Computer Network
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Computer networks allow for the exchange of data between two devices via transmission mediums like wires or cables. They connect various computing devices such as computers, printers and phones to transmit and receive information. Computer networks can include multiple network devices like routers, switches, hubs and bridges to help facilitate communication between different devices. Data transmission in computer networks can occur in either simplex, half duplex or full duplex mode.
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Unit 1
A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appears as a single coherent system to its users. It allows sharing of resources and workload across networked computers. Key characteristics include multiple autonomous components, lack of shared memory, and message-based communication. The World Wide Web is a large-scale distributed system that allows sharing of documents, files, and other resources across the internet through web servers and browsers. It faces challenges like heterogeneity, security, scalability, and fault tolerance.
LECTURE-1 (Data Communication) ~www.fida.com.bd
This document provides an introduction and overview of key topics in data communications and computer networks. It discusses five components of data communication, different types of data flow, how networks connect various devices and transfer data, common network topologies like bus, star and ring configurations, the development of the Internet and how it revolutionized information sharing, and the importance of protocols and standards in ensuring interoperability between different network technologies. The document includes diagrams and figures illustrating these network concepts.
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Chapter – 1
Data communication involves transmitting data over communication lines like telephone or cable lines. The basic elements of any communication system are a sender who creates the message, a medium that transmits the message, and a receiver who receives the message. A computer network is a collection of connected computers and devices that allows users to communicate with each other and share resources. The main benefits of a computer network are communication between users anywhere in the world at low cost, sharing of resources like printers and scanners, sharing of software stored centrally, and sharing of data between authorized users on the network.
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A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appears as a single coherent system to its users. It allows sharing of resources and workload across networked computers. Key characteristics include multiple autonomous components, lack of shared memory, and message-based communication. The World Wide Web is a large-scale distributed system that allows sharing of documents, files, and other resources across the internet through web servers and browsers. It faces challenges like heterogeneity, security, scalability, and fault tolerance.
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This document provides an introduction and overview of key topics in data communications and computer networks. It discusses five components of data communication, different types of data flow, how networks connect various devices and transfer data, common network topologies like bus, star and ring configurations, the development of the Internet and how it revolutionized information sharing, and the importance of protocols and standards in ensuring interoperability between different network technologies. The document includes diagrams and figures illustrating these network concepts.
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The document discusses the uses and advantages of computer networks. It describes how networks allow users to share hardware devices, software programs, data, and information. Specifically, networks enable sharing of printers, access to files stored on other computers, and use of centralized software programs. The key advantages of networks listed are easy access to information, improved productivity through collaboration, sharing of resources to reduce costs, ability to work remotely, increased security, high reliability, and simpler backups.
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Data communication involves transmitting data over communication lines like telephone or cable lines. The basic elements of any communication system are a sender who creates the message, a medium that transmits the message, and a receiver who receives the message. A computer network is a collection of connected computers and devices that allows users to communicate with each other and share resources. The main benefits of a computer network are communication between users anywhere in the world at low cost, sharing of resources like printers and scanners, sharing of software stored centrally, and sharing of data between authorized users on the network.
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A network allows two or more electronic devices to connect and exchange data. Computers can be connected via cables, wireless connections, phone lines, or satellite links. Networks allow users to share files and resources, communicate, store data centrally, and access the internet for services, information, and entertainment. Special server computers provide centralized services to other computers on the network like file storage, printing, and user access control. Common network topologies include bus, ring, star, and hybrid configurations. Wireless networks use radio signals instead of cables. Network hardware like network interface cards, cables, hubs, switches, routers, firewalls, proxies, bridges, and modems facilitate device connections and data exchange within networks.
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This document provides an introduction to information technology. It defines information as any knowledge that comes to our attention in the form of voice, image, text or video. Data is defined as information when dealing with machines. Information technology is described as the application of computers to store, study, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data or information, often in business contexts. Examples of information technology include telephones, televisions, and various handheld devices. The document also discusses how information technology is used in education through email, course management software, distance learning and avatars. Computers are also described as being used in health and medicine through telemedicine and robots. The effects of information technology on financial matters, television, and other activities are also
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The document provides information about a computer class on networks and data communication. It discusses the learning objectives of the class which are to understand what a computer network is, the need for networks, different types of networks, and network topologies. It then defines different types of networks including personal area networks, local area networks, campus area networks, metropolitan area networks, and wide area networks. It also describes the four main network topologies of bus, ring, star, and mesh. Students are assigned questions on these topics for the next class.
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The document provides an overview of the history and operation of the internet and communication technologies. It discusses early communication technologies like the slide rule and telephone and how they evolved over time. It then covers the basics of how the internet works, including physical connections, data transmission speeds, protocols, IP addresses, and applications. It also summarizes key technologies that enabled the development of the modern internet like radio, computers, and the world wide web.
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A computer is an electronic device that stores and processes data according to programmed instructions. It has a central processing unit that controls operations and is connected to various input/output and storage devices. A computer uses a monitor to display output from a video card and a keyboard and mouse for input. Other common computer components include memory, expansion slots, ports, and cooling fans. The motherboard contains the main components and connectors to expand functionality through add-in cards.
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1. An information system is a system composed of people and computers that processes or interprets information.
2. The main elements of an information system are hardware, software, data, processes, people, and feedback.
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This document classifies and describes different types of computer networks and network topologies. It discusses the four main types of computer networks: personal area networks (PAN), local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), and wide area networks (WAN). It also outlines the most common network topologies: bus, ring, star, mesh, tree, and hybrid topologies. For each topology, it provides a brief definition and lists some advantages and disadvantages.
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This slide includes the Course information of Introduction to Information technology including its syllabus, course contents, Unit Informations, etc
Note 2: Classification of Computer Networks
What is Network Topology?
A computer network is a collection of two or more computers which are connected
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The network technology is:
• Intranet
• Extranet
• Internet.
Communication
- A LAN connects computers within a small area like a home or office building. A MAN interconnects LANs within a larger region like a city. A WAN spans an even larger area like a state or country, connecting LANs and MANs over long distances.
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1. Introduction to Data Communication:
Data communication refers to the exchange of data between devices through a transmission medium such as cables, fiber optics, or wireless signals. The primary goal is to ensure the accurate and efficient transfer of data from one point to another. This process involves several key components:
Sender: The device that originates the message.
Receiver: The device that receives the message.
Transmission Medium: The physical path through which the message travels (e.g., twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, or air for wireless communication).
Message: The data being communicated, which can be in the form of text, numbers, images, audio, or video.
Protocol: A set of rules governing the data communication process, ensuring that the devices involved can interpret and understand the transmitted data correctly.
2. Types of Data Communication:
Simplex: Data flows in one direction only. Examples include keyboards and monitors.
Half-Duplex: Data flows in both directions, but not simultaneously. Walkie-talkies are a common example.
Full-Duplex: Data flows in both directions simultaneously, like in telephone conversations.
3. Network Fundamentals:
A network is a collection of interconnected devices that can communicate with each other. Networks can be categorized based on their size, range, and structure.
4. Types of Networks:
Local Area Network (LAN): Covers a small geographic area, like a home, office, or building. Typically uses Ethernet or Wi-Fi.
Wide Area Network (WAN): Spans a large geographic area, often a country or continent. The internet is the largest WAN.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): Covers a larger geographic area than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city.
Personal Area Network (PAN): A small network typically within the range of an individual, such as a Bluetooth connection between devices.
5. Network Topologies:
Bus Topology: All devices are connected to a single central cable.
Star Topology: All devices are connected to a central hub.
Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a circular fashion.
Mesh Topology: Devices are interconnected, with multiple paths for data transmission.
Hybrid Topology: A combination of two or more different topologies.
6. Protocols and Standards:
Protocols are rules that govern data communication. Some common protocols include:
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): The fundamental suite for internet communications.
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring web pages.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring files.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Used for sending emails.
Standards ensure interoperability between different devices and networks. Some key organizations that develop and maintain these standards include:
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
ISO (International Organization for Standardization).
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A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.
“Computer network’’ to mean a collection of autonomous computers interconnected by a single technology. Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to exchange information.
The connection need not be via a copper wire; fiber optics, microwaves, infrared, and communication satellites can also be used.
Networks come in many sizes, shapes and forms, as we will see later. They are usually connected together to make larger networks, with the Internet being the most well- known example of a network of networks.
There is considerable confusion in the literature between a computer network and a distributed system. The key distinction is that in a distributed system, a collection of independent computers appears to its users as a single coherent system. Usually, it has a single model or paradigm that it presents to the users. Often a layer of software on top of the operating system, called middleware, is responsible for implementing this model. A well-known example of a distributed system is the World Wide Web. It runs on top of the Internet and presents a model in which everything looks like a document (Web page).
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This document provides an overview of data communication and networks. It discusses data communication fundamentals like transmission media, protocols, and data representation. It also covers network basics such as physical structures, topologies, and performance criteria like reliability and security. Specific topics covered include simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex data flow, point-to-point and multipoint connections, and mesh and star network topologies.
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This document provides an overview of telecommunications systems and their components. It discusses data communication and defines telecommunications as the electronic transmission of data, information, and instructions over distance. The key components of a telecommunications system include sending and receiving devices, communications devices, communication channels, and communication software. Communications devices convert digital and analog signals and include modems, routers, hubs, and network interface cards. Communication channels can be physical cables like twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic, or wireless methods like radio, cellular, microwave, and satellite transmission.
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This document provides an introduction and overview of key concepts in data communications and computer networks. It discusses four fundamental characteristics of data communication systems: delivery, accuracy, timeliness, and filtering. It also outlines five common components: the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocol. The document then examines several aspects of networks including performance, reliability, security, physical structures, transmission modes, and categories such as local area networks, wide area networks, and metropolitan area networks.
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- 1. 1.1 Chapter 1 Computer Networks Introduction Mrs. Jyoti Joshi Assistant Professor Computer Science & Engineering
- 2. 1.2 1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable. A system containing any combination of computers, computer terminals, printers, audio or visual display devices, or telephones interconnected by telecommunication equipment or cables: used to transmit or receive information. Computer Network
- 3. 1.3 Computer networks can also include multiple devices/mediums which help in the communication between two different devices; these are known as Network devices and include things such as routers, switches, hubs, and bridges. Figure:1.1
- 4. 1.4 Figure 1.2 Components of a data communication system
- 5. Data Transmission Modes (Figure 1.3 ) 1.5
- 8. 1.8 Will continue in next lecture Thanks