Comparison of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and Radical scavenging activity in Vaccinium myrtillus L. grown in different forest conditions and sampled in different vegetation periods.
Vaccinium myrtillus L. (bilberry) is a plant native to Lithuanian forests. The high concentration of anthocyanins (Burdulis et al. 2009) gives to bilberry important antioxidant properties (Takikawa et al. 2010), making this plant very demanded in market. Many studies have been conducted to analyse the actual beneficial properties of bilberry, but most of these studies are related to the quantity of anthocyanins present in the fruits. There are only few studies focused on the leaves, twigs and roots of bilberry. This research work intends to analyse and compare the quantity of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and radical scavenging activity present in the aerial parts and roots of Lithuanian bilberry grown in two different forest conditions and sampled in three different vegetative periods. The two different areas of the forest had a clear cutting in two different periods. The area that will be named “5b” had a clear cutting in early 2017; the area that will be named “7b” had a clear cutting in early 2015. All the samples have been taken during the year 2017, but in different vegetation periods: early May, late May and early August. The aim of this research work is to analyse the influence that different forest areas and different vegetation periods may have in the amounts of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and radical scavenging activity of the samples extract. In the first part of this work, it will be given a botanical and general description of bilberry, following phytochemical and pharmacological properties. In the second part, it will be given information about the material and methods used for the analysis of the samples extract. In the last part of this work, all the data obtained will be reported and discussed in detail.
Effects of Vegetative Zones on the Nutritional Composition of Vernonia Amygda...AI Publications
The study was carried out to determine the effects of vegetative zones (location) on the nutritional compositions of Vernonia amygdalina leaves in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Across locations (in each vegetative zones), A total land area of 9 m x 18 m was acquired and soil samples were randomly collected to determine the physical and chemical composition of the soils. The growth of Vernonia amygdalina (stem) with a spacing of 1 m x 1 m between rows was determined. Harvested fresh leaves of the plant were analyzed for nutritional composition using standard methods. Nutritional and mineral compositions were observed at different proportions in the leaves of the investigated plant. Higher proximate composition in the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina was also recorded in terms of Moisture (Efon; 11.34%) and protein (Ikere; 22.46 %,) in the rainforest. However, higher Fat (Otun; 4.58 %), Crude fiber (Omuo; 16.08 %), Ash (Omuo; 14.69%) and Carbohydrate (Otun; 38.68 %) was found in Vernonia amygdalina grown in the Derived Savannah area. Similarly, the Mineral element compositions in the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina were found to be higher in plant from the rainforest area than the derived savannah area of Ekiti State except sodium and iron, which were higher in Vernonia amygdalina grown in the Derived Savannah area. However, the significant differences recorded between the nutritional components on the studied medicinal plant reveals the potentiality of the influence of soil factor and different climatic conditions of the study areas.
In vitro free radical scavenging activity of different extracts of Adansonia ...IJEAB
The species Adanasonia digitata L. (Bombacaceae) is a multipurpose tree with enormous range of medicinal and economic importance. The objective of the current study was to investigate the free radical scavenging potential of A. digitata. The methanol extracts of different parts i.e., leaf, seed, bark, fruit wall and floral extracts of A. digitata were screened for antioxidant activity using DPPH assay. Results from this study showed that the maximum and minimum percentage of free radical scavenging activity was exhibited by methanol extracts of seed and fruit wall (27.69 & 20) as measured by using DPPH assay. These results showed the antioxidant potential of this medicinal plant to make use in the preparation of drugs with free radical scavenging activity.
Seasonal variation of some bioactive compounds and Physiological Characterist...USUKHJARGAL DALAIKHU
We determined the phenolic and total flavonoid contents and some physiological characteristics (water potential, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll index) of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., growing in the Botanical Garden, Mongolian Academy of Sciences. Cultivated plants were harvested at the beginning of vegetation (May), flowering (June), seed formation (July), seed dispersal (August) and end of vegetation season (September).
Ecological environment effects on germination and seedling morphology in Park...AI Publications
Néré (Parkia biglobosa) is a wild species preferred and overexploited for its multiple uses by rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study of its germination and seedlings could constitute a prerequisite for its domestication, necessary for its conservation. This study aimed to assess the germination and morphology of seedlings taking into account distinct habitats from its natural environment.A total of 2160 seeds from different mother plants and 540 seedlings from germination were selected and evaluated. The trials were conducted on three sites (two nurseries in Côte d'Ivoire vs one greenhouse in France) with different microclimates. The results showed that the larger the mother trees are, the larger the seeds they produce, which in turn generate more vigorous seedlings. This study showed that the species grows better in a milder environment that is different from its region of origin (fertile soil with a stable or humid tropical climate: Montpellier greenhouse and Daloa nursery). Overall, parent trees did not statistically influence each germination and seedling development parameter for the three sites combined (P > 0.05). However, analysis of variance showed that germination and seedling development parameters differed between experimental sites (P < 0.05). These results are useful and could be used as decision support tools to guide conservation (domestication) and agroforestry programmes based on Parkia biglobosa. This study could be extended to other endangered species in order to preserve biodiversity.
Study of Bioactive Components Present in Oil Extracted from Fenugreek Seed: R...AI Publications
A fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a native of India, and also found in Mediterranean region, southern Europe, Africa and western Asia. These seeds have their importance due to the medicinal properties as well as nutraceutical value present in their chemical composition. This fenugreek seeds were used for treating diabetes, menstrual cramps, cancer, heart related disease, skin and hair fall treatments, high per tension, weight loss, to increase milk supply in women who were breastfeeding. This seeds is found to be abundant in N-Dimethylaminomethyl, 1-ptoprnol, 2, 2-dimethyl-aceto, Aziridine,1,2,3-trimethyl-trans, 2-pentanone,4-hydroxy-4 meth, 2-trimethylsily-1,3-dithiane, 3-0-methyl-d-glucose, d-mannopyranoiside,uronate,Diazidine1,3,3-trimethyl,Methyl 4,8dimethylnonanoate There are numerous methods available on extraction of these compounds right from conventional (Maceration, Percolation, Reflux extraction, Soxhlet extraction, microwave assist extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, super critical fluid extraction, Pulsed electric field extraction, Enzyme assisted extraction, Ultrasound assisted extraction) apart from this some water based extraction technique may also use to extract bioactive compounds from fenugreek seeds. In present article a focus has been given to highlight importance of fenugreek seeds extract in terms of extraction of bioactive compounds and their probable application in the area of food and pharmaceuticals.
in vitro screening of larvicidal and insecticidal activity of methanolic extr...IJEAB
The aim of this work was to evaluate the larvicidal and insecticidal activity of the selected plants namelyArtocarpus altilis, Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllus. The leaves of Artocarpus altilis and Artocarpus heterophyllus and roots of Piper betle were subjected to methanolic solvent extraction for the isolation of various bioactive constituents. The evaluation of larvicidal activity was carried out using late third instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. The insecticidal activity of extracts was studied against adult Bruchus pisorum, Tribolium castaneum, Sitophilus oryzae and was evaluated by direct contact application method .Nucleic acids and protein contents are regarded as important biomarkers of the metabolic potential of cells, as these play the main role in regulating the different activities of cells. Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllusextractshad a reducing effect on the nucleic acid and protein content in the larvae in a dose dependent manner whereas Artocarpus altilis extract did not exhibit any significant larvicidal activity. Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllusextractsshowed good insecticidal activity whereas A.altilis extract showed poor insecticidal activity. The results of the present study clearly indicate that Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllus extracts can be developed as ecofriendly larvicides and were also quite effective as insecticides for providing a better and excellent alternate for the control of insects.
Alternative Control of Insect Pests Using Paper in Corn Plantsinventionjournals
Vegetables are a very important source of food for humans due to their nutritious content such as fibre, vitamins, and minerals. In meeting people’s demand of vegetables, farmers have to deal with a number of obstacles, one of which is the problem caused by insect pests. A number of measures have been undertaken by farmers to control the insect pests. The aim of this research was to test the insect trapping devices made of coloured paper and lights. The colours tested were red, yellow, and green. This research was conducted from July to August 2016 in the experiment garden of SekolahMenengahKejuruan PembangunanPertanian (SMKPP), LembahSeulawahSub-district, Aceh Besar District, Aceh Province. The object of the research was corn plants.The method used wasRCBD with 3 treatments and 4 replicates. The observation variable was the insect population trapped in the coloured paper and lights. The finding of this research revealed that the yellow paper and light trapping devices captured the highest number of insects, followed by the paper and light traps of green and red colours.
Effects of Vegetative Zones on the Nutritional Composition of Vernonia Amygda...AI Publications
The study was carried out to determine the effects of vegetative zones (location) on the nutritional compositions of Vernonia amygdalina leaves in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Across locations (in each vegetative zones), A total land area of 9 m x 18 m was acquired and soil samples were randomly collected to determine the physical and chemical composition of the soils. The growth of Vernonia amygdalina (stem) with a spacing of 1 m x 1 m between rows was determined. Harvested fresh leaves of the plant were analyzed for nutritional composition using standard methods. Nutritional and mineral compositions were observed at different proportions in the leaves of the investigated plant. Higher proximate composition in the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina was also recorded in terms of Moisture (Efon; 11.34%) and protein (Ikere; 22.46 %,) in the rainforest. However, higher Fat (Otun; 4.58 %), Crude fiber (Omuo; 16.08 %), Ash (Omuo; 14.69%) and Carbohydrate (Otun; 38.68 %) was found in Vernonia amygdalina grown in the Derived Savannah area. Similarly, the Mineral element compositions in the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina were found to be higher in plant from the rainforest area than the derived savannah area of Ekiti State except sodium and iron, which were higher in Vernonia amygdalina grown in the Derived Savannah area. However, the significant differences recorded between the nutritional components on the studied medicinal plant reveals the potentiality of the influence of soil factor and different climatic conditions of the study areas.
In vitro free radical scavenging activity of different extracts of Adansonia ...IJEAB
The species Adanasonia digitata L. (Bombacaceae) is a multipurpose tree with enormous range of medicinal and economic importance. The objective of the current study was to investigate the free radical scavenging potential of A. digitata. The methanol extracts of different parts i.e., leaf, seed, bark, fruit wall and floral extracts of A. digitata were screened for antioxidant activity using DPPH assay. Results from this study showed that the maximum and minimum percentage of free radical scavenging activity was exhibited by methanol extracts of seed and fruit wall (27.69 & 20) as measured by using DPPH assay. These results showed the antioxidant potential of this medicinal plant to make use in the preparation of drugs with free radical scavenging activity.
Seasonal variation of some bioactive compounds and Physiological Characterist...USUKHJARGAL DALAIKHU
We determined the phenolic and total flavonoid contents and some physiological characteristics (water potential, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll index) of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., growing in the Botanical Garden, Mongolian Academy of Sciences. Cultivated plants were harvested at the beginning of vegetation (May), flowering (June), seed formation (July), seed dispersal (August) and end of vegetation season (September).
Ecological environment effects on germination and seedling morphology in Park...AI Publications
Néré (Parkia biglobosa) is a wild species preferred and overexploited for its multiple uses by rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study of its germination and seedlings could constitute a prerequisite for its domestication, necessary for its conservation. This study aimed to assess the germination and morphology of seedlings taking into account distinct habitats from its natural environment.A total of 2160 seeds from different mother plants and 540 seedlings from germination were selected and evaluated. The trials were conducted on three sites (two nurseries in Côte d'Ivoire vs one greenhouse in France) with different microclimates. The results showed that the larger the mother trees are, the larger the seeds they produce, which in turn generate more vigorous seedlings. This study showed that the species grows better in a milder environment that is different from its region of origin (fertile soil with a stable or humid tropical climate: Montpellier greenhouse and Daloa nursery). Overall, parent trees did not statistically influence each germination and seedling development parameter for the three sites combined (P > 0.05). However, analysis of variance showed that germination and seedling development parameters differed between experimental sites (P < 0.05). These results are useful and could be used as decision support tools to guide conservation (domestication) and agroforestry programmes based on Parkia biglobosa. This study could be extended to other endangered species in order to preserve biodiversity.
Study of Bioactive Components Present in Oil Extracted from Fenugreek Seed: R...AI Publications
A fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a native of India, and also found in Mediterranean region, southern Europe, Africa and western Asia. These seeds have their importance due to the medicinal properties as well as nutraceutical value present in their chemical composition. This fenugreek seeds were used for treating diabetes, menstrual cramps, cancer, heart related disease, skin and hair fall treatments, high per tension, weight loss, to increase milk supply in women who were breastfeeding. This seeds is found to be abundant in N-Dimethylaminomethyl, 1-ptoprnol, 2, 2-dimethyl-aceto, Aziridine,1,2,3-trimethyl-trans, 2-pentanone,4-hydroxy-4 meth, 2-trimethylsily-1,3-dithiane, 3-0-methyl-d-glucose, d-mannopyranoiside,uronate,Diazidine1,3,3-trimethyl,Methyl 4,8dimethylnonanoate There are numerous methods available on extraction of these compounds right from conventional (Maceration, Percolation, Reflux extraction, Soxhlet extraction, microwave assist extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, super critical fluid extraction, Pulsed electric field extraction, Enzyme assisted extraction, Ultrasound assisted extraction) apart from this some water based extraction technique may also use to extract bioactive compounds from fenugreek seeds. In present article a focus has been given to highlight importance of fenugreek seeds extract in terms of extraction of bioactive compounds and their probable application in the area of food and pharmaceuticals.
in vitro screening of larvicidal and insecticidal activity of methanolic extr...IJEAB
The aim of this work was to evaluate the larvicidal and insecticidal activity of the selected plants namelyArtocarpus altilis, Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllus. The leaves of Artocarpus altilis and Artocarpus heterophyllus and roots of Piper betle were subjected to methanolic solvent extraction for the isolation of various bioactive constituents. The evaluation of larvicidal activity was carried out using late third instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. The insecticidal activity of extracts was studied against adult Bruchus pisorum, Tribolium castaneum, Sitophilus oryzae and was evaluated by direct contact application method .Nucleic acids and protein contents are regarded as important biomarkers of the metabolic potential of cells, as these play the main role in regulating the different activities of cells. Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllusextractshad a reducing effect on the nucleic acid and protein content in the larvae in a dose dependent manner whereas Artocarpus altilis extract did not exhibit any significant larvicidal activity. Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllusextractsshowed good insecticidal activity whereas A.altilis extract showed poor insecticidal activity. The results of the present study clearly indicate that Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllus extracts can be developed as ecofriendly larvicides and were also quite effective as insecticides for providing a better and excellent alternate for the control of insects.
Alternative Control of Insect Pests Using Paper in Corn Plantsinventionjournals
Vegetables are a very important source of food for humans due to their nutritious content such as fibre, vitamins, and minerals. In meeting people’s demand of vegetables, farmers have to deal with a number of obstacles, one of which is the problem caused by insect pests. A number of measures have been undertaken by farmers to control the insect pests. The aim of this research was to test the insect trapping devices made of coloured paper and lights. The colours tested were red, yellow, and green. This research was conducted from July to August 2016 in the experiment garden of SekolahMenengahKejuruan PembangunanPertanian (SMKPP), LembahSeulawahSub-district, Aceh Besar District, Aceh Province. The object of the research was corn plants.The method used wasRCBD with 3 treatments and 4 replicates. The observation variable was the insect population trapped in the coloured paper and lights. The finding of this research revealed that the yellow paper and light trapping devices captured the highest number of insects, followed by the paper and light traps of green and red colours.
Phytocomponents in methanolic extract of Euphorbia hirta, leaf was studied using GC MS
analysis. Ten compounds were identified from the extract. The major chemical constituents were Niacin or
Nicotinic acid [Peak area: 31.70% ; RT: 22.718;Mol formula:C6H5NO2],S-methyl-L-cysteine [Peak area:
18.88%; RT: 21.794; Mol formula:C4H9NO2S], Methyl 1,4-methylpentadecanoate [Peak area :11.22% ; RT:
19.326; Mol formula:C17H34O2], 2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid [Peak area: 5.16%; RT: 21.682; Mol
formula:C3H7NO2S], 4-amino-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid [Peak area: 4.02%; RT: 23.118; Mol formula:C4H5NO3].
The bioactive compounds in the methanol leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta, exhibited phytopharmacological
significance and hence could be beneficial for therapeutic use against some health challenges.
Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicina...ijtsrd
Use of herbal medicines is propagating day-by-day and several tribes still rely upon this green treasure against their ailments. Being unfortunate to the environment, invasive plants species hold supreme remedies that are unique. Besides ethnoremedial uses they embrace anticancerous, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antitubercular and other pharmacological attributes in them. In the present review, authors aimed to compile the segregated ethnomedicinal information of invasive plant species. The literature study revealed a significant ethnoremedial importance of invasive alien weeds that may serve to establish a ground for future researchers to explore in pharmacognostic field with safe and natural drug resource. Shaiphali Saxena | P. B. Rao"Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Attributes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11636.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/11636/invasive-alien-plants-valuable-elixir-with-pharmacological-and-ethnomedicinal-attributes/shaiphali-saxena
Differential antimicrobial activity of the various crude leaves extracts of S...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics resistant strains pathogenic micro-organisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for in-vitro antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion method. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) phytochemical screening showed the presence of essential oils mainly the phenolic and carboxylic acids groups. The ethanolic extract mildly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans, while there was no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aurogenosa and Escherichia coli. However, aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on all the five tested micro-organisms
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The generation of pathogenic microorgannisms is overwhelming the potency, safety and cost of synthetic antibiotics. The study south insight for the use of plant materials to fight microbes and optimized antibiotic activity of pure, binary and ternary blends of ethanol extracts of flower of Mangifera india, Gongronema latifolium leaves, Citrus sinensis peel on Streptococcus aureus using the Simplex Lattice {3,3} mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM). Fourteen (14) blends of the plants' parts were produced and tested on the S. aureus. Inhibition zones inhibited by the extract blends ranged between 11-19 mm. Blends C and BC exhibited the highest value of 19 mm. Other blends equally exhibited some inhibition effects on the growth of the test microorganism, however, decreasing in values as their proportions in the blends carried. ANOVA on the data revealed that the model of the experiment was significant (p<0.05; R 2 =0.8350), the pure; A, B, C, and the ternary blends, ABC, were significant in the model (p<0.05). Although other blends were n ot statistically significant (p>0.05), the graphic and the equation indicated their positive contributions to the model. The model showed overall mean inhibition zone of 14.11 mm compared to 22.5 mm observed in Levofloxacin on the test organism. The study showed that ethanolic extracts of the plants' parts could provide the basis for engineering and synthesis of potent antibiotics.
[1] ijrei vol 1, issue-2Community analysis of key pests associated with menth...editorijrei
An extensive survey was carried out during 2013 for the real situation in the crop to study the plant pathogenic fungus, bacteria and nematodes associated with Japanese Mint Mentha arvensis var piperascense growing fields. Soil and root samples were collected from 24 Mentha fields represents 15 different locations (villages) Akhtarpur, Tiwaripur, Shuklapur, Katia, Oripur, Ghuripur, Padariya and Dafara. Out of 120 soil samples, 16 soil samples were found infected with Fusarium oxysporum and 27 soil samples with Alternaria spp. 36 samples have the plant parasitic nematodes population. Results revealed that the maximum disease prevalence (DP) of Fusarium oxysporum was recorded at Shuklapur (27%), while the minimum disease prevalence was recorded at Ghuripur (3.4%). Alternaria spp. was more prevalent at Tiwaripur (42%) while root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) incidence was maximum at Katia (43%). The plant extracts were not so promising for inhibition of pathogenic fungi of Mentha crop.
The Use of Dwarf Tomato Cultivar for Genetic and Physiology Study Applicable ...Premier Publishers
The effect of Gibberellic acid (GA) on plant growth and Mendel’s law of heredity were integrated in biology textbooks in many countries. However, there were not practical experiments described in those textbooks, especially in the Cambodian biology textbooks. Students had to learn based on the theories written in the books. Therefore, it was very difficult for them to understand the contents by imaging the terms from the books. In this study, we introduced experimental methods using dwarf tomato plant which is applicable for school education. The result of our research suggested that the causal factor of dwarf tomato using in this study was the less of GA and the inheritance of this dwarf followed Mendel’s law of dominance and segregation. Dwarf tomato being used in this study was a good material and it will also be a good plant material for biological experiment in schools all over the world.
Assessmens of the Disease Index and the Behavior of Some Peach and Nectarine ...IOSRJAVS
Leaf curl of nectarine and peach, caused by Taphrina deformans (Berk.) Tul, is a difficult disease to control throughout Albania. Heavily infected fruit trees are poorly nourished, develop fewer flower buds, and are more easily damaged from freezing in winter. In this research, susceptibility of 2 peach and 2 nectarine varieties to leaf curl disease was investigated in ecological conditions of Tirane, Albania province in 2014 and 2016. Disease severity was calculated by the 0-5 scale when typical symptoms of leaf curl were evaluated on peach and nectarine leaves in naturally infected orchards. The conditions of natural infection allowed grouping the biological material in 4 classes (plant growth stages) and 6 groups of resistance for leaf curl disease severity. From the data we see that the of disease index (Imc-ja in%) during the three years of study varies from 4.22% in cultivar tire and reaches 22.8% in the Red Star cultivar we also comparisons this level too Control high infection which ranges from 40.66% in Roajal Black cultivar and up to 43.66% in Gomea cultivar.
In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Con...AI Publications
Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) is cultivated as a condiment for its aromatic leaves for culinary purposes and utilized as a medicinal plant for many diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity of marjoram extract by the 2, 2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl–hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging method while total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified by spectrophotometry using Folin−Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The extraction yield of sweet marjoram obtained by maceration in absolute ethanol at a ratio of 1/5 (w/v) for 24h at room temperature was 8.41 ± 0.76 % (w/w). The obtained results showed that the investigated extract contained a higher amount of phenolics: 164.96 ± 4.61 mg GAE/g of dry plant, lower flavonoid contents: 44.61 ± 2.08 mg QE/g of dry plant, and exhibited a strong antioxidant activity (IC50 value: 40.09 µg/ml) almost like those of the used standard products, namely ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Based on the obtained results, marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) features a potential application as natural antioxidants that could be exploited by the pharmaceutical and food industries.
Phytocomponents in methanolic extract of Euphorbia hirta, leaf was studied using GC MS
analysis. Ten compounds were identified from the extract. The major chemical constituents were Niacin or
Nicotinic acid [Peak area: 31.70% ; RT: 22.718;Mol formula:C6H5NO2],S-methyl-L-cysteine [Peak area:
18.88%; RT: 21.794; Mol formula:C4H9NO2S], Methyl 1,4-methylpentadecanoate [Peak area :11.22% ; RT:
19.326; Mol formula:C17H34O2], 2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid [Peak area: 5.16%; RT: 21.682; Mol
formula:C3H7NO2S], 4-amino-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid [Peak area: 4.02%; RT: 23.118; Mol formula:C4H5NO3].
The bioactive compounds in the methanol leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta, exhibited phytopharmacological
significance and hence could be beneficial for therapeutic use against some health challenges.
Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicina...ijtsrd
Use of herbal medicines is propagating day-by-day and several tribes still rely upon this green treasure against their ailments. Being unfortunate to the environment, invasive plants species hold supreme remedies that are unique. Besides ethnoremedial uses they embrace anticancerous, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antitubercular and other pharmacological attributes in them. In the present review, authors aimed to compile the segregated ethnomedicinal information of invasive plant species. The literature study revealed a significant ethnoremedial importance of invasive alien weeds that may serve to establish a ground for future researchers to explore in pharmacognostic field with safe and natural drug resource. Shaiphali Saxena | P. B. Rao"Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Attributes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11636.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/11636/invasive-alien-plants-valuable-elixir-with-pharmacological-and-ethnomedicinal-attributes/shaiphali-saxena
Differential antimicrobial activity of the various crude leaves extracts of S...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics resistant strains pathogenic micro-organisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for in-vitro antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion method. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) phytochemical screening showed the presence of essential oils mainly the phenolic and carboxylic acids groups. The ethanolic extract mildly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans, while there was no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aurogenosa and Escherichia coli. However, aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on all the five tested micro-organisms
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The generation of pathogenic microorgannisms is overwhelming the potency, safety and cost of synthetic antibiotics. The study south insight for the use of plant materials to fight microbes and optimized antibiotic activity of pure, binary and ternary blends of ethanol extracts of flower of Mangifera india, Gongronema latifolium leaves, Citrus sinensis peel on Streptococcus aureus using the Simplex Lattice {3,3} mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM). Fourteen (14) blends of the plants' parts were produced and tested on the S. aureus. Inhibition zones inhibited by the extract blends ranged between 11-19 mm. Blends C and BC exhibited the highest value of 19 mm. Other blends equally exhibited some inhibition effects on the growth of the test microorganism, however, decreasing in values as their proportions in the blends carried. ANOVA on the data revealed that the model of the experiment was significant (p<0.05; R 2 =0.8350), the pure; A, B, C, and the ternary blends, ABC, were significant in the model (p<0.05). Although other blends were n ot statistically significant (p>0.05), the graphic and the equation indicated their positive contributions to the model. The model showed overall mean inhibition zone of 14.11 mm compared to 22.5 mm observed in Levofloxacin on the test organism. The study showed that ethanolic extracts of the plants' parts could provide the basis for engineering and synthesis of potent antibiotics.
[1] ijrei vol 1, issue-2Community analysis of key pests associated with menth...editorijrei
An extensive survey was carried out during 2013 for the real situation in the crop to study the plant pathogenic fungus, bacteria and nematodes associated with Japanese Mint Mentha arvensis var piperascense growing fields. Soil and root samples were collected from 24 Mentha fields represents 15 different locations (villages) Akhtarpur, Tiwaripur, Shuklapur, Katia, Oripur, Ghuripur, Padariya and Dafara. Out of 120 soil samples, 16 soil samples were found infected with Fusarium oxysporum and 27 soil samples with Alternaria spp. 36 samples have the plant parasitic nematodes population. Results revealed that the maximum disease prevalence (DP) of Fusarium oxysporum was recorded at Shuklapur (27%), while the minimum disease prevalence was recorded at Ghuripur (3.4%). Alternaria spp. was more prevalent at Tiwaripur (42%) while root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) incidence was maximum at Katia (43%). The plant extracts were not so promising for inhibition of pathogenic fungi of Mentha crop.
The Use of Dwarf Tomato Cultivar for Genetic and Physiology Study Applicable ...Premier Publishers
The effect of Gibberellic acid (GA) on plant growth and Mendel’s law of heredity were integrated in biology textbooks in many countries. However, there were not practical experiments described in those textbooks, especially in the Cambodian biology textbooks. Students had to learn based on the theories written in the books. Therefore, it was very difficult for them to understand the contents by imaging the terms from the books. In this study, we introduced experimental methods using dwarf tomato plant which is applicable for school education. The result of our research suggested that the causal factor of dwarf tomato using in this study was the less of GA and the inheritance of this dwarf followed Mendel’s law of dominance and segregation. Dwarf tomato being used in this study was a good material and it will also be a good plant material for biological experiment in schools all over the world.
Assessmens of the Disease Index and the Behavior of Some Peach and Nectarine ...IOSRJAVS
Leaf curl of nectarine and peach, caused by Taphrina deformans (Berk.) Tul, is a difficult disease to control throughout Albania. Heavily infected fruit trees are poorly nourished, develop fewer flower buds, and are more easily damaged from freezing in winter. In this research, susceptibility of 2 peach and 2 nectarine varieties to leaf curl disease was investigated in ecological conditions of Tirane, Albania province in 2014 and 2016. Disease severity was calculated by the 0-5 scale when typical symptoms of leaf curl were evaluated on peach and nectarine leaves in naturally infected orchards. The conditions of natural infection allowed grouping the biological material in 4 classes (plant growth stages) and 6 groups of resistance for leaf curl disease severity. From the data we see that the of disease index (Imc-ja in%) during the three years of study varies from 4.22% in cultivar tire and reaches 22.8% in the Red Star cultivar we also comparisons this level too Control high infection which ranges from 40.66% in Roajal Black cultivar and up to 43.66% in Gomea cultivar.
Assessmens of the Disease Index and the Behavior of Some Peach and Nectarine ...
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In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Con...AI Publications
Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) is cultivated as a condiment for its aromatic leaves for culinary purposes and utilized as a medicinal plant for many diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity of marjoram extract by the 2, 2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl–hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging method while total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified by spectrophotometry using Folin−Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The extraction yield of sweet marjoram obtained by maceration in absolute ethanol at a ratio of 1/5 (w/v) for 24h at room temperature was 8.41 ± 0.76 % (w/w). The obtained results showed that the investigated extract contained a higher amount of phenolics: 164.96 ± 4.61 mg GAE/g of dry plant, lower flavonoid contents: 44.61 ± 2.08 mg QE/g of dry plant, and exhibited a strong antioxidant activity (IC50 value: 40.09 µg/ml) almost like those of the used standard products, namely ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Based on the obtained results, marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) features a potential application as natural antioxidants that could be exploited by the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Key-words- Plant growth regulators, Morphogenesis in vitro, Tylophora indica, Rhizogenesis
PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACTSubmissionResearchpa
Medicinal plants are abundant in phytochemicals that has significant therapeutic effects. They are relatively cheap, effective and safe in prolong use. This experiment was carried out to investigate the phyto-nutritional profile of broom weed (Sida acuta) leaf extract. Proximate analysis Sida acuta leaf indicated the presence of dry matter (91.88 %), crude protein (18.01 %), ash (9.73 %), crude fibre (6.24 %), ether extract (1.77 %) and energy (2760 Kcal/kg). Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, oxalate, phytate, alkaloids, terpenoids and glycosides at 0.82 %, 2.02 %, 4.25 %, 0.20 %, 0.17 %, 0.05 %, 0.23 %, 0.22 %, 0.95 % and 0.02 % respectively and the vitamin constituents are thiamine (0.33 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (30.17 mg/100g), riboflavin (0.05 mg/100g), β-carotene (0.79 mg/100g) and niacin (0.41 mg/100g). Mineral analysis showed that it contained calcium (127.6 mg/100g), phosphorus (78.6 mg/100g), potassium (31.6 mg/100g), magnesium (102.1 mg/100g), iron (2.14 mg/100g), manganese (0.60 mg/100g), copper (0.04 mg/100g) and zinc (1.75 mg/100g). Result on amino acid composition showed that they contained lysine (2.11 mg/100g), arginine (1.77 mg/100g), aspartic acid (2.13 mg/100g), threonine (1.85 mg/100g), histidine (4.71 mg/100g), serine (2.03 mg/100g), glycine (1.05 mg/100g), alanine (3.31 mg/100g), cystine (5.06 mg/100g), valine (0.88 mg/100g), leucine (2.04 mg/100g), phenyalanine (4.72 mg/100g), tyrosine (3.51 mg/100g), isoleucine (2.84 mg/100g), methionine (0.85 mg/100g) and proline (1.05 mg/100g). It was concluded that Sida acuta leaf extract is rich in various nutrients and phytochemicals conferring it the ability to perform multiple biological activities and as a natural alternative to antibiotics. by Shittu, M. D and Alagbe, J.O 2020. PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACT. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 119-124. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.845. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845/806 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845
Assessment of Antibacterial, Phytochemical Properties and GCMS Profiling of C...AI Publications
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Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus NiruriYogeshIJTSRD
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The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
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Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
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Comparison of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and Radical scavenging activity in Vaccinium myrtillus L. grown in different forest conditions and sampled in different vegetation periods.
1. VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY
COMPARISON OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, FLAVONOIDS AND
RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY IN VACCINIUM MYRTILLUS L.
GROWN IN DIFFERENT FOREST CONDITIONS
AND SAMPLED IN DIFFERENT VEGETATION PERIODS
RESEARCH PROJECT
Student:
Salvatore Paradiso
Supervisor:
Nicola Tiso
Kaunas, 2018
2. 1
Contents
1. Introduction 2
2. Characteristics
2.1 Botanical and general description 2
2.2 Phytochemical characteristics and pharmacological properties 3
3. Material and methods
3.1 Raw material 4
3.2 Determination of total content of phenolic compounds 5
3.3 Determination of total content of flavonoids 6
3.4 Determination of radical scavenging activity 7
4. Results and discussion
4.1 Humidity test 7
4.2 Phenolic compounds concentration 8
4.3 Flavonoids concentration 12
4.4 Radical scavenging activity 15
5. Conclusions 18
Acknowledgment 19
References 20
3. 2
1. Introduction
Vaccinium myrtillus L. (bilberry) is a plant native to Lithuanian forests. The high
concentration of anthocyanins (Burdulis et al. 2009) gives to bilberry important antioxidant properties
(Takikawa et al. 2010), making this plant very demanded in market. Many studies have been
conducted to analyse the actual beneficial properties of bilberry, but most of these studies are related
to the quantity of anthocyanins present in the fruits. There are only few studies focused on the leaves,
twigs and roots of bilberry. This research work intends to analyse and compare the quantity of
phenolic compounds, flavonoids and radical scavenging activity present in the aerial parts and roots
of Lithuanian bilberry grown in two different forest conditions and sampled in three different
vegetative periods. The two different areas of the forest had a clear cutting in two different periods.
The area that will be named “5b” had a clear cutting in early 2017; the area that will be named “7b”
had a clear cutting in early 2015. All the samples have been taken during the year 2017, but in
different vegetation periods: early May, late May and early August. The aim of this research work is
to analyse the influence that different forest areas and different vegetation periods may have in the
amounts of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and radical scavenging activity of the samples extract.
In the first part of this work, it will be given a botanical and general description of bilberry, following
phytochemical and pharmacological properties. In the second part, it will be given information about
the material and methods used for the analysis of the samples extract. In the last part of this work, all
the data obtained will be reported and discussed in detail.
2. Characteristics
2.1 Botanical and general description
European blueberry, or bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is a plant of the Ericaceae family
that belongs to the genus Vaccinium, which includes around 200 species widespread across the world
(Jaakola 2003). Bilberry is a deciduous woody dwarf shrub plant, native to Europe, that can reach 40
cm in high; the leaf has elliptic-oval shape with a dentate margin, light green, long about 2-3 cm; the
flowers are hermaphrodite, whitish or yellow-greenish; the fruit is a berry of around 5-8 mm, blue,
black or purple in colour (Ferrari and Medici 2008). The European blueberry is often confused with
the American blueberry. The difference between the two berries is in the pulp: the European blueberry
has a purple pulp; the American blueberry has a cream or white pulp (Valentovà et al. 2007).
Bilberry is typical and abundant in the northern hemisphere especially in spruce and pine
forests, with better-drained acid soils of medium fertility, and it is precious for many birds and
4. 3
mammals, which it constitutes an important food resource (Nestby et al. 2011). In North Europe,
bilberry is one of the most important wild berries and its good taste and aroma makes it highly
demanded in the market, although it is still not very cultivated but harvested in forest fields (Uleberg
et al. 2012). Nevertheless, bilberry has been used by humans as food for centuries due to its high
nutritive value, and as medical plant since Middle Ages (but it became widely known to herbalists
only in the 16th
century) (Valentovà et al. 2007).
Leaves and twigs of bilberry are often used as herbal tea. A research conducted within the
EU/EEA Member States, has shown the presence of dry bilberry in the market for more than 30 years
as single active ingredient. This research has shown that on the German market there are 115 bilberry
herbal teas, used mostly to heal conditions such as unspecific acute diarrhoea and mild inflammation
of the oropharyngeal mucosa; on the Italian market since at least 1984, a methanolic bilberry extract
has been present, prepared from fresh fruit and containing 25% of anthocyanidins and sold in capsules
or as a granulate (European Medicine Agency 2015).
2.2 Phytochemical characteristics and pharmacological properties
A great variety of phenolic compounds, very often situated in the surface layer, can be found
in plant tissues where they conduct their main function, to protect the plant against biotic and abiotic
factors (Nohynek et al. 2006). Phenolic compounds are classified into four main groups: flavonoids,
phenolic acids, lignans, and polymeric tannins. The phenolic content in vegetables however is not
stable and after a long-term storage in the freezer it tends to decrease (Nohynek et al. 2006). The
environmental conditions, the vegetative phase and the different parts of a plant, affect the quantity
and the quality of phenolic compounds present in the samples (Bujor et al. 2016).
The Vaccinium genus is well known for including plant species noted for their high content
of anthocyanins (water soluble pigments belonging to the flavonoid family), that are involved in many
biological activities and that may affect positively the health (Burdulis et al. 2009). The high
concentration of anthocyanins gives to bilberry high antioxidant properties (Takikawa et al. 2010).
Antioxidant are very important for living systems. High levels of free radicals can lead to the
oxidation of biomolecules and, as consequence, to the damage or death of cells, to tissue damages or
to various disease such as cancer. Antioxidant can inhibit the effect of oxidants by donating hydrogen
atoms or by chelating metals (Sen et al. 2000). For this reason, the researches on bilberries high
antioxidant capacity have been of interest among consumers, who want a better understanding on
how this berry can contribute to improve the nutritional quality of their diet (Poiana et al. 2012).
Furthermore, many studies have reported that the complex mixture of bilberry’s anthocyanins may
5. 4
be helpful to fortify blood vessel walls, to increase the flexibility of the capillaries, to improve blood
flow and to maintain a good blood circulation (Poiana et al. 2012).
A study conducted by Suzuki et al. has shown that the anthocyanidin enriched bilberry extracts
may be used as a complementary treatment for obese patients with metabolic syndrome, due to their
strong efficiency to inhibit the adipocyte differentiation via the insulin pathway (Suzuki et al. 2011).
Another study conducted by Güder et al. has shown that the extracts of Vaccinium myrtillus L., due
to the presence of anthocyanins, inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, making bilberry a
possible natural therapeutic food for diabetes (Güder et al. 2015). The same study of Güder et al. has
also confirmed that anthocyanins in Vaccinium myrtillus L. extracts have strong antioxidant
properties.
A study conducted by Yamaki and Kobori has shown that the ethanol extract of bilberry was
found to be the most effective against the growth of HL60 human leukaemia cells, and against
HTC116 human colon carcinoma cells in vitro. This study was conducted with 10 different edible
berries. The extract of bilberry contained the largest amounts of phenolic compounds (including the
largest amounts of anthocyanins) and it had the greatest radical scavenging activity (Yamaki and
Kobori 2003).
3. Material and methods
3.1 Raw material
The samples of Vaccinium myrtillus L. were taken from two different areas of the same forest
with different cutting conditions, situated near Kaunas (Lithuania). The area named “5b” had a clear
cutting in 2017, and the samples were taken after the cutting; the area named “7b” had a clear cutting
in 2015, and the samples were taken two years after the cutting (2017). The average annual
temperature in Lithuania is between +6°C and –7°C. In winter the average minimal monthly
temperature is about –24°C to –26°C. The annual precipitation is 500-750 mm. The coldest month is
January, the warmest is July and the rainiest are July and August (based on long-time observations).
Of the total annual precipitation, the 60% falls during the warm period of the year (Bukantis 1994).
The samples were taken during three different vegetation periods: early May, late May and
early August (2017). From each sample were taken the aerial parts of the plant and the roots. In total
were analysed 6 samples from the “5b” area and 6 samples from the “7b” are. The following tabs
show the list of the samples analysed (Tab.1 and Tab.2):
6. 5
ID Pick up date Part of the plant
1 05-05-2017 Aerial parts
2 05-05-2017 Roots
3 30-05-2017 Aerial parts
4 30-05-2017 Roots
5 01-08-2017 Aerial parts
6 01-08-2017 Roots
ID Pick up date Part of the plant
7 05-05-2017 Aerial parts
8 05-05-2017 Roots
9 24-05-2017 Aerial parts
10 24-05-2017 Roots
11 01-08-2017 Aerial parts
12 01-08-2017 Roots
The samples of Vaccinium myrtillus L. were firstly reduced to a fine powder with a blender.
From the powder obtained it was conducted a humidity test with a PMB 53 (Adam Equipment, USA)
apparatus. The results of this tests will be used for the determination in milligrams of phenolic
compounds, flavonoids and radical scavenging activity in 1 g of dry material of bilberry. The samples
extract were prepared with 0.5 g of fine bilberry powder, added in a solution of 20 ml 75% methanol
and bi-distilled water. The samples were left in a shaker for 24h and after were filtered with a filtering
paper and stored in the refrigerator at 5°C.
3.2 Determination of total content of phenolic compounds
The total amount of phenolic compounds was evaluated using the method described by
Mikašauskaitė et al. (2013). The samples extract were firstly diluted 10 times with a solution of 75%
methanol and bi-distilled water. A stock solution of 4% Na2CO3 (sodium carbonate) in bi-distilled
water was prepared and stored in the refrigerator at 5°C. For standard compound was used rutin (0.01
– 1.00 mg/ml) and the calibration curve was built at six concentrations. From each concentration of
Tab.1 – “5b” area (clear cutting 2017) samples.
Tab.2 – “7b” area (clear cutting 2015) samples.
7. 6
rutin were measured three absorptions and the average of them was used for building the calibration
curve
From each diluted sample extract were taken 50 µl and added to 1500 µl of stock solution.
Each vial was inverted two times and well mixed with a vortex. In each vial were added 50 µl of
Folin – Ciocalteu reagent (2N) and, after incubating the vials for 30 minutes at room temperature, the
absorbance was measured at 760 nm. For calibrating the spectrophotometer was used a Blank of 50
µl of methanol 75% and 1500 µl of stock solution; 50 µl of Folin – Ciocalteu reagent (2N) were added
in the Blank and, after incubating the vial for 30 minutes at room temperature, the absorbance was
measured at 760 nm. For each sample the absorbance was measured three times and the average of
the results was used for the determination of the concentration of phenolic compounds. All the
measurements were conducted with a Milton Roy Spectronic 1201 (Milton Roy, USA) apparatus.
3.3 Determination of total content of flavonoids
The total flavonoid content was determined using the method described by Kaškonienė et al.
(2009). For the determination of the total content of flavonoids the samples were not diluted. The
stock solution was prepared with 60 ml of methanol (100%), 3 ml of acetic acid (33%), 12 ml of
hexamethylenetetramine (5%), 9 ml of aluminium chloride (10%) and 60 ml of bi-distilled water. The
stock solution was left to incubate in the refrigerator (5°C) for a day. For standard compound was
used rutin (0.01 – 1.00 mg/ml) and the calibration curve was built at six concentrations. From each
concentration of rutin were measured three absorptions and the average of them was used for building
the calibration curve.
From each samples extract were taken 40 µl and added to 960 µl of stock solution (5°C), each
vial was inverted two times and well mixed with a vortex. After 30 minutes of incubation the
absorbance was measured at 407 nm. For calibrating the spectrophotometer was used a Blank of 40
µl of methanol (75%) and 960 µl of stock solution, and, after incubating the vials for 30 minutes at
room temperature, the absorbance was measured at 407 nm. For each sample the absorbance was
measured three times and the average of the results was used for the determination of the
concentration of flavonoids. All the measurements were conducted with a Milton Roy Spectronic
1201 (Milton Roy, USA) apparatus.
8. 7
3.4 Determination of radical scavenging activity
The Radical scavenging activity was determined according to the modified method described
by Kaškonienė et al. (2009). The samples extract were firstly diluted 10 times with a solution of 75%
methanol and bi-distilled water. The buffer was prepared with 250 ml of 100 mM acetate buffer
solution with pH 5.5. To get the required pH it was used titrate with ca. 33% acetic acid. The radical
solution was prepared in a dark room with 100 mM DPPH radical solution (10 mg were dissolved in
125 ml acetonitrile and later were added 125 ml of methanol 100%). The buffer and the radical
solution were well mixed together in a light-proof bottle. The absorbance of the radical solution was
measured at 515 nm giving a result of 0.591. The stock solution was left in the dark for 15 minutes
before starting the analysis. For building the calibration curve it was used standard compound rutin
(0.05 – 0.25 mg/ml) at four different concentrations.
From each samples extract were taken 38.5 µl and added to 1500 µl of radical solution, each
vial was inverted two times and well mixed with a vortex. After 15 minutes of incubation the
absorbance was measured at 515 nm. The spectrophotometer was calibrated with a Blank sample
made with methanol (75%). All the measurements were conducted with a Milton Roy Spectronic
1201 (Milton Roy, USA) apparatus.
4. Result and discussion
4.1 Humidity test
The results of the humidity tests will be used for the determination in milligrams of phenolic
compounds, flavonoids and radical scavenging activity in 1 gram of dry material of bilberry. The
Tab.3 and Tab.4 show the results of the humidity test of the “5b” area samples and of the “7b” area
samples respectively:
ID Sample Humidity test %
1 05-05-2017 - Aerial parts 49.22
2 05-05-2017 - Roots 38.46
3 30-05-2017 - Aerial parts 49.98
4 30-05-2017 - Roots 37.85
5 01-08-2017 - Aerial parts 45.54
6 01-08-2017 - Roots 34.71
Tab.3 – “5b” area (clear cutting 2017) samples.
humidity test (%).
9. 8
ID Sample Humidity test %
7 05-05-2017 - Aerial parts 49.53
8 05-05-2017 - Roots 38.25
9 24-05-2017 - Aerial parts 52
10 24-05-2017 - Roots 35.96
11 01-08-2017 - Aerial parts 41.7
12 01-08-2017 - Roots 31.93
The results show that there is a higher percentage of humidity in the aerial parts of the plants
samples extract than in the roots. The results of the humidity test show also that there is no difference
in humidity percentage between the samples of the “5a” area and the “7b” area. From both the areas,
the sample taken during the late and early May vegetation period share a higher percentage of
humidity than the samples taken in early August.
4.2 Phenolic compounds concentration
The Tab.5 shows the results of rutin absorbance at six different concentrations.
Concentration
(mg/ml)
Absorbance 1 Absorbance 2 Absorbance 3 Average
1 1.031 1.069 1.059 1.053
0.8 0.753 0.710 0.730 0.731
0.6 0.615 0.605 0.612 0.611
0.4 0.446 0.464 0.456 0.455
0.2 0.278 0.272 0.265 0.272
0.1 0.097 0.094 0.104 0.098
The results of rutin absorbance at the six different concentrations were used for building the
calibration curve (Fig.1).
Tab.4 – “7b” area (clear cutting 2015) samples.
midity test (%).
Tab.5 – Rutin absorbance at 6 different concentrations.
10. 9
The Tab.6 and Tab.7 show the results of the average absorbance (760 nm) of the samples
extracts. From the average absorbance of the samples extract and from the equation of the calibration
curve (Fig.1) it was possible to estimate the concentration of phenolic compounds of the samples
from the different vegetation phases and from the two different areas of growth (Tab.6 and Tab.7).
ID Sample
Average
Absorbance
Dilution Concentration
1 05-05-2017 - Aerial parts 0.347 x 10 3.39
2 05-05-2017 - Roots 0.148 x 10 1.43
3 30-05-2017 - Aerial parts 0.317 x 10 3.16
4 30-05-2017 - Roots 0.108 x 10 1.06
5 01-08-2017 - Aerial parts 0.337 x 10 3.33
6 01-08-2017 - Roots 0.231 x 10 2.23
Fig.2 – Calibration curve
y = 1,0183x
R² = 0,9738
0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2
Absorbance(AU)
Concentration (mg/ml)
Fig.1 – Phenolic compounds calibration curve
Tab.6 – “5b” area (clear cutting 2017) samples extracts average phenolic compounds absorbance
and concentration.
11. 10
ID Sample
Average
Absorbance
Dilution Concentration
7 05-05-2017 - Aerial parts 0.169 x 10 3.43
8 05-05-2017 - Roots 0.107 x 10 1.09
9 24-05-2017 - Aerial parts 0.351 x 10 3.45
10 24-05-2017 - Roots 0.144 x 10 1.39
11 01-08-2017 - Aerial parts 0.421 x 10 4.19
12 01-08-2017 - Roots 0.131 x 10 1.29
From the results of the concentrations and from the results of the humidity tests it was
calculated the amount in milligram of phenolic compound in 1 g of dry material. The Fig.2 shows the
results of the “5b” area samples extract; the Fig.3 shows the results of the “7b” area samples extracts.
Fig.2 – “5b” area samples extract; milligrams of phenolic compounds
in 1 g of dry material. Rutin equivalent mg/1 g dry material.
Tab.7 – “7b” area (clear cutting 2015) samples extracts average phenolic compounds absorbance
and concentration.
0,00
50,00
100,00
150,00
200,00
250,00
300,00
1 2 3 4 5 6
12. 11
From the previous figures (Fig.2 and Fig.3) it is possible to see a difference in the
concentration of phenolic compounds (mg) present in a gram of dry material between the aerial parts
and the roots of the samples analysed. The areal parts of the samples are richer in phenolic compounds
in all the analysed samples. The results show also that there is not a real difference between the
quantity of phenolic compounds and the two different forest areas (5b and 7b) from which the samples
were taken. The concentration of phenolic compounds of the aerial parts from the samples of the “7b”
area is slight higher than the one from the samples of the “5b” area. The difference is only about
30mg/g dry material of the average results. This means that the different year on which the clear
cutting in the forest was made, did not influence the amounts of phenolic compounds in the analysed
samples. The different vegetation periods (beginning of May, late May and early August) of the
analysed samples did not also influence the quantity of phenolic compounds, therefore the results
between the samples are very similar. It is possible to observe higher amounts of phenolic compounds
only in the roots of the sample n°6 from the “5b” area (early August). This sample has an amount of
phenolic compounds of 137 mg/g of dry material (rutin equivalent) and it has a double concentration
of phenolic compounds compared to the sample n°4 of the same area (68mg/g dry material).
Fig.3 – “7b” area samples extract; milligrams of phenolic compounds
in 1 g of dry material. Rutin equivalent mg/1 g dry material.
0,00
50,00
100,00
150,00
200,00
250,00
300,00
350,00
7,00 8,00 9,00 10,00 11,00 12,00
13. 12
4.3 Flavonoids concentration
The Tab.8 shows the results of rutin absorbance at six different concentration.
Concentration
(mg/ml)
Absorbance 1 Absorbance 2 Absorbance 3 Average
1 1.021 1.025 1.017 1.021
0.8 0.752 0.741 0.735 0.743
0.6 0.570 0.560 0.564 0.565
0.4 0.424 0.457 0.440 0.440
0.2 0.235 0.244 0.241 0.240
0.1 0.115 0.131 0.119 0.122
The results of rutin absorbance at the six different concentrations were used for building the
calibration curve (Fig.4).
The Tab.9 and Tab.10 show the results of the average absorbance (407 nm) of the samples
extracts. From the average absorbance of the samples extract and from the equation of the calibration
curve (Fig.4) it was possible to calculate the concentration of flavonoids of the samples extract from
the different vegetation phases and from the two different areas of growth (Tab.9 and Tab.10).
Fig.2 – Calibration curve
Tab.8 – Rutin absorbance at 6 concentrations.
y = 0,9911x
R² = 0,9844
0,000
0,200
0,400
0,600
0,800
1,000
1,200
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2
Absorbance(AU)
Concentration (mg/ml)
Fig.4 – Flavonoids calibration curve
14. 13
ID Sample
Average
Absorbance
Dilution Concentration
1 05-05-2017 - Aerial parts 0.480 No 0.484
2 05-05-2017 - Roots 0 No 0
3 30-05-2017 - Aerial parts 0.356 No 0.359
4 30-05-2017 - Roots 0 No 0
5 01-08-2017 - Aerial parts 0.453 No 0.457
6 01-08-2017 - Roots 0 No 0
ID Sample
Average
Absorbance
Dilution
Real
concentration
7 05-05-2017 - Aerial parts 0.428 No 0.432
8 05-05-2017 - Roots 0 No 0
9 24-05-2017 - Aerial parts 0.420 No 0.424
10 24-05-2017 - Roots 0 No 0
11 01-08-2017 - Aerial parts 0.595 No 0.600
12 01-08-2017 - Roots 0 No 0.000
From the results of the concentrations and from the results of the humidity tests it was
calculated the amount in milligrams of flavonoids in 1 g of dry material. The Fig.5 shows the results
of the “5b” area samples extract; the Fig.6 shows the results of the “7b” area samples extracts.
Tab.9 – “5b” area (clear cutting 2017) samples extracts average flavonoids absorbance and
concentration
Tab.10 – “7b” area (clear cutting 2015) samples extracts average flavonoids absorbance and
concentration
15. 14
The results (Fig.5 and Fig.6) show that there is an absence of flavonoids content in the roots
of all the analysed samples from both the two different areas of the forest and from all the different
vegetation periods. The aerial parts of the analysed samples have a similar flavonoids content. There
is not a high difference in the content of flavonoids between the samples of the two different forest
areas and from the different vegetation periods. The sample n°11 from the “7b” area (early August)
has the higher amount of flavonoids (41.17 mg/g dry material); the sample 3 from the “5b” areas (late
May) has the lower amount of flavonoids (28.72 mg/g dry material). The other samples share very
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
45,00
1 2 3 4 5 6
Fig.5 – “5b” area samples extract; milligrams of flavonoids in 1 g of
dry material. Rutin equivalent mg/1 g dry material.
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
45,00
50,00
7 8 9 10 11 12
Fig.6 – “7b” area samples extract; milligrams of flavonoids in 1 g of
dry material. Rutin equivalent mg/1 g dry material.
16. 15
similar results. The results show that the different area from which the samples were taken and the
different vegetation periods, did not influence the concentration of flavonoids of the samples extract.
4.4 Radical scavenging activity
The Tab.11 shows the results of rutin absorbance at four different concentrations.
Concentration
(mg/ml)
Absorbance 1 Absorbance 2 Absorbance 3 Average
0.25 0.062 0.078 0.071 0.070
0.2 0.159 0.155 0.183 0.166
0.1 0.320 0.323 0.295 0.313
0.05 0.16 0.444 0.444 0.435
The results of rutin absorbance at the four different concentrations were used for building the
calibration curve (Fig.7).
The Tab.12 and Tab.13 show the results of the average absorbance (515 nm) of the samples
extracts. From the average absorbance of the samples extract and from the equation of the calibration
curve (Fig.7) it was possible to calculate the concentration of radical scavenging activity of the
Tab.11 – Rutin absorbance at 4 concentrations.
y = -1,7513x + 0,5085
R² = 0,9913
0,000
0,050
0,100
0,150
0,200
0,250
0,300
0,350
0,400
0,450
0,500
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3
Absorbance(AU)
Concentration (mg/ml)
Fig.7 – Radical scavenging activity calibration curve.
17. 16
samples from the different vegetation phases and from the two different areas of growth (Tab.12 and
Tab.13).
ID Sample
Average
Absorbance
Dilution Concentration
1 05-05-2017 - Aerial parts 0.135 x 10 2.133
2 05-05-2017 - Roots 0.337 x 10 0.977
3 30-05-2017 - Aerial parts 0.177 x 10 1.891
4 30-05-2017 - Roots 0.377 x 10 0.751
5 01-08-2017 - Aerial parts 0.218 x 10 1.657
6 01-08-2017 - Roots 0.308 x 10 1.145
ID Sample
Average
Absorbance
Dilution Concentration
7 05-05-2017 - Aerial parts 0.210 x 10 1.703
8 05-05-2017 - Roots 0.393 x 10 0.658
9 24-05-2017 - Aerial parts 0.204 x 10 1.739
10 24-05-2017 - Roots 0.329 x 10 1.025
11 01-08-2017 - Aerial parts 0.137 x 10 2.123
12 01-08-2017 - Roots 0.329 x 10 1.027
From the results of the concentrations and from the results of the humidity tests it was
calculated the amount in milligrams of radical scavenging activity in 1 g of dry material. The Fig.8
shows the results of the “5b” area samples extract; the Fig.9 shows the results of the “7b” area samples
extracts.
Tab.12 – “5b” area (clear cutting 2017) samples extract average radical scavenging activity
absorbance and concentration
Tab.13 – “7b” area (clear cutting 2017) samples extract average radical scavenging activity
absorbance and concentration
18. 17
The results (Fig.8 and Fig.9) show that the radical scavenging activity is higher in the aerial
parts samples extract than in the roots samples extract. In the aerial parts samples extract from the
“5b” area, the radical scavenging activity seems to decrease with the progress of the vegetation
periods. This does not happen for the roots samples extract of the same area, that share similar results.
The radical scavenging activity in the “7b” area is similar between the aerial parts samples extract
0,00
20,00
40,00
60,00
80,00
100,00
120,00
140,00
160,00
180,00
200,00
1 2 3 4 5 6
Fig.8 – “5b” area samples extract; milligrams of radical scavenging
activity in 1 g of dry material. Rutin equivalent mg/1 g dry material.
0,00
20,00
40,00
60,00
80,00
100,00
120,00
140,00
160,00
180,00
1 2 3 4 5 6
Fig.9 – “7b” area samples extract; milligrams of radical scavenging
activity in 1 g of dry material. Rutin equivalent mg/g dry material.
19. 18
and between the roots samples extract. Only the roots of the sample extract n°2 of the “7b” area has
a slight lower radical scavenging activity compared to the other roots samples of the same area, but
this difference is only about 20mg/g dry material (rutin equivalent).
5. Conclusions
The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the amounts of phenolic compounds,
flavonoids and radical scavenging activity of the aerial parts and roots of Vaccinium myrtillus L.
grown in two different forest conditions (5b: clear cutting 2017; 7b: clear cutting 2015) and sampled
during three different vegetation periods (early May, late May and early August).
1) This study has shown that the two different areas of the forest did not influence the
concentration of phenolic compounds of the samples extract. Same results were obtained for the three
different vegetation periods. The only difference that was obtained was in the sample n°6 from the
“5b” area (early August) that, compared to the other roots samples extract, it had a slight high
concentration of phenolic compounds. This little difference must be attributed at the various
microclimate present in the forest itself.
2) Regarding the concentrations of flavonoids, also in this case the results did not showed
differences between the samples grown in the two different forest areas and sampled from the three
different vegetation periods. In all the samples extract analysed, the roots lacked the presence of
flavonoids. The aerial parts samples extract showed similar results in the amounts of flavonoids
concentration. Also in this case, the little results differences between the samples extract must be
attributed at the different condition in which the plants grow within the forest.
3) The radical scavenging activity was found to be stronger in the aerial parts samples extract
than in the roots samples extract. There are not high differences between the radical scavenging
activity of the samples extract from the two areas of the forest and from the three different vegetation
periods. The roots of the sample extract n°2 (early May) of the “7b” area has a slight lower radical
scavenging activity compared to the other roots samples extract of the same area. This difference is
of only 20 mg/g dry material (rutin equivalent).
The results show that in this study there is not a remarkable difference between the samples
extract from the different areas of the forest and from the different vegetation periods. Nevertheless,
the chemical composition of plant is influenced by many factors and other researches may show
different results from the ones obtained in this study. Further studies would give a better
20. 19
understanding of the relation between a geographical area, a plant vegetation phase and the chemical
composition of Vaccinium myrtillus L. for a better use of its potentials.
Acknowledgment
I would like to thank Kristina Bimbiraitė-Survilienė for guiding me during all the phases of
this research work. A special thanks to Mantas Dūdėnas for the little suggestions that made the
difference.
22. 21
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