The document provides an overview of computer graphics, including: 2D graphics such as raster graphics using pixels and vector graphics using mathematical shapes. 3D graphics use three-dimensional geometric models stored in computers. Common techniques for 3D graphics are more similar to vector graphics. The document also discusses primary colors in additive and subtractive color models.

1. By
Dr. Mohamed Kazim Khalil

2. Contents
• Computer Graphics
• 2D graphics
• Raster Graphics
• Vector Graphics
• Pixel
• Additive Primary Colors
• Additive Secondary Colors
• Subtractive Primaries
• Three-Dimensional (3D) Computer Graphics
• Computer Animation

3. Computer Graphics
• Computer Graphics is concerned with the generation and ma
manipulation with images.
• Computer Graphics concept refers to graphics created by
computers and the representation and manipulation of pictorial
data by a computer.
• It also includes the hardware and software systems used to make
these images.
•‫يهتم‬‫علم‬‫الرسم‬‫بالحاسب‬‫بتوليد‬‫والتعامل‬‫مع‬‫الصور‬.
•‫مفهوم‬‫الرسم‬‫بالحاسب‬‫بشير‬‫إلى‬‫الصور‬‫المنشأة‬/‫المولدة‬‫باستخدام‬‫الحاسب‬‫اآل‬‫لى‬‫وتمثيل‬
‫ومعالجة‬‫البيانات‬‫المصورة‬‫باستخدام‬‫الحاسب‬.
•‫ويتضمن‬‫ا‬ً‫ض‬‫أي‬‫ذلك‬‫المفهوم‬‫المكونات‬‫المادية‬‫واألنظمة‬‫البرمجية‬‫المستخدمة‬‫ل‬‫عمل‬‫تلك‬
‫الصور‬.

4. 2D graphics
• 2D computer graphics is the computer-based generation of digital
images, mostly from two-dimensional models (such as 2D
geometric models, text, and digital images) and by techniques
specific to them.
• 2D computer graphics are usually split into the two categories of
graphics (Vector and Raster). 2D shapes is like (circles, squares,
triangles, ovals…etc).
•‫الرسم‬‫الثنائى‬‫األبعاد‬‫باستخدام‬‫الحاسب‬‫اآللى‬‫هو‬‫توليد‬‫قائم‬‫على‬‫الحاسب‬‫ل‬‫لصور‬‫الرقمية‬
‫فى‬‫الغالب‬‫من‬‫نماذج‬‫ثنائية‬‫األبعاد‬(‫مثل‬‫النماذج‬‫الهندسية‬‫ثنائية‬،‫األبعاد‬‫وال‬،‫نصوص‬
‫والصور‬‫الرقمية‬)‫ومن‬‫خالل‬‫تقنيات‬‫مخصصة‬‫لها‬.
•‫وعادة‬‫ينقسم‬‫الرسم‬‫الثنائى‬‫األبعاد‬‫باستخدام‬‫الحاسب‬‫إلى‬‫نوعين‬(‫المتجهى‬Vector
‫والنقطى‬Raster).‫األشكال‬‫الثنائية‬‫األبعادة‬‫مثل‬(،‫الدوائر‬،‫المربعات‬،‫المثلثات‬‫األشكال‬
‫البيضاوية‬...‫الخ‬).

5. Raster Graphics
• Raster graphic -also called "Bitmap" graphics- is a picture that is
made from a lot of small square shapes that have color and
position related info, and which are referred to as pixel or dot.
• Raster Graphic is the representation of images as an array of
pixels, and is used for the representation of photographic images.
• Raster graphic is stored as a series of color values in a grid, in
other words, as a collection of pixels.
•‫الرسم‬‫النقطى‬-‫والذى‬‫يطلق‬‫عليها‬‫ا‬ً‫ض‬‫أي‬Bitmap-‫هو‬‫عبارة‬‫عن‬‫صورة‬‫مكونة‬‫من‬
‫مجموعة‬‫مستطيالت‬‫صغيرة‬‫وتتضمن‬‫معلومات‬‫عن‬‫لونها‬،‫وموضعها‬‫والتى‬‫يشار‬‫إليها‬
‫كنقطة‬‫أو‬‫بيكسل‬dots or pixel.
•‫الرسم‬‫النقطى‬‫هو‬‫تمثيل‬‫للصورة‬‫كمصفوفة‬‫من‬،‫النقط‬‫وتستخدم‬‫لتمثيل‬‫ال‬‫صور‬
‫الفوتوغرافية‬.
•‫يتم‬‫تمثيل‬‫الرسم‬‫النقطى‬‫فى‬‫جدول‬‫كسلسلة‬‫من‬‫القيم‬،‫اللونية‬‫وبمعنى‬‫آخر‬‫كمجموعة‬‫من‬
‫النقاط‬pixels.

6. Vector Graphics
• Vector graphic consists of encoding information about shapes and
colors that comprise the image, which can allow for more
flexibility in rendering.
• A vector graphic uses math to draw shapes using points, lines and
curves.
• So, vector graphic has the ability to enlarge without losing quality,
but limited color detail.
•‫يتكون‬‫الرسم‬‫المتجهى‬‫من‬‫معلومات‬‫مرمزة‬‫أو‬‫مكودة‬‫عن‬‫األشكال‬‫واأللوان‬‫التى‬‫تش‬‫كل‬
‫وتكون‬،‫الصورة‬‫والتى‬‫يمكن‬‫أن‬‫تعطى‬‫مرونة‬‫أعلى‬‫فى‬‫إعادة‬‫رسمها‬‫أو‬‫عرضها‬
rendering.
•‫ويستخدم‬‫الرسم‬‫النقطى‬‫الحساب‬‫فى‬‫رسم‬‫األشكال‬‫باستخدام‬‫النقط‬‫والخطوط‬‫و‬‫المنحنيات‬.
•‫ولذا‬،‫فإن‬‫الرسم‬‫المتجهى‬‫لديه‬‫القدرة‬‫على‬‫تكبير‬‫الصورة‬‫دون‬‫أن‬‫تفقد‬‫كفاء‬،‫تها‬‫لكن‬
‫بتفصايل‬‫محدودة‬‫من‬‫األلوان‬.

7. Pixel
• A pixel (or picture element) is a single point in a raster image.
• Pixels are placed on a regular 2-dimensional grid, and are often
represented using dots or squares.
•‫البيكسل‬(‫أو‬‫وحدة‬‫الصورة‬)‫هى‬‫عبارة‬‫عن‬‫نقطة‬‫واحدة‬‫فى‬‫الصورة‬‫النقطية‬.
•‫توضع‬‫النقاط‬Pixels‫فى‬‫شبكة‬‫ثنائية‬،‫األبعاد‬‫وعادة‬‫يتم‬‫تمثيلها‬‫باستخدام‬‫الن‬‫قط‬‫أو‬
‫المستطيالت‬.

8. Additive Primary Colors
• Red, Green and Blue -commonly called RGB- are called the
“Additive Primary Colors”.
• These colors are called additives because you must add/mix the
colors together to create white.
• We obtain other non-primary colors by blending (adding) together
different quantities of Red, Green and Blue light.
•‫األحمر‬‫واألخر‬‫واألزرق‬-‫عادة‬‫ما‬‫تسمى‬RGB-‫يطلق‬‫عليها‬"‫األلوان‬‫األساسية‬
‫المضافة‬".
•‫طلق‬ُ‫ي‬‫على‬‫تلك‬‫األلوان‬"‫مضافة‬"‫ألنه‬‫يجب‬‫إضافة‬/‫مزج‬‫األلوان‬‫ا‬ً‫ع‬‫م‬‫لتكوين‬‫اللون‬
‫األبيض‬.
•‫يمكننا‬‫الحصول‬‫على‬‫األلوان‬‫غير‬‫األولية‬‫من‬‫خالل‬‫مزج‬(‫إضافة‬)‫كميات‬‫مختلفة‬‫ا‬ً‫ع‬‫م‬
‫من‬‫الضوء‬‫األحمر‬‫واألخضر‬‫واألزرق‬.

9. Additive Secondary Colors
• Additive Secondary Colors are produced by mixing two other
additive primary colors together.
• When these additive primary colors are mixed, they produce three
other secondary colors (Cyan, Magenta and Yellow).
•‫األلوان‬‫الثانوية‬‫المضافة‬‫يمكن‬‫إنتاجها‬‫من‬‫خالل‬‫مزج‬‫اثنان‬‫من‬‫األلوان‬‫األساسية‬
‫المضافة‬‫ا‬ً‫ع‬‫م‬.
•‫عند‬‫خلط‬‫هذه‬‫األلوان‬‫األساسية‬،‫المضافة‬‫فإنه‬‫ينتج‬‫ثالثة‬‫ألوان‬‫ثانوية‬‫هى‬(‫الس‬،‫ماوى‬
،‫القرمزى‬‫األصفر‬).

10. Subtractive Primaries
• Subtractive primaries colors depend on mixing the three of (Cyan,
Magenta and Yellow) ink/paint colors.
• Color printer cartridges often contain four colors: Cyan, Magenta,
Yellow, and Black (CMYK).
•‫تعتمد‬‫ألوان‬‫الطرح‬/‫االمتصاص‬‫األولية‬‫على‬‫خلط‬‫أو‬‫مزج‬‫ثالثة‬‫ألوان‬‫الطباعية‬‫أ‬‫و‬
‫الحبرية‬(‫السماوى‬‫واألرجوانى‬‫واألصفر‬).
•‫عادة‬‫ما‬‫تحتوى‬‫عبوات‬‫حبارات‬‫الطابعات‬‫األلوان‬‫على‬‫أربعة‬‫ألوان‬(‫السماوى‬
‫واألرجوانى‬‫واألصفر‬‫واألسود‬CMYK.

11. Three-Dimensional (3D)
Computer Graphics
• 3D graphics are graphics that use a three-dimensional
representation of geometric data that is stored in the computer for
the purposes of performing calculations and rendering 2D images.
• The most common techniques of 3D graphics are more similar to
vector graphics than to raster graphics.
•‫الرسوم‬‫الثالثية‬‫هى‬‫عبارة‬‫عن‬‫رسوم‬‫تستخدم‬‫التمثيل‬‫الثالثى‬‫األبعاد‬‫للب‬‫يانات‬‫الهندسية‬
‫التى‬‫يتم‬‫تخزينها‬‫فى‬‫الحاسب‬‫لغرض‬‫تنفيذ‬‫الحسابات‬‫وإعادة‬‫رسم‬‫وتقديم‬rendering
‫الرسوم‬‫ثنائية‬‫األبعاد‬.
•‫التقنيات‬‫األكثر‬‫ا‬ً‫ع‬‫شيو‬‫فى‬‫الرسوم‬‫ثالثية‬‫األبعاد‬‫هى‬‫أقرب‬‫ما‬‫يكون‬‫إلى‬‫ال‬‫رسوم‬‫المتجهة‬
‫منها‬‫إلى‬‫الرسوم‬‫النقطية‬.

12. Computer Animation
• To "animate" is literally "to give life to". "Animating" is moving
something which can't move itself.
• Animation adds to graphics the dimension of time which increases
the amount of information which can be transmitted.
•‫كلمة‬"animate"‫تعنى‬‫ا‬ً‫ي‬‫لغو‬"‫أن‬‫تعطي‬‫الشىء‬‫حياة‬".‫ومصطلح‬"Animating"‫هو‬
‫أن‬‫تحرك‬‫شىء‬‫ما‬‫ال‬‫يستطيع‬‫التحرك‬‫بنفسه‬.
•‫الحركة‬‫تعطى‬‫للرسوم‬‫ًا‬‫د‬‫بع‬‫فى‬‫الزمان‬‫والذى‬‫يزيد‬‫من‬‫كمية‬‫المعلومات‬‫التى‬‫ي‬‫مكن‬‫نقلها‬.

13. ‫التوفيق‬ ‫وباهلل‬