COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM MODELS

Coverage/Scope of the Subject:
1. Concept of Globalization to Police Service
2. Transnational Crime
3. Selected Police Models
4. Role of INTERPOL
5. Bilateral International Cooperation of
Transnational Crime
6. Participation of PNP Personnel in UN
Peacekeeping Missions

Definition of terms
• Globalization – a process by which
regional economies, societies,
cultures have become integrated
through a global network of
communication, transportation and
trade.

• Global Policing – indicate those forms of
policing that are fully global in scope.
• International Policing – indicate those
types of policing that are formally directed
by institutions usually responsible for
international affairs.
• Transnational Policing – pertains to all
forms of policing that transgress national
borders.

• Transnational Crime – refers to crime that takes place
across national borders.
• Terrorism – the unlawful use of force or violence
against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a
government, the civilian population, or any segment
thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
(FBI, 1997)
 Premeditated, politically motivated violence
perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-
national groups or clandestine agents, usually
intended to influence an audience. (US Dept. of State)

• Drug Trafficking – is the illegal production
and distribution of controlled substances.
• Money Laundering – is the method by
which criminals disguise the illegal origins
of their wealth and protect their assets
bases, so as to avoid the suspicion of law
enforcement agencies and prevent leaving
a trail of incriminating evidence.

• Human Trafficking – recruitment,
transportation, transfer, harbouring or
receipt of persons, by means of threat or
use of force or other forms of coercion, of
abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the
abuse of power or of a position of
vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of
payments or benefits to achieve the
consent of a person having control over
another person, for the purpose of
exploitation.

• Cybercrime – refers to all the activities
done with criminal intent in
cyberspace.
• INTERPOL – International Criminal
Police Organization is an organization
facilitating international police
cooperation.

TERRORISM
 Define as the unlawful use of force or
violence against persons or property to
intimidate or coerce a government, the
civilian population, or any segment
thereof, in furtherance of political or
social objectives (FBI, 1997)

 The term terrorism comes from
French terrorisme, from Latin:
“terror”, “great fear”, “dread”, related
to the Latin verb “terrere”, “to
frighten”.
 The use of the word first appeared in
January 1795 in The Times.

Characteristics of terrorism
• Premeditated or Planned
• Politically motivated
• Aimed at civilians
• Carried out by sub-national groups

Typology of terrorism
• Nationalist Terrorism – seek to form a separate state of
their own and frequently depict their activities as a fight
for liberation.
• Religious Terrorism – pursue their own vision of the divine
will and use violence intended to bring about social and
cultural changes
• State-sponsored Terrorism – deliberately used by radical
states as foreign policy tools

• Left-wing Terrorism – seek to destroy
economies based on free enterprise and to
replace them with socialist or communist
economic systems.
• Right-wing Terrorism – motivated by fascist
ideals and work toward the dissolution of
democratic governments.
• Anarchist Terrorism – are revolutionaries who
seek to overthrow all established forms of
government.

• Domestic Terrorism – refers to the unlawful
use of force or violence by a group or an
individual who is based and operates within a
state.
• International Terrorism – is the unlawful use
of force or violence by a group or an
individual who has connection to a foreign
power or whose activities transcend national
boundaries against person or property to
intimidate or coerce a government.

• Cyber-terrorism – is a form of terrorism that
makes use of high technology – especially
computers, the Internet and the World Wide
Web – in the planning and carrying out of
terrorist attacks.

COUNTERTERRORISM
• Refers to the practices, tactics and
strategies that governments,
militaries and other groups adopt in
order to fight terrorism.

UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA’S NATIONAL
COUNTERTERRORISM
CENTER (NCTC)

• Established by Presidential Executive Order
13354 in August 2004 and codified by the
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism
Prevention Act of 2004.

PHILIPPINE CENTER
ON TRANSNATIONAL
CRIME (PCTC)

• Created on January 15, 1999 by Executive
Order No. 62 under the Office of the President
to formulate and implement a concerted of
action of all law enforcement, intelligence and
other government agencies for the prevention
and control of transnational crime.

REPUBLIC ACT NUMBER 9372
“HUMAN SECURITY ACT OF 2007”

• Signed into law by Pres. Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo and effective on July
2007, officially aimed at tackling
militants in the Southern Philippines,
including Abu Sayyaf Group, which has
links to Al-Qaeda and has been blamed
for bombings and kidnappings in the
region.

DRUG TRAFFICKING
• Drug Trafficking is the illegal
cultivation, culture, delivery,
administration, dispensation,
manufacture, sale, trading,
transportation, distribution,
importation, exportation and
possession of any dangerous drug
and/or controlled precursor and
essential chemical.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
• The world’s largest market for illegal drugs.
• Marijuana, Cocaine and Heroin
 The most heavily abused drugs
Methamphetamine
 The cause of the fastest-growing drug problem in
the United States.

DRUG ENFORCEMENT
ADMINISTRATION (DEA)
• The Federal Agency responsible for
controlling the spread of illegal drugs
in the United States and abroad.

PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT
AGENCY (PDEA)
• Created through Republic Act No. 9165
“Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002”
under the Dangerous Drugs Board.
• PDEA is under the Office of the President

SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGION
• Considered as a “hot spot” in relation to the drug
trade.
• China – leading producer of opium poppy
• The “Golden Triangle” – manufactures opium and
heroin.

MONEY LAUNDERING
• Is the method by which criminals
disguise the illegal origins of their
wealth and protect their asset bases.

BRIEF HISTORY
• The term “money laundering” originated
from Mafia ownership of Laundromats in
the United States.
• The first use of the term “money
laundering” was during the Watergate
Scandal 1973 in United States.

REPUBLIC ACT NUMBER 9160, as
amended by REPUBLIC ACT
NUMBER 9194
“ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING ACT OF
2001”

MONEY LAUNDERING
• Is a crime whereby the proceeds of an
unlawful activity as herein defined are
transacted, thereby making them appear to
have originated from legitimate sources.

ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING COUNCIL
• Financial intelligence unit in the
Philippines that conducts
investigations on suspicious
transactions.

HUMAN TRAFFICKING
• A crime against humanity.
• It involves an act of recruiting,
transporting, transferring, harboring or
receiving a person through the use of
force, coercion or other means, for the
purpose of exploiting them.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING
1. The Act (What is done)
 recruitment, transportation, transfer,
harbouring or receipt of persons

2. The Means (How it is done)
 Threat or use of force, coercion,
abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of
power or vulnerability, or giving
payments or benefits to a person in
control of the victim

3. The Purpose (Why it is done)
 For the purpose of exploitation,
which includes exploiting the
prostitution of others, sexual
exploitation, forced labor, slavery or
similar practices and the removal of
organs.

CYBER CRIMES
• Refers to all activities done with criminal intent in
the cyberspace.
• Crimes committed with the use of Information
Technology, where computer, network, internet is
the target and where the internet is the place of
activity.

HACKING
• The act of illegally accessing the computer
system/network of an individual, group or
business enterprise without the consent or
approval of the owner of the system.

CRACKING
• A higher form of hacking in which the
unauthorized access culminates with the
process of defeating the security system for
the purpose of acquiring money or
information and/or availing of free services.

MALICIOUS SENDING OF E-MAILS
• Sending of malicious and defamatory
electronic mails as a medium of extorting
money, or threatening prospective victims.

INTERNET PORNOGRAPHY
• Trafficking, distribution, posting and
dissemination of obscene material including
children’s nude pictures, indecent exposure
and child sex slavery posted into the
internet, live streaming videos aired
through the internet under a certain fee.

LAUNCHING OF HARMFUL VIRUSES
DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS (DDOS)
WEBSITE DEFACEMENT
 The unauthorized modification of a website.
ACQUIRING CREDIT CARD INFORMATION FROM A
WEBSITE THAT OFFERS E-SERVICES

INTERNET SHOPPING USING FRAUDULENTLY
ACQUIRED CREDIT CARDS
WIRE TRANSFER OF FUNDS FROM A
FRAUDULENTLY ACQUIRED CREDIT CARD
ONLINE AUCTION FRAUD

National Public Safety
Commission

• An administrative commission
operating on the basis of liaison and
coordination with the Cabinet, the
National Public Safety Commission is a
government body responsible for the
administrative supervision of the
police.

The National Public Safety Commission is
composed of the Chairman and five
members. A minister in the Cabinet is
appointed as the chairman of the
Commission. The chairman presides over
Commission meetings and also
supervises matters relating to the
operation of the Commission.

• The head of the NPA is the Commissioner
General who is appointed and dismissed by
the National Public Safety Commission with
the consent of the Prime Minister.

• Under control of the National Public Safety
Commission, the Commissioner-General
administers the tasks of the NPA, appoints
and dismisses Agency employees, and
supervises and controls the prefectural
police regarding the affairs under the
jurisdiction of the Agency.

• Keishi-sokan (Superintendent General of the
Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department),
• Keishi-kan (Superintendent Supervisor),
• Keishi-cho (Chief Superintendent),
• Keishi-sei (Senior Superintendent),

• Keishi (Superintendent),
• Keibu (Police Inspector),
• Keibu-ho (Assistant Police Inspector),
• Junsa-bucho (Police Sergeant)
• Junsa (Policeman).

• The main agency tasked with
maintaining law and order in
the city-state.
• Formerly known as the
Republic of Singapore Police

• CP - Commissioner of Police
• DC - Deputy Commissioner of Police
• SAC - Senior Assistant Commissioner of
Police
• DAC - Deputy Assistant Commissioner
of Police
• AC - Assistance Commissioner of
Police

• Supt - Superintendent
• DSP - Deputy Superintendent of
Police
• ASP - Assistant Superintendent of
Police
• SSI2 - Senior Station Inspector 2
• Insp. - Inspector
• SSI - Senior Station Inspector

• SI - Station Inspector
• SSS - Senior Staff Sergeant
• SS - Staff Sergeant
• Sgt - Sergeant
• Cpl - Corporal
• PC - Police Constable

• A ministry of the Government of
Singapore responsible for public safety,
civil defense and immigration.
• It is also known as the Home Team.
• It is headed by the Minister for Home
Affairs.

POLICE SYSTEM OF
OTHER
ASEAN COUNTRIES

• The national police of Thailand.
• Primary responsibility for the maintenance
of public order through enforcement of the
kingdom's laws
• Charged with performing police functions
throughout the entire country

• The official police force for Indonesia
• The police were formally separated from
the military in April 1999, a process which
was formally completed in July 2000 and
placed under the Office of the President.
• Has a centralized command and divided
into territorial forces

• In the early years, the Polri used European police
style ranks like inspector and commissioner. When
the police were included into the military structure
during the 1960s, the ranks changed to a military
style such as Captain, Major and Colonel. In the
year 2000, when the Polri conducted the transition
to a fully independent force out of the armed
forces 2000, they use British style police ranks like
Inspector and Superintendent. The Polri have
returned to Dutch style ranks just like in the early
years.

• Police General
> highest rank
• Second Police Brigadier
> lowest rank

• A main branch of security forces in Malaysia.
• The force is a centralized organization that has
a gamut of roles that ranges from traffic
control to intelligence.
• Our headquarters is located in Bukit Aman,
Kuala Lumpur.
• The Royal Malaysian Police force is led by an
Inspector-General of Police (IGP).
Royal Malaysian Police

Head of Police DEPARTMENT HIGHEST RANK LOWEST RANK
Police Chief Ministry of
Home Affairs
Inspector
General of
Police
Constable
Royal
Malaysian
Police
Ranks

Vietnam
2/1/2023 85
People’s Police of Vietnam
The law enforcement in Vietnam is called the Vietnam
People's Public Security. It is under command of the Ministry
of Public Security.
Vietnam People's Public Security is a part of Vietnam
People's Armed Forces, it includes two branches:
•Vietnam People's Police
•Vietnam People's Security Force

86
Public Security
Police General Police Sub -
Lieutenant
Highest Rank (Army Forces)
Đại Tướng (General)
Thượng Tướng (Senior Lieutenant General)
Trung Tướng (Lieutenant General)
Thiếu Tướng (Major General)
Middle-ranking and Low-ranking Officers
Đại Tá (Colonel)
Thượng Tá (Senior Lieutenant Colonel)
Trung Tá (Lieutenant Colonel)
Thiếu Tá (Major)
Đại Úy (Captain)
Thượng Úy (Senior Lieutenant)
Trung Úy (Lieutenant)
Thiếu Úy (Junior Lieutenant)

Myanmar (Burma)
Myanmar Police Force
2/1/2023 87
formally known as The People's Police Force, was
established in 1964 as independent department under
Ministry of Home Affairs. It was reorganized on 1 October
1995 and informally become part of Tatmadaw. Its
command structure is based on established civil
jurisdictions. Each of Myanmar's seven states and seven
divisions has their own Police Forces with headquarters in
the respective capital cities.

2/1/2023 88
Chief of Police Ministry of
Home Affairs
Police Major
General
Private
There are 7 State and 7 regional/divisional Police Forces and
three additional State/Division Police Forces commanded by Police
Colonels. Their jurisdictions are divided according to the Civil
Administration. The States and Regional, Additional States have the
same status. Each State and Regional/divisional Police Force consist
of four components.
1. Office of the Commander of the State and Divisional Police Force
2. Office of the Commander of the District Police Force
3. Office of the Commander of the Township Police Force
4. Police Stations

Cambodia
Cambodian Police Force
2/1/2023 89
The police are organized into six departments: 1. security, 2.
transport, 3. public order, 4. border, 5. administrative, and 5.
judicial. While the judicial police are meant to function under
the prosecutor-general's office.
Interior
Brigadier
General
Officer Cadet

2/1/2023 90
GENERAL (STARED)
Brigadier General
Major General
General Lieutenant
HIGH COMMISSIONER (STRIPED)
Major
Lieutenant Colonel
Colonel
Second Lieutenant
First Lieutenant
CAPTAIN
(NON-STRIPED)
Staff Sergeant
First Sergeant
Command Sergeant Major
Warrant Officer
Chief Warrant Officer
Officer Cadet
Cambodian Police Force Ranks

LAO People’s Democratic Republic
2/1/2023 91
Chief LAO Police
Force
Ministry of
Public Security
General Constable
LAO Police Force

Brunei Darussalam
2/1/2023 92
Commissioner Ministry of
Home Affairs
Inspector
General of
Police
Constable
Royal Brunei Police Force

AUSTRALIA
 Australian Federal Police (AFP)
 Home Affairs Ministry
 Federal Agent – lowest rank
 Chief Police Officer – highest rank

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
 US Federal Police
 Department of Justice
 Federal Police – lowest rank
 Police Chief – highest rank

FRANCE
 Police Nationale
 Ministry of the Interior
 Gardien de la Paix stagiaire – lowest rank
 Directeur des Services Actifs – highest rank

BELGIUM
 Belgian Police
 Belgian Government
 Auxillary Police Officer – lowest rank
 Chief Police Commissioner – highest
rank

LONDON
 City of London Police
 Metropolitan Police Service
 Police Constable – lowest rank
 Police Commissioner – highest rank

PHILIPPINES
 Philippine National Police
 Department of the Interior and Local
Government (DILG)
 Police Officer I – lowest rank
 Police Director General – highest rank

UN STRUCTURE
2/1/2023 100
JURGEN STOCK
193 MEMBERS

SECURITY COUNCIL
Under the United Nations Charter, the functions
and powers of the Security Council are:
• to maintain international peace and security
in accordance with the principles and
purposes of the United Nations;
• to investigate any dispute or situation which
might lead to international friction;
2/1/2023 101

• to recommend methods of adjusting such
disputes or the terms of settlement;
• to formulate plans for the establishment of a
system to regulate armaments;
• to determine the existence of a threat to the
peace or act of aggression and to recommend
what action should be taken;
2/1/2023 102

• to call on Members to apply economic sanctions
and other measures not involving the use of
force to prevent or stop aggression;
• to take military action against an aggressor; to
recommend the admission of new Members;
• to exercise the trusteeship functions of the
United Nations in "strategic areas";
• to recommend to the General Assembly the
appointment of the Secretary-General and,
together with the Assembly, to elect the Judges
of the International Court of Justice.
2/1/2023 103

CURRENT MEMBERS
• The Council is composed of 15
Members:
• five permanent members: China,
France, Russian Federation, the United
Kingdom, and the United States,
2/1/2023 104

• and ten non-permanent members elected
for two-year terms by the General Assembly
(with end of term date): Angola (2016)
• Chad (2015)
• Chile (2015)
• Jordan (2015)
• Lithuania (2015)
• Malaysia (2016)
• New Zealand (2016)
• Nigeria (2015)
• Spain (2016)
• Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) (2016)
2/1/2023 105

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE
ORGANIZATION (ICPO)
 An organization facilitating international police
cooperation.
 Established as International Criminal Police
Commission in 1923.
 190 member countries
 Headquarters: Lyon, France

GENERAL ASSEMBLY
• INTERPOL’s supreme governing body, it meets
annually and comprises delegates appointed by
each member country. The assembly takes all
important decisions related to policy, resources,
working methods, finances, activities and
programs.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
• this 13-member committee is elected by
the General Assembly, and comprises the
president, three vice-presidents and nine
delegates covering the four regions.

GENERAL SECRETARIAT
• located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates
24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the
Secretary General. Officials from more than 80 countries
work side-by-side in any of the Organization’s four
official languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish.
The Secretariat has seven regional offices across the
world; in Argentina, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, El
Salvador, Kenya, Thailand and Zimbabwe, along with
Special Representatives at the United Nations in New
York and at the European Union in Brussels.

NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAUS (NCB)
• Each INTERPOL member country maintains a
National Central Bureau staffed by national law
enforcement officers. The NCB is the designated
contact point for the General Secretariat,
regional offices and other member countries
requiring assistance with overseas investigations
and the location and apprehension of fugitives.

ADVISERS
• these are experts in a purely advisory
capacity, who may be appointed by
the Executive Committee and
confirmed by the General Assembly.

COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF
INTERPOL’S FILES (CCF)
• this is an independent body whose mandate is
threefold: (1) to ensure that the processing of
personal information by INTERPOL complies
with the Organization's regulations, (2) to
advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set
of rules or other matter involving the
processing of personal information and (3) to
process requests concerning the information
contained in INTERPOL's files.

CORE FUNCTIONS
1. Secure global police communication services
 INTERPOL’s global police communications system,
known as I-24/7, enables police in all member
countries to request, submit and access vital data
instantly in a secure environment.

2. Operational data services and databases
for police
 Member countries have direct and
immediate access to a wide range of
databases including information on known
criminals, fingerprints, DNA profiles and
stolen or lost travel documents. INTERPOL
also disseminates critical crime-related data
through a system of international notices.

3. Operational police support services
 INTERPOL provides law enforcement officials in
the field with emergency support and
operational activities, especially in its priority
crime areas. A Command and Co-ordination
Centre operates 24 hours a day, seven days a
week and can deploy an Incident Response
Team to the scene of a serious crime or
disaster.

4. Police training and development
 INTERPOL provides focused police training
initiatives with the aim of enhancing the
capacity of member countries to effectively
combat transnational crime and terrorism. This
includes sharing knowledge, skills and best
practices in policing and establishing global
standards.

CONVENTION AGAINST
TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED
CRIME

 United Nations-sponsored multilateral treaty
against transnational organized crime, adopted
in 2000.
 It is also called the PALERMO CONVETION.
• Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish
Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and
Children
• Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by
Land, Sea and Air.

ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST
ASIAN NATIONS CHIEFS OF
NATIONAL POLICE
(ASEANAPOL)

 PNP is a member of the ASEANAPOL.
 The ASEANAPOL deals with the preventive
enforcement and operational aspects of
cooperation against transnational crime.
 Actively involved in sharing knowledge and
expertise on policing, enforcement, law,
criminal justice, and transnational and
international crimes.

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM MODELS

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