Comparing attachment patterns across relationships
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This study examined how attachment styles differ across relationships for romantic partners, same-sex friends, and cross-sex friends. It found that for individuals in a romantic relationship, attachment scores for romantic partners were more similar to primary caregivers, while scores for same-sex friends were less similar. For single individuals, attachment scores for cross-sex friends were less similar to caregivers. The study suggests romantic partners can influence attachment styles for other relationships, acting as a proxy for the primary caregiver attachment. However, early caregiver attachment remains stable over time.
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![Comparing Attachment Patterns in Relationships Involving Primary Caregivers, Friends, and Romantic Partners University of Texas at San Antonio Psychology Department . Jarryd T. Willis B.A., Robert W. Fuhrman Ph.D., Jaclynn B. Prince B.A., Kimberly D. Smith M.S. ABSTRACT Our study compared attachment styles of college-aged participants (n= 294) across four types of intimate relationships. Attachment scores for primary caregivers were more predictive of attachment patterns for romantic partners and same-sex friends when individuals were romantically-involved and more predictive of attachment patterns for cross-sex friends when individuals were single. INTRODUCTION Attachment theory posits that early childhood experiences with one’s primary caregiver creates an enduring pattern of interaction within future relationships. Essentially, early parent-child interactions form a prototypic attachment template whereby an individual develops one of three attachment styles (secure, avoidant, preoccupied). Research from the last decade, however, suggests that people develop differential patterns of interaction for each member of their social network (Overall, Fletcher, & Frissen, 2003). Relational schemas are organized hierarchically for different members of one’s interactive network causing attachment styles to vary across relationships (La Guardia, Ryan, Couchman, & Deci, 2000). Furthermore, Eastwick and Finkel (2008) found that partner-specific attachment preoccupation had large positive correlations with both safe haven and secure base behaviors. Basically, potential lovers begin to encourage attachment behaviors that tend to be reserved for one’s primary caregiver. While research has demonstrated differential attachment patterns across relationships, research has yet to examine the role of one’s prototypic caregiver attachment in this paradigm. This study extends previous research by: investigating how romantic involvement influences the attachment symmetry between one’s prototypic caregiver attachment and attachment to cross-sex and same-sex friends. This study extends previous work by examining if the attachment prototype will determine attachment across relationships regardless of romantic partner-specific effects. Hypotheses are as follows: (1) Attachment avoidance and preoccupation for romantic partners will deviate from prototypic caregiver attachment. (2) The symmetry of attachment preoccupation between an individual’s friends and their primary caregiver will differ based on romantic status. (3) For attachment avoidance, the symmetry between an individual’s friends and their caregiver will differ based on romantic status. (4) Prototypic caregiver attachment will not deviate regardless of romantic status. METHODS Two hundred ninety-four college-aged students (183 females) of age 18 or older participated in the study. All participants completed self-report measures for their primary caregiver, as well as one of three relationship categories. To control for order, the caregiver- romantic partner (101 subjects), caregiver-cross-sex friend (97), and caregiver-same-sex friend (96) questionnaires were all counterbalanced. Measures Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) (Fraley et al., 2000). The pronoun for each attachment figure was changed across the four 36-item ECR-R measures. Using MPlus 5.21, the ECR-R two factor solution was found to demonstrate the best factor structure for the caregiver, 2 (559) = 1275.89, p < .001, CFI = .836, TLI = .815, RMSEA = .073 (90% CI = .068-.079, SRMS = .052). RESULTS Caregiver attachment was compared to attachment to other figures using a 3 (relationship type) x 2 (romantic status) repeated measures analysis of variance, and the ECR-R subscales were rotated as dependent measures. Preoccupation An analysis of the caregiver with romantic partners found a significant difference in attachment ambivalence, F (1, 88) = 5.321, 2 = .06, p = .023. Preoccupation for the romantic partner ( M = 41.68) was greater than it was for the caregiver ( M = 36.91). Attachment ambivalence did not differ for cross-sex friends and caregivers within romantically involved individuals; however, it DID differ within single individuals, F (1, 37) = 7.469, 2 = .17, p = .01. Single individuals were much more preoccupied with their cross-sex friends ( M = 50.68) than their caregivers ( M = 39.76). Attachment ambivalence for caregivers and same-sex friends was found to differ significantly within romantically involved individuals, F (1, 46) = 4.918, 2 =.097, p = .032. Individuals displayed less preoccupation for their same-sex friends ( M = 34.02) than for their caregivers ( M = 39.77). Ambivalence for caregivers and same-sex friends did not differ within single individuals. Avoidance An analysis of the caregiver with romantic partners found a significant difference in attachment avoidance, F (1, 80) = 20.378, 2 = .2, p < .001. Avoidance for the caregiver ( M = 49.47) was greater than it was for the romantic partner ( M = 38.37). Similar to ambivalence, attachment avoidance did not differ for cross-sex friends and caregivers within romantically involved individuals; it remained significantly different, however, within single individuals, F (1, 33) = 5.757, 2 = .15, p = .02. Single individuals indicated more attachment avoidance towards their caregiver ( M = 56.82) than their cross-sex friends ( M = 47). Attachment avoidance scores for caregivers and same-sex friends differed significantly within romantically involved individuals, F (1, 40) = 8.708, 2 =.18, p = .005. Individuals displayed more avoidance for their caregivers ( M = 52.39) than for their same-sex friends ( M = 39.85). Similar to ambivalence, attachment avoidance for caregivers and same-sex friends did not differ within single individuals. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Presented at 2010 APS Conference ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Department of Psychology Department of Psychology](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/comparingattachmentpatternsacrossrelationships-110328235757-phpapp02/85/Comparing-attachment-patterns-across-relationships-1-320.jpg)
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2) Results showed that maladaptive coping behaviors like substance use and disengaging were associated with a lower likelihood of reporting harassment, while adaptive behaviors like seeking support and planning were associated with a higher likelihood.
3) Secure attachment styles also tended to correlate with a higher reported likelihood of reporting harassment compared to insecure styles, though the difference was small due to sample size limitations.
Crimson Publishers-How Well Do You Know Your Best Friend?
How Well Do You Know Your Best Friend? by Samantha Smith*, Kyle Lange, Simi Prasad and Justin Jungé in Psychology and Psychotherapy Research Study
Amanda Tom Final ID Paper
The study examined the relationship between permissive sexual attitudes and engaging in casual sexual relationships and experiences (CSREs). It also looked at whether identity confusion moderated this relationship. Logistic regression analysis found that more permissive sexual attitudes were associated with a higher likelihood of engaging in CSREs. However, identity confusion did not predict or moderate this relationship. The findings suggest that external factors may be more influential on casual sexual behavior than internal identity factors.
Donna Garcia CV 2015
D. M.
This curriculum vitae summarizes Donna M. Garcia's education and professional experience. She received her Ph.D. in Social Psychology from the University of Kansas in 2006. She is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology at California State University, San Bernardino. Her research focuses on how social inequality impacts human functioning, well-being, and health outcomes. She has published numerous peer-reviewed articles and book chapters on these topics.
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Crimson Publishers-How Well Do You Know Your Best Friend?
Crimson Publishers-How Well Do You Know Your Best Friend?
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Parent-child relationships and interactions with peers influence adult relationships. Bowlby's concept of internal working models suggests that early attachment styles shape expectations and behaviors in later relationships. However, research also shows that attachment styles can change based on current relationships and significant life experiences. While early experiences impact adult relationships, it is not deterministic, as individuals can go on to have happy relationships despite early insecurity. Interactions with peers also impact views of self and approaches to relationships, though experiences differ between genders. Some studies find adolescent relationships can affect adult ones, but not all research agrees on this.
Article Summary Table – Template2Full Refe.docx
Article Summary Table – Template 2
Full Reference
Research Question(s)
Sample
Method
Data
Findings
Evaluation
Smetana, J. G., & Gettman, D. C. (2006). Autonomy and relatedness with parents and romantic development in African American adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 42(6), 1347-1351. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.6.1347
1. Less autonomy and more relatedness in early adolescence would lead to later starting of romantic relationships and better quality romantic relationships, including more supportive and less negative romantic relationships during late adolescence.
2. Early adolescents with high levels of relatedness to parents and low to moderate levels of autonomy in family decision making would report later starting of romantic careers and more positive romantic relationships five years later than would other youth.
The study sample involved seventy-six middle-class adolescents (half female, half male) of the African American race of the final wave of the study. These adolescents were in various phases of their lives with some in their junior or senior year of high school, some in the process of enrolling in college, some already enrolled in college, some employed, and some in the military. It is important to note that nearly one hundred percent of these adolescents described themselves as being single. With the middle-class parents who were included, majority of them had some college instruction, over half grossed over seventy thousand dollars a year, and about half were in steady marriages for longer than the time the study was conducted.
This research was a qualitative method because it gave a thorough understanding of the research topic; it used the population’s point of view; and it focused on the opinions and behaviors of the population.
There were three waves. For the first wave, an interview was given. Wave three involved questionnaires five years after the first wave. No information was specified about wave two.
Data collected focused on autonomy and relatedness on different levels. Measures that were used during research included interviews and questionnaires/surveys. The type of data that was collected within the interview was the evaluation of autonomy and relatedness. There were numerous questionnaires/surveys given to the subjects.
Those that were used included a scale for family decision making for the autonomy aspect of research, the Trust and Communication subscales of the Parent-Peer Attachment Inventory, the Romantic History Survey, and the Network of Relationships Inventory.
The scale that was used for family decision making assessed just that. The Trust and Communication subscales of the Parent-Peer Attachment Inventory measured closeness and connection to parents. The Romantic History Survey determined romantic involvement. The Network of Relationships Inventory calculated positive social support and undesirable interactions.
The authors Smetana and Gettman (2006) clarified their results in a cl.
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Personal relationships
Relationships are essential to human survival and development, as through our interactions with others we learn social and emotional skills. The type of attachment we form with our parents can influence the relationships we have later in life, with secure attachments laying the foundation for healthy relationships. Physical attraction is driven by hormones and genetics, while love involves intimacy, passion, and commitment, and healthy relationships require mutual respect, trust, and integrity.
Megan Busch_USRC Submission
This document summarizes research on the relationship between college-aged youngest siblings and their older siblings. It reviewed literature showing that birth order impacts how siblings interact and the roles they take on. Research found that youngest siblings often feel closer to their mothers than other siblings and value support from their older siblings. The purpose of the study was to understand how these relationships change as siblings age by interviewing college students about their relationships with older siblings.
Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms and the Tightknittedness” o.docx
Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms and the “Tightknittedness” of
Friendship Groups
Sonja E. Siennick and Mayra Picon
Florida State University
Adolescents with depression have lower peer status overall, but tend to befriend each other. We examined the
“tightknittedness” of their friendship groups by testing whether adolescent friendship groups’ average levels of or vari-
ability in internalizing symptoms predict group cohesiveness. We used four waves (9th–12th grades) of survey and
social network data on 3,013 friendship groups from the PROmoting School-Community-University Partnerships to
Enhance Resilience study. Friendship groups with higher average depressive symptoms were less cohesive; groups
with higher average anxiety symptoms had greater reciprocity. Groups with greater variability in depressive symptoms
had greater density; variability in anxiety symptoms was not consistently associated with cohesion. The friendship
groups of depressed adolescents appear less cohesive than the “typical” adolescent friendship group.
When compared with their peers, adolescents with
more depressive symptoms have fewer friends,
have less stable friendships, and are more often
victimized and rejected by their peers (Chan &
Poulin, 2009; Kochel, Ladd, & Rudolph, 2012; Rose
et al., 2011; Stice, Ragan, & Randall, 2004). Yet
depressive symptoms also are a basis for friend-
ship formation, such that adolescents experiencing
these symptoms tend to be friends with each other
(Cheadle & Goosby, 2012; Hogue & Steinberg,
1995; Schaefer, Kornienko, & Fox, 2011). This
means that even if they have lower status in their
larger peer networks, many adolescents with
depressive symptoms do have friends, and those
friends often have depressive symptoms them-
selves. Thus many youth with depressive symp-
toms are likely embedded in friendship groups of
adolescents with similar symptoms. Yet we do not
know whether these friendship groups are as cohe-
sive as the groups formed by youth without
depressive symptoms, or whether they are
structurally weaker and thus not comparable sub-
stitutes, at least in terms of cohesion, for typical
friendship groups. Most studies of depressive
symptoms and peer networks have focused on
dyadic interactions or on individual adolescents’
status within entire social networks, rather than on
friendship groups.
This study examined whether friendship groups
comprised of adolescents with more depressive
symptoms are smaller and “looser,” or less tight-
knit, than groups characterized by fewer depres-
sive symptoms. It also examined whether groups
whose members vary more in their levels of
depressive symptoms are smaller and less tight-
knit. Finally, it distinguished between symptoms of
depression and symptoms of anxiety, which stud-
ies suggest may have opposite effects on friendship
cohesion (Rose et al., 2011). To our knowledge, this
is the first paper to describe the internal cohesive-
ness of friendship groups with members who have
varying.
Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms and the Tightknittedness” o.docx
Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms and the “Tightknittedness” of
Friendship Groups
Sonja E. Siennick and Mayra Picon
Florida State University
Adolescents with depression have lower peer status overall, but tend to befriend each other. We examined the
“tightknittedness” of their friendship groups by testing whether adolescent friendship groups’ average levels of or vari-
ability in internalizing symptoms predict group cohesiveness. We used four waves (9th–12th grades) of survey and
social network data on 3,013 friendship groups from the PROmoting School-Community-University Partnerships to
Enhance Resilience study. Friendship groups with higher average depressive symptoms were less cohesive; groups
with higher average anxiety symptoms had greater reciprocity. Groups with greater variability in depressive symptoms
had greater density; variability in anxiety symptoms was not consistently associated with cohesion. The friendship
groups of depressed adolescents appear less cohesive than the “typical” adolescent friendship group.
When compared with their peers, adolescents with
more depressive symptoms have fewer friends,
have less stable friendships, and are more often
victimized and rejected by their peers (Chan &
Poulin, 2009; Kochel, Ladd, & Rudolph, 2012; Rose
et al., 2011; Stice, Ragan, & Randall, 2004). Yet
depressive symptoms also are a basis for friend-
ship formation, such that adolescents experiencing
these symptoms tend to be friends with each other
(Cheadle & Goosby, 2012; Hogue & Steinberg,
1995; Schaefer, Kornienko, & Fox, 2011). This
means that even if they have lower status in their
larger peer networks, many adolescents with
depressive symptoms do have friends, and those
friends often have depressive symptoms them-
selves. Thus many youth with depressive symp-
toms are likely embedded in friendship groups of
adolescents with similar symptoms. Yet we do not
know whether these friendship groups are as cohe-
sive as the groups formed by youth without
depressive symptoms, or whether they are
structurally weaker and thus not comparable sub-
stitutes, at least in terms of cohesion, for typical
friendship groups. Most studies of depressive
symptoms and peer networks have focused on
dyadic interactions or on individual adolescents’
status within entire social networks, rather than on
friendship groups.
This study examined whether friendship groups
comprised of adolescents with more depressive
symptoms are smaller and “looser,” or less tight-
knit, than groups characterized by fewer depres-
sive symptoms. It also examined whether groups
whose members vary more in their levels of
depressive symptoms are smaller and less tight-
knit. Finally, it distinguished between symptoms of
depression and symptoms of anxiety, which stud-
ies suggest may have opposite effects on friendship
cohesion (Rose et al., 2011). To our knowledge, this
is the first paper to describe the internal cohesive-
ness of friendship groups with members who have
varying.
Can You See How Happy We Are? Facebook Images and Relationship Satisfaction
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3) Study 2 was a longitudinal study that found greater relationship satisfaction and closeness at an initial time point predicted a greater tendency to post dyadic profile pictures over the course of a year.
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providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
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