comprehensive exam phd

1. Comprehensive Examination
28/04/2022

2. Contents of Presentation
 Courses Registered
 Summary of each course Registered
 Key Learning from each Course

3. Course registered 2020- 21
Course Name Course
code
Course Instructor
Solid and Hazardous
Waste Management
PCEE1127 Dr. Amit Kr Dey
Environmental Risk
Assessment and
Management
PCEE1129 Dr. Amit Kr Dey
Research Methodology PCE101 Prof. Monomoy Goswami
Seminar PCE 191

4. Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
PCEE 1127

5. Introduction to Solid & Hazardous Waste
USEPA defines Hazardous Waste as waste that is dangerous or
potentially harmful to our health or environment. Hazardous
wastes can be liquid, solid, gaseous or sludge. They can be
discarded commercial products, by-products from industries, or
from households.
Hazardous Waste includes many different toxic chemicals
(organic compounds as well as metals). They require complex
treatment processes. Some of the commonly known priority
chemicals are polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), furans,
polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); and toxic metals include
lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury. These pose serious health
hazards and their migration must be contained.

6. Hazardous Waste Management Guidelines
Guidelines for Generator of Hazardous Waste
1. To keep a complete record of the types, quantities and characteristics of waste.
2. To segregate hazardous waste from non-hazardous waste at source.
3. To transport hazardous waste only through the specified and registered
transporters.
4. To fulfill the pre-transport requirements before transporting hazardous waste.
5. To dispose of hazardous waste only at the notified disposable facilities.
6. The regulatory authorities shall ask the occupier or generator to submit quarterly
reports.
7. The authorities should ensure that the occupier/generator sends a copy of the
manifest to them as soon as the hazardous wastes is shipped for ultimate disposal.

7. • Density –Depends on composition of wastes (higher in
organic waste and lower in commercial waste)
• Overall bunk density calculated for waste having materials of
different densities
• Particle size and distribution –Difficult to characterize
because of waste heterogeneity
• Moisture content –Weight loss (%) when a sample of
solid waste is dried to a constant weight at a
temperature of 100-150oC
• Dry weight = Total weight –Moisture content

8. Ultimate analysis of Solid Waste
• Defined as the total elemental analysis to determine %
of elements (C, H, O, N, S) present in waste
• Oxygen value calculated by subtracting all other
components (including ash and moisture)
• Used to characterize the chemical composition of
organic fraction of waste –assess the stability of the
waste as a fuel
Proximate analysis of Solid Waste
• More specific compared to ultimate analysis
• Determines moisture and ash content, volatile matter and
fixed organic content
• Assess capability of MSW as fuel

9. Heating value of waste
• Heat value of waste is energy released when waste is
burned
• Heat value directly proportional to carbon content of
waste; inversely proportional to ash and moisture content
• Heat value calculated using:
• Dulong formula
• Modified Dulong formula
• Khan equation
C/N ratio: Ratio of carbon to nitrogen in waste (preferred
range –20 to 35)
Heat of combustion: estimated by combusting samples in a
boiler and measuring heat output/ using lab scale bomb
calorimeter/ ultimate analysis

10. Management of solid waste
Steps in management of solid waste Waste management hierarchy
Source: Wikipedia (Waste hierarchy)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_hierarchy
Source: Municipal Solid Waste Management in China –An infographic
www.needigest.com

11. Steps in management of solid waste
•Generation
•Collection
• On-site handling and storage
•Handling and separation
•Transfer and transport
•Treatment facilities
• Incineration or mass burn
• Composting
• Landfill

12. Solid waste is one of the important challenges to the environment. The
inadequate waste management cause alteration the ecosystems including air,
water, and soil pollution, thus it represents a real threatening to human health.
Some studies gave evidence that local population nearby MSW facilities have
low weight at birth, congenital anomalies, and few types of cancers.
The increasing generation of solid wastes posed the burden on the high costs of
municipal budget. Population increase, rapid urbanization, booming economy,
and the rise in the standard of living have greatly accelerated the rate, amount
and quality of the municipal solid waste generation. Biodegradation of MSW
according to the time is an important factor that governs the amount of
recyclable material particularly the organic contents. MSW generated from the
developing countries are highly; heterogeneous in nature.

13. The improper bin collection practices, collection, transfer
and/or transport systems have great effect on the
characteristics of the solid wastes. The plastics waste disposal is
a major global environmental problem. As plastics are
essentially hydrocarbons, they possess a calorific values ranged
between 30 and 40 MJ/kg. Thus, they can be burned or
incinerated in the municipal or other dedicated wastes with
power and heat generation.
The most used and cheapest disposal of solid waste is the
landfills as waste management techniques.

14. Key learning
 Introduction to solid & hazardous waste
 Properties of solid waste.
 Different types of solid waste.
Management of solid waste.
 Steps in management of solid waste.

15. ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND
MANAGEMENT
PCEE1129

16. 1. Introduction to Environmental Management:
Environment management involves managing the environment while
ensuring the prudent use of natural resources without reducing their
productivity and quality. Due to impacts of modern human society the
environment is depreciating in life sustaining capabilities at ever increasing
pace, and this should be regulated. It is therefore, essential to understand
the function and interaction of physical and biological elements of the
environment and develop management programs to conserve natural
resources
2. Goals of Environmental Management
3. Need for Environmental Management

17. Participants in Environmental Management:
1. Existing users
2. Groups seeking change
3. Groups with little control
4. The public
5. Facilitators
6. Controllers

18. Environmental Concerns in India:
Out of a total area of about 329 million hectares, 175 million hectares of land
require special treatment to restore them for productive and profitable use.
Land degradation is caused by water and wind erosion (159 million ha), salinity
and alkalinity (8 million ha), and river action and other factors (7 million ha).
The forest wealth is dwindling due to overgrazing and over-exploitation both
for commercial and household needs, encroachments, unsustainable practices
including certain practices of shifting cultivation, and developmental activities
such as roads, buildings, irrigation and power projects. The recorded forest
cover in the country is about 75 million hectare, which is 19.5% of the total
geographical area against the national goal of 33% in the plains and 66% for hilly
regions. Even within this area, a meagre 11% constitutes forests with 40% or
more of crown cover. The annual rate of loss of the forest cover is 47,500
hectares.
The loss of habitat is leading to the extinction of plant, animal and microbial
species. Over 1500 plant and animal species are in the endangered category.

19. Structure of Ecosystem:
1. Biotic Components:
I. Autotrophs (producers)
II. Heterotrophs (consumers)
2. Abiotic Components
3. Food chains, Food webs and Tropic levels

20. Environmental Policies
1. Economics and environmental policies
2. Industries and environmental policies
3. Agriculture and environmental policies
4. Ecosystem and environmental policies
5. Environmental policy instruments (EPI)

21. KEY LEARNING:
• The fundamentals of EM
• Identify the tools in use for EM
• Explain the role of professionals and ethics in
EM
• Explain fundamentals of ecology and
environment along with its management
• Environmental policies.

22. Research Methodology
PCE 101

23. Research Methodology
Definition :
Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be
understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. In it we study the
various steps that are generally adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem
along with the logic behind them.
Types of Research
Descriptive vs.Analytical
Applied vs. Fundamental
Quantitative vs. Qualitative
Conceptual vs. Empirical

24. Research Process

25. Data collection methods
Methods of
data
collection
Primary
source
Observation interview
secondary
source
Documents
questionnaire
participant
Non
participant
structured
unstructured
mailed
collective

26. Layout of a report
(A)Preliminary pages
(B) Main text
Introduction
Statement of findings and recommendation
Results
Implications of the results
Summary
(C) End matter
Appendices
Bibliography

27. Key learning
 How to choose a particular research to answer a research Problem
 How to find the Research Gap from a broad area of research.
 Conducting a Field Survey
 Different Data collection Methods
 Google Scholar Search
 Report writing

28. SEMINAR
PCE 191

29. • STEPS FOR EFFECTIVE PRESENTATION:
Choice of topic
Profile of the audience, occasion and location
Collection of material
Selection of material
Organisation of material
Preparation of presentation aids
Rehearsal
Delivery
Questions and answers