This document compares the development experiences of China, India, and Pakistan. It summarizes their economic policies and development paths. China established a state-controlled economy after 1949 and initiated massive industrialization campaigns before adopting market reforms. India and Pakistan both followed mixed economies with public and private sectors. China has the largest population while Pakistan has the smallest. China implemented a one-child policy that reduced its growth rate, while Pakistan has the highest. China urbanized most with over half its population in cities, while only a third of Indians live in urban areas. China has the highest GDP per capita and human development indicators, while many Indians and Pakistanis live below the poverty line.

1. COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCES
OF INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURS
DEVELOPMENT PATH OF
CHINA
 Once the people’s republic of china was established,
the country’s economy was controlled by the
government.
 The Great Leap Forward campaign initiated in 1958
aimed at industrializing the economy on a massive
scale.
 Under Commune system, people collectively cultivated
lands and in 1958, there were 26000 communes that
covered almost all the farm population.
DEVELOPMENT PATH OF
PAKISTAN
 Pakistan’s economic policies bear a resemblance to
India’s.
 Pakistan follows mixed economy model, where private
sector and public sector cooperate.
 In the late 1950s and 1960s, a variety of regulated
policy framework for import substitution
industrialization was introduced.
 Green Revolution led to mechanization and rise in
foodgrain production due to increase in public
investment in select areas of infrastructure.

2. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
ESTIMATED POPULATON
 China is the most populous country in the world with 1371 million people in 2015.
 India ranks second with 1311 million people in 2015.
 Population of Pakistan is 188 million and accounts for roughly about one-tenth of China or India.
ANNUAL GROWTH OF POPULATION
 China’s annual growth rate of population is 0.5 percent.
 It is lower than compared to India at 1.2 percent and Pakistan’s with 2.1 percent.
 This is largely due to One Child Norms introduced in China in 1970s which has reduced the
population growth rate.

3. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
DENSITY OF POPULATION
 Although China is the most populous country in the world but its density is the lowest at 146
persons per sq km due to its large geographical area.
 Whereas the density of the population in india is 441 persons per sq km in 2015 which is very
high.
 The density of population in Pakistan is 245 persons per sq. km in 2015 which is below India.
SEX RATIO
 India is having lowest as compare to China and Pakistan at 929 female per 1000 males.
 China is slightly better than India in sex ratio at 941 female per 1000 males.
 Pakistan is having better sex ratio than India and China at 947 female per 1000 males in 2015.

4. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
FERTILITY RATE
 Fertility rate defined as number of children borne by a woman in the reproductive age
of 15-45 years on an average.
 Pakistan is having highest fertility rate with 3.7 births per woman in comparison to 2.3
births per woman in India.
 China due to its policy is having lowest fertility rate of 1.6 births per woman.
URBANISATION
 In comparison to only 33% of Indian people living in urban areas, 56% people in China
are residing in urban area.
 Pakistan is constituting better than India with 39% of people are living in urban area.

5. GROWTH
INDICATORS
GROWTH RATE OF
GDP
SECTORAL
CONTRIBUTION

6. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
 As per Human Development Report 2016-17, HDI for India, China and Pakistan was 0.640, 0.752
and 0.562 respectively with ranked at 130, 86 and 152 corresponding to their HDIs.
LIFE EXPECTANCY
 Life expectancy refers to the average number of years for which people are expected to live.
 China has the highest life expectancy of 76.4 years among the three countries.
 Life expectancy for both India and Pakistan is 68.8 and 66.6 years respectively in 2017.
ADULT LITERACY RATE
 Adult literacy rate is the ratio of literate adult population to the total adult population in a country.
 96.8% of population aged 15 years and above are literate in China, whereas only 74.4% in India
and 54.9% of the population is literate in Pakistan in 2018.

7. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
GDP PER CAPITA IN PPP US DOLLAR
 Higher per capita GDP plays a major role in increasing the HDI for a nation.
 In 2017, China’s GDP per capita is estimated at US Dollar 15,309.
 While for India and Pakistan, it is US Dollar 6,427 and US Dollar 5,035 respectively.
PEOPLE BELOW POVERTY LINE
 Those people are considered to be living below the poverty line whose level of income and
expenditure is not sufficient to meet specified minimum levels of calorie intake.
 60.4% people in India, 23.5% people in China and 46.4% people in Pakistan live below the poverty
line in 2017.
 These values are measured against international poverty rate of dollar 3.20 a day.

8. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
INFANT MORTALITY RATE
 Infant mortality rate refers to number of infants dying before reaching one year of age per 1000
live births in a year.
 Low IMR would imply better health care facilities and improved sanitation and hygiene.
 IMR is lowest in China with 8.5 infants per thousand births whereas India and Pakistan are 34.6 and
64.2 infants respectively in 2017.
MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE
 High maternal mortality rate would imply failure of a country to provide sufficient and competent
health facilities during child birth.
 For one lakh births, 27 women die in China.
 Whereas in India and Pakistan maternal mortality rate is 174 and 178 respectively in 2017.

9. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS IN INDIA
 India’s performance has been moderate. Reforms
introduced in 1991 have been accelerating
economic growth.
 A majority of population is dependent on
agriculture.
 Infrastructure is lacking in many parts of the
country.
 More than 1/4th of its population lives below the
poverty line.
 It is yet to raise its per capita income and standard
of living of more than one fourth of its population
that lives below the poverty line.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS IN CHINA
 In China, the lack of political freedom and its
implications for human rights are major concerns.
 It has achieved success in raising the growth level
along with poverty alleviations.
 It has used the market system without losing
political commitment.
 A positive result in human development indicators
has been brought by public intervention in
providing social infrastructure.

10. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS IN INDIA
 India’s performance has been moderate. Reforms
introduced in 1991 have been accelerating
economic growth.
 A majority of population is dependent on
agriculture.
 Infrastructure is lacking in many parts of the
country.
 More than 1/4th of its population lives below the
poverty line.
 It is yet to raise its per capita income and standard
of living of more than one fourth of its population
that lives below the poverty line.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS IN PAKISTAN
 Lack of political stability.
 Over dependence on remittances and foreign aids.
 Volatile performance of agriculture sector.
 Recovery from earthquake of 2005 was a
challenge, which took nearly 75,000 lives and also
resulted in enormous loss to property.

11. THANK YOU PREPARED BY- MR. MANAN NANDA
PGT ECONOMICS, K.V. MASIMPUR