The document provides detailed information on various motherboard form factors and associated technologies, including AT, ATX, and proprietary designs. It explains the role of BIOS and CMOS in system configuration and the importance of memory types like DRAM, SRAM, and ROM. Additionally, it covers processes such as the power-on self-test (POST) and the boot process of a computer.

1. Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Unit 2
Cases and
Motherboards

2. 2
Motherboard Form Factors
• AT
• Baby or Mini AT
• ATX
• microATX, FlexATX, ITX,
miniITX, BTX, NLX.
• Proprietary Designs

3. 3
Proprietary Motherboard

4. 4
ATX
Motherboard

5. 5
Older motherboards are
designed for the original
Pentium Processor

6. 6
Others are designed for
the Pentium II Processor

7. 7
Today’s are designed for
the Pentium 4 Processor

8. 8
Motherboard Form
Factors
•AT-Type
•ATX-Type

9. 9
AT Motherboard
12”
13.5”

10. 10
Typical AT Motherboard

11. 11
ATX
9.6”
12”
Menu

12. 12
ATX Motherboard

13. 13
The Chipset
Cache
Memory
System
Controller
PCI Bus
Controller
CPU
Socket
Clock
Circuits

14. 14
Proprietary Cases

15. 15
Proprietary Cases

16. 16
Proprietary Cases

17. 17
Standard Case

18. Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
The ROM/BIOS

19. 19
Setup vs. BIOS vs. CMOS
Setup is a program that
controls settings in the BIOS,
which are stored on a device
manufactured with CMOS
technology.

20. 20
Setup lets you
control how your
computer is
configured.

21. 21
When you get a new
computer, it is a good
idea to write down
the configuration
information.

22. 22
The BIOS settings
determine the
configuration of
your system.

23. 23
This information is
saved in a special
memory called
CMOS.

24. 24
CMOS has its own
battery so that the
configuration information
will not be lost when the
computer is turned off or
during a power failure.

25. 25
BIOS Suppliers
• Award
• American Megatrends (AMI)
• Phoenix

26. 26
ROM PCI/ISA BIOS (2A69KS2C)
CMOS SETUP UTILITY
AWARD SOFTWARE, INC.
STANDARD CMOS SETUP
BIOS FEATURES SETUP
CHIPSET FEATURES SETUP
POWER MANAGEMENT SETUP
PNP/PCI CONFIGURATION
LOAD SETUP DEFAULTS
LOAD BIOS DEFAULTS
INTEGRATED PERIPHERALS
SUPERVISOR PASSWORD
USER PASSWORD
IDE HDD AUTO DETECTION
SAVE & EXIT SETUP
EXIT WITHOUT SAVING
ESC : QUIT  : Select Item
F10 : SAVE & EXIT SETUP (Shift)F2:Change Color
Time, Date, Hard Disk Type ...

27. 27
STANDARD CMOS SETUP
Date (mm:dd:yy) : Wed, May 12 1999
Time (hh:mm:ss) : 11:33: 24
HARD DISKS TYPE SIZE CYLS HEAD PRECOMP LANDZ SECTOR MODE
Pri Master: Auto 0 0 0 0 0 0 AUTO
Pri Slave : None 0 0 0 0 0 0 -----
Sec Master: None 0 0 0 0 0 0 -----
Sec Slave : None 0 0 0 0 0 0 -----
Drive A: 1.44M, 3.5 in.
Drive B: None
Floppy 3 Mode Support: Disabled
Video : EGA/VGA
Halt On : All Errors
ESC:Quit  : Select Item PU/PD/+/-: Modify
F1 :Help (Shift)F2 : Change Color
Base Memory : 640K
Ext Memory : 31744K
Other Memory: 384K
Total Memory 32768K

28. 28
American
Megatrends
AMIBIOS Setup
(C)1996, American Megatrends Inc.
Default
Original Optimal Turbo
Utility
Color Set Language
Security
Supervisor User
Anti-Virus
28
Setup
1
7
Standard
PCI/PnP
Advanced
Peripheral
Power Mgmt
Chipset

29. 29
Main Advanced Security Power Boot Exit
Phoenix SETUP Utility (Version 1.00) 01
F1 Help  Select Item -/+ Change Values F9 Setup Defaults
Esc Exit  Select Menu Enter Select Sub Menu F10 Save and Exit
Item Specific Help
BIOS Version 4S4EBOX1.10A.0028.P11 (All)
Processor Type Pentium II Processor
Processor Speed 350 MHz
Cache RAM 512 KB
Service Tag J6XXX
System Memory 192 MB
Memory Bank 0 32 MB SDRAM
Memory Bank 1 32 MB SDRAM
Memory Bank 2 128 MB SDRAM
Language: [English (US)]
L2 Cache ECC Support: [Auto]
System Time: [16:54:53]
System Date: [04/27/1999]
Enabling L2 Cache
ECC Support allows
error checking to
occur on data
accessed from the
L2 cache.
When this option
is disabled, error
checking is not
performed.
When set to Auto,
the state of the
L2 ECC cache will
follow the state
of the ECC DRAM.
Menu

30. 30
Award BIOS

31. 31
AMI BIOS

32. 32
Award BIOS…
…inside an Intel device.

33. Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Maintaining BIOS
Configuration
Information

34. 34
Batteries

35. 35
Batteries

36. Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Power-On Self
Test

37. 37
A program cannot be
loaded into memory unless
a program has already been
loaded into memory.

38. 38
Cold Boot
vs.
Warm Boot

39. 39
Cold Boot
RESET POWER
OR

40. 40
During Cold Boot:
• All circuits are reset.
• The computer performs the
Power On Self Test (POST) …
• and then loads the Disk
Operating System.

41. 41
Warm Boot
Ctrl Alt Del

42. 42
During Warm Boot:
• The computer skips the Power On
Self Test (POST) …
• and immediately reloads the OS.

43. 43
The boot process
POWER
ON
From:
To:
C:>

44. 44
The Boot Process
• Activate the Power On Self Test
(POST)
• Load the OS

45. 45
The Power-On Self Test (POST)
• Checks the CPU.
• Checks the system bus.
• Tests video memory.
• Tests system RAM.
• Tests the keyboard.
• Checks disk drives.
• Verifies configuration.
• Incorporates expansion BIOS.
• Configures Plug and Play Devices.

46. 46
The CPU checks itself

47. 47
The CPU checks the system bus

48. 48
The CPU checks video
memory
Motherboard
Video Board

49. 49
The CPU checks system RAM

50. 50
The CPU tests the
keyboard

51. 51
The CPU checks the disk drives

52. 52
The CPU verifies the
configuration
CMOS

53. 53
The CPU incorporates
expansion BIOS’
Expansion Card
RAM

54. 54
The CPU configures PnP devices
Video Card
Sound Card
MODEM

55. 55
Upon completion of the
POST, the CPU reports the
results.

56. 56
The Boot Process
• Activate the Power On Self Test
(POST)
• Load the OS

57. Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Memory Types
and History

58. 58
DRAM
Dynamic Random Access Memory
• More $$ than hard drive memory,
but faster
• The number used to sell the
machine
• Require constant refreshing
• Power off = Data lost (volatile)

59. 59
SRAM
Static Random Access Memory
• Much more $$ than DRAM
• Much faster than DRAM
• Often located between CPU and DRAM
• 512K on Pentium II CPUs

60. 60
ROM
Read-Only Memory
• Much slower than DRAM
• Non-volatile
• Used to store the BIOS
• (shhhh…it’s random access too)

61. 61
Menu
CMOS
Complimentary Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor
• Used to store user-defined BIOS
settings
• Volatile, often requires a battery
• Newer technologies are non-volatile

62. Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Computer
Memory Devices

63. 63
RAM…
Random Access Memory
• Volatility
• Refresh
• Access Speed
• Packaging

64. 64
Dynamic RAM…DRAM
• Needs refreshed
• Fairly fast
• Inexpensive
• Small

65. 65
Synchronous DRAM…
SDRAM
• New Technology
• Very fast
• Used in Pentium II and Pentium III
systems

66. 66
Static RAM…SRAM
• No Refresh
• Fast
• More expensive

67. 67
Cache Memory
Pentium I Cache
Pentium II/III Cache
486 Cache

68. 68
PC Memory System
CPU
External
Cache
System
DRAM
BUS
Controller
Other
Memory
Memory
Controller

69. 69
DRAM
CPU
Memory
Controller
System
DRAM
Bank 0
Bank 1

70. 70
External
Cache
CPU Memory
Controller
System
DRAM
Bank 0
Bank 1

71. 71
External
Cache
CPU
System
DRAM
Bank 0
Bank 1
Memory
Controller

72. 72
External
Cache
CPU
System
DRAM
Bank 0
Bank 1
Memory
Controller

73. 73
External
Cache
CPU
System
DRAM
Bank 0
Bank 1
Memory
Controller
Internal
Cache

74. 74
DRAM “forgets”
• Each DRAM bit is made up of
a transistor and a capacitor.
• Small capacitors lose their
charge over time
• Capacitors must be recharged

75. 75
Charge
Time
Full charge
Minimum charge

76. 76
Charge
Time
Refresh
Refresh
Refresh
Refresh
Circuit loses its
charge slowly

77. Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Working with
Memory

78. 78
DIP Memory

79. 79
Programmable Read-
Only Memory...PROM
• Non-Volatile
• Slow
• Difficult to Change
• Expensive

80. 80
Erasable PROM…
EPROM

81. 81
Electrically-Erasable
PROM… EEPROM

82. 82
72-pin SIMM

83. 83
30-pin SIMM

84. 84
DIMM

85. 85
Video RAM (VRAM)
Windows RAM (WRAM)
SGRAM

86. 86
Memory for Portables

87. SIMM 0
SIMM 1
SIMM 2
SIMM 3
BANK 1
87

88. 88
Bank 0
installed
Bank 1
empty
Pair of SIMMs
Same size DRAM

89. 89
Rotate
SIMM to
about 45º
45º
Centering
Notch
Notched
End

90. 90
Press
SIMM into
socket
Push
straight in

91. 91
Rotate SIMM
to the vertical
position

92. 92
Alignment pin
Retaining clips

93. AMIBIOS System Configuration (C) 1985-1995, American Megatrends Inc.,
Main Processor : Pentium(P54C)
Math Processor : Built-In
Floppy Drive A: : 1.44 MB 3½”
Floppy Drive B: : None
AMIBIOS Date : 07/15/95
Processor Clock : 100MHz
Power Management : Disabled
Base Memory Size: 640KB
Ext. Memory Size : 15360KB
Display Type : VGA/EGA
Serial Port(s) : 3F8,3E8
Parallel Port(s) : 378
External Cache : 256KB,Enabled
Plug and Play ISA Devices:
Analog Devices AD1816
Pci Devices:
PCI Onboard IDE PCI Slot 2 VGA: IRQ 11
Bank 0: EDO
Bank 1: FP
Bank 0: EDO
Bank 1: FP
Base Memory Size : 640KB
Ext. Memory Size : 15360KB

94. 94
Installing DIMMs

95. 95
DIMM Latch

96. 96

97. 97
Removing
the DIMM