This document summarizes recent research on criminal behavior and interventions. It begins by noting varying incarceration rates internationally and that criminal behavior is influenced by both individual and cultural factors. Recent evidence points to a dual-process model of decision making, where implicit, emotional processes ("Elephant") often override explicit, rational processes ("Rider"). Effective interventions educate the Rider to provide clear direction and train the Elephant to shape new habits through rewards and practice. Programs must focus on both client and program competencies, integrating old evidence-based principles with new insights from neuroscience and behavioral economics. The document describes a modular cognitive-behavioral program incorporating these insights.