess
Expansion of fat mass
Adipocyte production of Insulin resistance
cytokines and chemokines
Endothelial cell expression Pro-inflammatory and
of adhesion molecules
post-atherogenic mediators
Monocyte recruitment
and differentiation
Atherosclerosis
Macrophage infiltration
and cytokine production
Obese
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
41. INFLAMMATION: THE LINK BETWEEN ABDOMINAL OBESITY
AND GLOBAL CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK (CVD RISK)
Inflammation
Adipose
Tissue
CRP ?
IL-6
?
(-)
FFA
TNF-α
Macrophage
Apo B
Risk of CVD
Adiponectin
Legend
FFA: Free Fatty Acids
Glucose Apo B: Apolipoprotein B
Abdominal Obesity CRP: C-Reactive Protein
Insulin IL: Interleukln
Triglycerides
TNF-α : Tumor Necrosis
Factor -α
Atherogenic, insulin
resistant dysmetabolic
milieu
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org Adapled from Després JP Int J Obes Metab Disord 2003; 27: 5224
42. ADIPOSE TISSUE AND SOME OF THE ADIPOKINES/FACTORS INVOLVED IN
THE PRO-THROMBOTIC STATE OF INTRA-ABDOMINAL OBESITY
Adipose
Tissue
Leptin PAI-1
Platelet aggregation Inhibitor of fibrinolysis
IL-6
Tissue
factor
TNF-α
Adiponectin
CRP Initiation of coagulation cascade
Nitric oxide Inflammation
Liver Factor VII
Oxidative Stress and VIII
Hyperactivity of platelets Hypofibrinolysis
Pro-thrombotic Fibrinogen
Endothelial dysfunction and
Hypercoagulability
Hypofibrinolytic
State Fibrin formation
Platelet aggregation
Thrombotic events
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk Plasma viscosity
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
43. TRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS AND EMERGING MARKERS
CONTRIBUTING TO CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK
(
(
Atherogenic Pro-thrombotic
Dyslipidemia Profile
Emerging Markers Abdominal
Insulin Obesity Inflammatory
Resistance State
BLOOD
(
Traditional Risk
Factors
Age PRESSURE
Type 2 Diabetes
Lipid Profile (
Gender (hyperglycemia)
Smoking
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
44. TEN-YEAR RISK OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CHD) BY SYSTOLIC
BLOOD PRESSURE (SBP) AND PRESENCE OF OTHER RISK FACTORS
SBP 120 SBP 180
10-Year Risk of CHD (%)
Cholesterol 180 240 240 240 240 240
HDL 50 50 35 35 35 35
Smoking No No No Yes Yes Yes
Diabetes No No No No Yes Yes
LVH* No No No No No Yes
*Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk From Chobanian AV et al. Hypertension 2003; 42: 1206-52
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org Reproduced with permission
45. CHANGES IN BLOOD PRESSURE WITH AGE
Non-Hispanic black Non-Hispanic white Mexican American
Men Women
Systolic blood pressure Systolic blood pressure
Diastolic blood pressure Diastolic blood pressure
Age Age
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk From Burt VL et al. Hypertension 1995; 25: 305-13
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org Reproduced with permission
46. LINKS BETWEEN HYPERTENSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASE IN INSULIN RESISTANCE AND OBESITY
Genetic Factors Environmental Factors
Abdominal Obesity
Impact on the Heart, Kidney Insulin Resistance / Abnormal Lipid
and Vasculature Hyperinsulinemia Profile
Vasoconstriction Cardiac Output
Blood Pressure
Cardiovascular Risk
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
47. ADIPOSE TISSUE DISTRIBUTION IN MEN AND WOMEN
Android Obesity Gynoid Obesity
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org Adapted from Vague J Presse Med 1947; 30: 339-40
48. AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN INTRA-ABDOMINAL ADIPOSE
TISSUE DISTRIBUTION IN (a) MEN AND (b) WOMEN
(a) Head
Forearm
Upper arm
Chest
Abdomen
Relative segmental fat volume (%)
(subcutaneous)
Abdomen
(intra-abdominal)
Thigh
Calf
Age (years)
(b) Head
Forearm
Upper arm
Chest
Abdomen
(subcutaneous)
Abdomen
(intra-abdominal)
Thigh
Calf
Age (years)
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk From Kotani K et al. Int J Obes 1994; 18: 207-12
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org Reproduced with permission
49. FOUR-YEAR CHANGES IN INTRA-ABDOMINAL ADIPOSE TISSUE
IN WHITE VS. AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN
Intra-abdominal adipose tissue (cm2)
White women
African-American
women
(n): Number of subjects
p<0.01 for time effect
p<0.001 for race effect
Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk From Lara-Castro C et al. Obes Res 2002; 10: 868-74
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org Reproduced with permission
50. SEVEN-YEAR CHANGES IN BMI (a), WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE (b) AND INTRA-
ABDOMINAL ADIPOSE TISSUE (c) IN PRE-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN (N=32)
b) Waist c) Intra-abdominal
a) BMI (kg/m2) circumference (cm) adipose tissue (cm2)
NS p<0.05 p<0.01
35 100 160
31.8 93.0
30.5
134.5
88.9
140
30 90
120
102.7
25 80
100
20 70
80
15 60 60
Baseline Follow-up Baseline Follow-up Baseline Follow-up
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
Adapted from Lemieux S et al. Diabetes Care 1996; 19: 983-91
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
51. INCREASE IN INTRA-ABDOMINAL ADIPOSE TISSUE (AT)
ACCUMULATION ASSOCIATED WITH MENOPAUSE
a) BMI (kg/m2) b) Body fat mass (kg)
NS NS
30 30
20 20
10 10
Pre-menopausal women Post-menopausal women Pre-menopausal women Post-menopausal women
c) Subcutaneous AT (cm2) d) Intra-abdominal AT (cm2)
NS p=0.04
350 140
340 120
330
100
320
310 80
300 60
Pre-menopausal women Post-menopausal women Pre-menopausal women Post-menopausal women
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org Adapted from Tchernof A et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 3425·30
52. DEVELOPMENT OF AN ATHEROGENIC PROFILE ASSOCIATED WITH
MENOPAUSE-RELATED GAIN IN INTRA-ABDOMINAL ADIPOSITY
Insulin resistance
Apolipoprotein B
Menopause
CHD risk
Triglycerides
HDL cholesterol
LDL size
Pre-menopausal women Post-menopausal women
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
53. EVIDENCE FOR A GREATER RELATIVE ACCUMULATION OF INTRA-ABDOMINAL
ADIPOSE TISSUE (AT) IN JAPANESE THAN IN CAUCASIAN AMERICANS
Caucasian (N=177) Japanese (N=239)
Intra-abdominal adipose tissue (cm2) Intra-abdominal / subcutaneous AT ratio
p<0.001 p=0.001
p<0.001
p<0.001
p=0.001 p=0.026
Waist girth quartiles (cm) Waist girth quartiles (cm)
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org Adapted from Kadowaki T et al. Int J Obes 2006; 30: 1163-5
54. RELATIVE ACCUMULATION OF INTRA-ABDOMINAL
VS. SUBCUTANEOUS DEPOT ACCORDING TO ETHNICITY
Intra-abdominal
depot
Subcutaneous
depot
Caucasians Blacks Asians
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
55. LIPID OVERFLOW HYPOTHESIS FOR THE PATHOGENESIS OF LIVER FAT
Caloric Intake and/ Energy Expenditure
or
Positive Energy Balance
Lipid overflow into liver,
Buffering of excess muscle or epicardium
energy in healthy
adipose tissue
Exhaustion of
buffering capacity of
adipose tissue
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk Metabolic Abnormalities
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
56. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING OF A NORMAL AND
FATTY LIVER
Normal liver Fatty liver
CT Liver (CTL) = 79.44 HU CT Liver (CTL) = 14.82 HU
The normal liver is free of lipid storage, denser and therefore has a higher Hounsfield unit (HU)
and appears bright in contrast. On the other hand, lipid infiltration as seen in the fatty liver
reduces the density of the liver tissue, thus the HU is lower and the image appears darker.
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
57. SIMPLIFIED MODEL OF THE "PORTAL" THEORY
FFA FFA
Release of Products released from the Increased exposure to FFA
free fatty acids (FFA) from intra-abdominal depot are leads to hepatic insulin
an expanded, and highly drained via the portal vein, resistance, fat deposition,
active intra-abdominal leading directly to lipotoxicity and metabolic
adipose tissue depot the liver derangements
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org
58. INDEPENDENT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN LIVER FAT, INTRA-
ABDOMINAL FAT AND CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK
Increased liver fat
deposition
Positive Cardiometabolic
Energy
Balance
? Risk
Expanded intra-abdominal
fat depot
Source: International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk
www.cardiometabolic-risk.org