Research methodology/ Techniques for qualitative research
1. Topic: Techniques for Qualitative Research
Submitted to: M’am Aqsa Gull
Submitted by: Sana Rauf Butt
BS(Hons)
Economics
7th Semester
Roll#65
University of the Punjab
1
2. What is qualitative research?
Difference between qualitative and
quantitative research
Classification of qualitative research
proposal
Appropriate conditions for qualitative
research
The qualitative research design
Methods for collecting qualitative data
The process of qualitative research
Advantages and Limitations of
qualitative research
2
3. What is Qualitative Research?
Development of concepts which help us to understand social
phenomena in nature (rather than experimental) setting, giving
due emphasis to the meaning, experiences and views of the
participants.
It is a research conducted using an observational technique or
structured questioning.
Often viewed as “ Soft-approach”
Quantitative and Qualitative research are complementary to
each other.
A mean for exploring and understanding the meaning
individuals or groups ascribe to social or human problems.
3
4. Qualitative research answer questions on:
Why people behave the way they do?
How opinions and attitudes are formed?
How people are affected by the events that go on around
them?
How and why cultures have developed?
The difference between social groups?
4
5. Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
No. Qualitative research Quantitative research
1. Subjective_ concern with opinion,
experiences and feelings of individuals
Objective
2. Holistic Reductionist- identify a set of variables
3. Phenomenological Scientific
4. Descriptive Experimental
5. Naturalistic Contrived
6. Inductive_ general theories Deductive _ test proposed theories
7. Small sample _ direct data collection,
interview, observation
Representative sample
8. Results_ generalizability is not an aim Usually generalizability is an important
aim
5
7. Appropriate Conditions for Qualitative
Research:
The event must occur in a short time interval,
avoid lag effect
Must occur in a setting where the researcher can observe
the behavior
chatting with friends and cooking are not suitable things
to observe
Necessary under situations of faulty recall
faulty recall >> (body language) Remembering things
such as how many times one looked at his wristwatch.
7
21. The process of qualitative data analysis:
Step 1: Organize the data
Step 2: Identify the framework
Step 3: Sort data into framework
Step 4: Use the framework for descriptive analysis
Step 5: Second order analysis
21
27. Advantages of Qualitative Research:
Greater data accuracy than direct questioning, in
natural setting people behave naturally.
Problem of refusal, not at home, non-corporation etc.
are absent.
No recall error.
Limitations:
Time consuming.
Too many things to observe.
May not be representative.
Difficulty in determining the root cause of the behavior.
27