Organic gardening utilizes natural methods like composting, companion planting, and pest control without chemicals. The document provides details on composting methods including types of bins and materials to use. It also discusses organic pest control techniques like trap cropping, diversity, and beneficial insect borders. Companion planting methods are explained, especially the "Three Sisters" method of growing corn, beans, and squash together for mutual benefit.

1. Organic Gardening
Informational Packet
June 10, 2008
Draft

2. What is Organic Gardening?
Organic gardening is natural gardening where fruit, flowers and vegetables are grown
without the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides.
Northwest Park Demonstration Garden utilizes organic gardening practices.
Here are some of the organic gardening practices that are used in the Demonstration
Garden.
i. Compost to enrich the soil: Composting is a natural biological process where
bacteria, fungi and other organisms decompose organic materials such as leaves,
grass clippings and food wastes. Add compost to the garden in the Fall.
ii. Use natural fertilizers: Add well-decomposed farm animal manures such as cow,
horse and chicken in the Fall.
iii. Apply natural pest controls: Plant beneficial borders of plants that attract
beneficial insects. Flowering plants such as marigolds, cornflower, bachelor’s
button, sweet alyssum and yarrow have a high concentration of pollen and nectar,
which attracts many beneficial insects.
iv. Plant using “companion planting” methods: Companion planting is the practice of
planting two or more species in close proximity in order to achieve natural
methods of pest control and higher yield crops.
v. Plant for disease prevention: Plant a variety of species (polyculture) to avoid a
population explosion to pest explosion of pest insects. Use disease resistant
plants. Water the garden and allow the top level of soil to dry before watering
again.

3. Composting
Composting is a natural biological process where bacteria, fungi and other organisms
decompose organic materials such as leaves, grass clippings and food wastes. Compost
should be “turned” or mixed regularly to speed up the composting process and keep odor
down.
Compost Location
A compost bin should be placed on level ground with well drained soil underneath. Any
location, from full sun to total shade will work. Full sun works in cooler climates to
enhance composting. The opening of the bin, if it loads from the side, should face south.
A compost bin should be placed close to the garden to limit the amount of hauling
needed, and close to a source of water for faster composting.
Composting Bins
There are many types of composting bins that can be used. Many bins can be hand made
or purchased. Pressure treated wood should be avoided due to the possible presence of
toxins that could leech into the compost and on to your plants. If metal barrels are used
they should be placed on top of cement blocks to prevent the bottom of the barrel rotting
out.
Here are some great examples:
i. The “Tea Kettle”
a. Use a well cleaned 55 gallon drum or a large barrel like a heavy duty trash
barrel. Elevated the drum off the ground and fill about ¼ with compost or
manure and add water to within 1 foot of the top of the drum. Use a bucket
to dip in a remove the brew. Stir occasionally and add more water as the
“tea” is used. When the “tea” starts to get weak, dump out the remaining
sludge and start again. If dumping the barrel is too heavy, place the
manure or compost in a burlap bag and tie the end to the top of the barrel.
This method makes it easy to change out and add fresh ingredients. Make
sure to place a cover on the barrel to prevent mosquitoes from reproducing
in the “tea”.
ii. The three-bin system
a. The three-bin system is basically a box with three sections. This system is
great for creating compost fast, but does require some work. The building
instructions can be found at the end of this packet. Start off by adding yard
waste to one of the end bins, add “green” materials such as grass clippings
or other fresh plant waste and “brown” materials such as dried leaves,
wood chips or shredded branches. Kitchen scraps can also be added as
“green” material. Add in a layer of soil to introduce microorganisms and
start the composting process. The temperature of the pile should be
monitored and can be measured using a compost thermometer. When the
temperature at the center of the pile reaches 140-150ºF, turn the pile into
the center bin. When the temperature of the pile in the center bin has
reached around 150ºF, turn the pile into the last end bin and leave it there
until it is ready to be used.

4. iii. Turning Unit
a. This type of system can be purchased or hand made. A barrel, horizontally
mounted with holes drilled in the sides to allow air flow, is turned to
accelerate the composting process. A substantial amount of labor is
required, but it results in fast composting yard waste.
iv. Holding Unit
a. This is one of the easiest forms to create compost. Most holding units can
be purchased and it simply needs to be filled with ready to compost
material. If the contents are turned regularly compost can be ready in a
few months, other wise patience may be needed in waiting for the compost
to be ready.
v. Heaps
a. This has to be one of the most primitive forms of composting. Simply
select and area to pile up what is ready to decompose. A heap 5 feet wide
and 3 feet tall is perfect for creating the appropriate environment. Table
scraps should be avoided from this type of pile because it may attract
pests.
Compost Friendly Material
Obviously organic material is needed and some soil to add microorganisms to the mix.
The materials in the compost bin should be layered. Brown layers consist of hay, straw or
old leaves. Green layers consist of grass clippings, manure or table scraps. Don’t forget to
add some soil. Two days after layering mix the pile together. Make sure to cover the pile
to keep out animals and extra moisture. Mix the pile regularly until the compost is ready.
Here is a list of what can go into a compost pile:
• Hay, straw or pine needles
• Leaves
• Kitchen scraps such as egg shells, old bread, vegetable and fruit scraps
• Animal manure such as cow, horse or rabbit
• Old vegetables, flowers or trimmings from trees and shrubs
• Sawdust
• Wood chips
• Black and white shredded newspaper
Here is a list of what should stay out of a compost pile:
• Animal bones, meat, fish or diary products
• Grease and oils
• Sewage sludge
• Chicken, dog, cat, pig or human manure
• Whole logs or branches (they may take too long to break down)
• Diseased or insect infested garden plants
• Left over charcoal briquettes
• Colored newspaper
• Weeds or tough-to-stop spreading plants
• Seeds
• Herbicide-treated grass clippings or weeds

5. Availability
Compost that is ready resembles black, fluffy soil and has a sweet, “earthy” smell.
Compost should be used within a few months of being ready, the longer it is kept the
more nutrients decompose and leach away. Soil texture-improving qualities will diminish
the longer it is kept as well.
Application
Compost is used not as a fertilizer but to enrich the soil. In the Fall, large amounts of
compost can be tilled into the ground or simply placed on top. Compost can also be
applied just prior to or while planting. Compost can be shoveled into planning holes to
help plants thrive. Screened composed can be used to mix into a seed bed, cover fine
seeds during planting, or used to top dress lawns in the Spring or Fall. Compost can be
added to potting soil at a ratio of 1:2 for a rich potting mix.

6. Pest Control
Some of the greatest methods of natural pest control can be the easiest and accomplished
in the beginning stages of planting a garden. To start off with a limited pest population,
large displays of one species of plant should be avoided. Instead smaller displays of pest
resistant varieties and companion planting methods should be used. Environmental
stresses, that can weaken plants defenses, should be limited whenever possible. The use
of naturally occurring plant species is best in controlling pest populations and disease. If
the naturally occurring plant is not the desired crop, plant according to any package
details. For example, sun-loving plants should not be planted in shady areas of the
garden. Plants need proper space and this information should be provided on any
packaging material. Watering should be done early in the morning, plants should be
watered deeply and the top layer of soil must be dry before watering is done again. The
introduction of natural predators to a garden can be a cost effective way of controlling
garden pests. Lady bugs and parasitic wasps can be amazingly effective in controlling
pest species such as aphids and caterpillars. Chemicals, although effective, should be
avoided altogether. Broad spectrum spraying of chemicals is environmentally unfriendly,
can be extremely toxic to the person spraying and may even kill the pests’ natural
enemies.
Integrated Pest Management or IPM is a method of controlling pests in an
economically and environmentally sound way. Many IPM programs rely on pesticides as
a last resort; in the organic garden this step is never taken and instead relies on natural
means of pest control. The four steps of Integrated Pest Management are as follows:
“Set Action Thresholds”
Before the garden is even planted an Action Threshold must be set, a point when
pest populations and environmental conditions indicate that action must be taken to
control pest populations. A single pest does not mean major action must be taken but
rather when a population reaches a point in which action must be taken to save the crop.
“Monitor and Identify Pests”
Not all pests or weeds require major control; many are naturally occurring and
may even be beneficial. Proper identification is essential so appropriate control can be
made in conjunction with action thresholds. This method can eliminate the possibility
that pesticides will be used when they are not need or that the wrong pesticide will be
used.
“Prevention”
This step takes one of the most important roles in any pest control program.
Preventing a pest population from exploding can be achieved by rotating between
different crops, planning pest and disease resistant varieties, companion planting and
planting pest free root stock. These controls are environmentally friendly and at low cost.

7. “Control”
Once a pest has been properly identified and action thresholds indicate that
control is required and preventative methods are not longer effective IPM programs are
used to evaluate the proper control method. Effective and less risky methods of pest
control are chosen first. Such methods include insect pheromones or hormone analogs to
disrupt mating, or mechanical control such as trap cropping, weeding or physically
removing the pest by hand.
Here are some great examples of environmentally friendly ways of pest control:
Trap Cropping
This method uses neighboring plants to attract pests away from the main crop.
Once the pest has taken up residence in a trap crop, the plant can be removed and should
be buried to kill the pest population residing on it.
Biochemical Pest Suppression
This method relies on the natural chemicals that plants exude to control plant
pests. Some plants exude chemicals from roots or aerial parts to suppress or repel pests
and protect neighboring plants. An example of this would be the use of African marigold
that releases thiopene, which is a nematode repellent.
Physical Spatial Interactions
This method employs the use of companion planting. Tall growing sun loving
plants can be planted with shade tolerate plants to establish a diverse canopy. An example
of this would be planting with the Three Sisters Method of corn, beans and squash to
create a diverse canopy that disorients the adult Squash Vine-borer. The prickly veins of
the squash plant may discourage raccoons from the corn.
Floating Row Cover
Although it may not be attractive, a row cover sometimes is the only defense
available to control pest damage short of chemical spraying. Row covers can be
purchased at any garden supply company.
Diversity
One of the best methods that can be used to distract and limit pests is to diversify
the garden. If a disease or pest destroyed one crop there are other plants to make up for
the lost crop yield.
Beneficial Border
This method relies on the planting of desirable environment for beneficial insects
and arthropods. A beneficial border consisting of wild flowers and low growing grasses
provide the shelter and energy from nectar needed for the beneficial insects to take up
residence and feed on garden pests. The end of this packet will contain a chart of great
plants for a beneficial border and their benefits.

8. Some of the biggest insect pests here at Northwest Park are squash bugs and the Mexican
bean beetle. Controlling these pests in an organic way can be very simple. First, before
the problem even arises, chose a variety of squash or bean that these insects tend to avoid.
Squash bugs prefer members of the Cucurbit family which includes cucumbers, yellow
summer and winter (Hubbard) squash, and pumpkins. Instead, of these vulnerable species
try butternut, royal acorn, zucchini or patty pan squash. The Mexican bean beetle eats the
leaves, stems and young pods of bean plants and prefers garden beans, cowpeas and
soybeans. Planting early with fast maturing verities and picking pods as soon as they
mature may help to reduce crop damage. Bush beans are slightly more resistant than pole
beans, snap beans and lima beans, which the insect seems to prefer.
If yellow squash or pole beans are an absolute must, and these horrible insects are an
established population like at Northwest Park, control methods must be taken into effect
before the crop is totally destroyed. Before the major destruction has taken place floating
row covers can be placed over the crop. These covers can be purchased at any garden
supply company, but they must be removed to allow pollination to occur which in turn
may let some of the bugs in. Companion planting methods can also be used to help
control an established population. Catnip, tansys, radishes, nasturtiums, marigolds, bee
balm and mint help to repel squash bugs when planted as a companion to squash. Dill,
parsely, sweet clover, fennel, buckwheat, golden rod, wild carrot and amaranth can act as
a trap crop for squash bugs. Once the plant is spent it should be tilled into the ground or
completely removed and burned or buried to eliminate over-wintering sites.
Other methods of natural control involve the use of natural enemies. Tachinid flies and a
parasitic wasp, Pediobius foveolatus, parasitize the Mexican bean beetle and squash bug.
They may not help with a current crop but will limit the amount of surviving pests for the
next growing season. Unfortunately the wasp, which is not native, cannot survive
northern winters and must be re-released each growing season.
Another major pest of Northwest Park’s garden is deer. Deer are wonderfully elegant and
beautiful creatures that can destroy an entire garden over night. The best way to avoid
deer damage short of a ten foot tall fence is to plant species that deer avoid.
Unfortunately, deer seem to love every plant that people rely on for vegetables and fruit.
The next best thing would be to try a deer repellent. Deer-Off is a repellent that can be
sprayed onto garden plants to give off an odor that is repulsive to deer but hard for
humans to smell. This repellent can be home made. Blend 2-3 eggs with one quart of
water, add this mixture to a container and add enough water to make one gallon of spray.
Spray on plants and watch the deer turn their heads. The noxious smell of rotting eggs is
enough to make the deer look elsewhere but is undetectable to humans.

9. Companion Planting
Companion planting is the practice of planting two or more plant species together to
achieve natural methods of pest control and higher yield crops. Companion planting can
be established with a number of different methods. In the Demonstration garden the
Three Sisters method will be used along with raised beds that also incorporate companion
planting methods. The end of this packet will contain a chart of crop plants and their
companions.
Three Sisters Method
The Three Sisters method of companion planting has been used for thousands of years
and is based on the Iroquois creation myth. Corn, beans and squash are grown together so
that each benefits the other. Corn, the tallest of the three, provides a natural pole for the
beans to climb. The beans are a legume plant (like peas and clover) and are able to fix
atmospheric nitrogen by the way of Rhizobium bacteria in nodules on the roots. Nitrogen
in the soil is essential for healthy plant growth, and the beans provide this nutrient. The
squash lies at the base and shades the ground for the other plants. This shading keeps
weeds from taking over and prevents the rapid loss of soil moisture. The spiny vines of
the squash plants also discourage predators from destroying the corn and beans.
To plant a Three Sisters garden mound, start in mid-spring in a sunny area. First weed
and remove large stones then form a mound three feet in diameter. Cover the mound with
a few inches of compost or well rotted manure and turn in the compost, the mound should
then be watered well. The planting starts in late spring. First the top of the mound should
be flattened and a small lip can be made in a ring around the fattened area to help with
water loss. Plant four corn seeds in a ring pattern in the center of the mound and water
well. The seeds should be one inch under and six inches apart. After the corn has grown
about ten inches mound up dirt about half way up the stalks, this will make the plant
steadier in the wind as it sends down more roots. Plant four pole bean seeds in a ring
pattern six inches outside corn stalks one inch under the soil; pat the top and water well.
One week after beans sprout plant three to four squash seeds in a ring 12-15 inches
outside of the beans one inch under the soil; pat down and water well.
The beans will begin to wrap their way around the corn stalk. The beans may need a little
help being wrapped around the corn stalk. Squash vines may also need some direction
and the vines should be turned in towards the center of the mound.

10. Natural Water Collection
Collecting rain water is an economically friendly way to water plants. Any
rainwater that is collected can be used to water plants but is not appropriate for drinking
unless it has been properly filtered. In order to collect rain water a building with gutters is
needed. Here at Northwest Park, none of the buildings have gutters and so this technique
cannot be demonstrated. A rain barrel can be placed under a gutter downspout to collect
water. The water can be collected in more complex systems by connecting all of the
barrels and downspouts by the way of PVC pipes and pumping it into a larger collection
bin. The barrels must have a cover of some sort to prevent children and small animals
from getting inside and to prevent the collection of leaves and other containments. The
material in which the roof was made with needs to be known. Some roofs that have been
made with old tar and gravel, asbestos shingles, or treated cedar shakes will contaminate
collected water and is not safe for harvesting.
After it has been established that the water collected will be safe, it is time to
calculate how much water will be collected. The amount depends on the area of the roof
that is to be used. For every 1000 square feet of roof, 600 gallons of water can be
collected for every inch of rain. The measurement of the roof is the same as the square
footage of the building, plus the extension of any eves. Don’t expect to get this much
water though, most collectors run at an efficiency rate of 70%-90%.
The barrel that is going to be used is very important. The internet address below
leads to a website in which rain barrels can be purchased. Most rain barrels can run
around $150-$300. A heavy duty barrel can be used, but may not withstand the pressure
of large amounts of water. Most trash barrels cannot withstand the pressure and cannot be
used. The barrel must be placed on even ground to prevent spills. The barrel should be
stored upside down in winter to prevent cracks and to prolong the life of the barrel.
Stored water can come with its own problems; one of the worst is biting insect
infestation. To prevent mosquitoes and flies from using the water as a breeding ground a
rain barrel should be completely covered in between uses. If this is not possible, or an
there are already larva present, empty the water every 10 days and allow the barrel to
completely air dry before allowing it to refill. Mosquitoes take about 10 days to go from
larva to pupa and adult. Emptying will kill any larva present, just make sure the water
doesn’t pool up anywhere. Also organic larvicides can be used. Mosquito Dunks are
tables that can be placed in a water container and contain Bacillus thuringiensis
israelensis (B.t.i.). B.t.i. is a bacterium that kills Mosquito and black and psychodid fly
larvae. These can be purchased on the same website posted below for purchasing rain
barrels. Most of these products can also be found at area garden supply stores.
Link to purchase rain barrels: http://www.cleanairgardening.com/rainbarrels.html

11. Raised Bed Construction Plan
10’
4’
The above bed is what is used in the Northwest Park Organic Demonstration Garden. The
width of the bed is built at a maximum of four feet to allow for easy access to plants
without having to stand in the bed. The height is kept at 12 inches to keep the mound
from becoming too heavy and bowing the wood. Only un-treated wood is used for this
project due to the concern over chemicals leeching out into the soil. Cedar or another rot-
resistant wood can be used but this may become too costly. Regular dimensional wood
that is water sealed is the most economical approach if recycled material is not available.
Old railroad ties, rocks, or cement blocks may also be used to create a raised bed garden.
Materials
• 4 – 2”x6”x10’
• 4 – 2”x6”x4’
• 16- 2”x6”x2’ support stakes (shaped to point at end)
• 8 – 6” Corner Braces
• 1lb- 2” 10d galvanized nails
• 2lb – 2” galvanized screws
• Exterior water seal. (suggested: Thompson's® 1 Gallon Exterior Water Seal Plus
Clear Wood Protector, Lowes $14.96)
Directions
• Shape the last six inches of the 16 2”x6”x2’ support stakes into points.
• Lay two 2”x6”x10’ flat and place them together so that a 2”x12”x10’ board is
formed. Screw in two 2”x6”x2’ support stakes in the center of the 2”x12”x10’
board and screw in one support stake at either end of the board. Repeat this step
for the other side and both 2”x6”x4’ sides.

12. • Bring the four sides to the location where the raised bed is to be placed and mark
where each of the pointed stakes are to go into the ground. Dig a hole for each
stake rather than forcing the stakes into the ground, and stand the side up right
with each of the stakes in its designated hole.
• Screw in the 8 corner braces on each corner as shown in the picture above to form
a 4’4”x 10’ rectangle as shown in the picture above.

13. Beneficial Border
Plant Benefit
Bachelors Button or Cornflower High sugar contents in nectar and highly
attractive to flower flies, ladybugs, lacewings,
and beneficial wasps. Usually reseeds itself.
Sweet Alyssum Low growing, annual, weed smothering ground
cover. Can interplant with vegetables. Highly
attractive to aphid-eating flower flies.
Borage Annual, herb, edible cucumber flavored
flowers, over 100 beneficials’ in one square
yard. Attracts green lacewings to lay eggs on.
Cup Plant 6-8 foot perennial. Leaves wrap all the way
around stems and forms deep cup that collects
dew and rainwater. Beneficials and birds use it
as a landing pad and drink from cups. Can be
difficult to grow.
Anise Hyssop Perennial. Attractive to butterflies and pest
eating beneficials.
Golden Marguerite Perennial. Attractive to ladybugs, lacewings,
flower flies, tachinid flies and mini-wasps.
Thrives in poor soil. Remove spent flowers to
promote re-bloom.
Fennel Highly attractive to nectar feeding beneficial.
Host plant for anise swallowtail butterfly
caterpillar. Perennial. Seeds and leaves are
edible.
Mountain Mints
Pussy Willows Produce pollen early when beneficials are first
emerging.
Ornamental Grasses Summer shelter and over wintering sites for
ground beetles, and ladybugs. 1,500 predators
per square yard.
Corn Corn tassels produce large amounts of pollen.
Trees and shrubs Willows produce pollen early and make for
over wintering sites. Forsythia, firethorn bush,
potentilla, ceanothus, four-winged sage bush,
euonymous, Texas sage.
Cover crops Clovers and soil building crops provide pollen
and nectar. Alternate insect pray and shelter.
Crimson clover and buckwheat.
Permanent plantings Perennials, trees, shrubs and dense low
growing ground covers. Certain perennial
flowers with woody stems and/or dense
crowns. Yarrows, comfrey, and cone flowers.
Highly attractive for hibernation sites for
spiders. 240 spiders per square yard.

14. Companion Plants
Plant Companion Incompatible
Asparagus Tomato, Parsley, Basil
Beans Celery, Cucumbers Onions, Fennel
Beets Bush beans, Lettuce, Pole beans, Mustard
Onions, Kohlrabi, and
Cabbages
Cabbage Celery, Dill, Onions and Strawberries, tomatoes,
Potatoes Pole beans
Carrots Leaf lettuce, Radish, Dill
Onions, Tomatoes
Celery Onion, Cabbage, Tomato,
Bush beans, Nasturtium
Corn Pumpkins, Peas, Beans, Tomatoes
Cucumbers, Potatoes
Cucumber Corn, Peas, Radishes, Aromatic Herbs, Potatoes
Beans, Sunflowers
Eggplant Beans, Marigold
Lettuce Onions, Strawberries,
Carrots, Radishes,
Cucumbers
Onion Lettuce, Beets, Peas, Beans
Strawberries, Tomatoes
Parsley Tomato, Asparagus
Pea Carrots, Cucumbers, Corn, Onion, Garlic, Leek,
Turnips, Radishes, Beans, Shallots
Potatoes, Aromatic Herbs
Potato Beans, Corn, Cabbage, Pumpkin, Squash, Tomato,
Marigolds, Horseradish Cucumber, Sunflower
Pumpkin Corn, Marigolds Potato
Radish Beets, Carrots, Spinach, Cabbage, Cauliflower,
Parsnips, Cucumbers, Brussel sprouts, Broccoli,
Beans, Leaf lettuce Kohlrabi, Turnips
Spinach Strawberry, Faba Bean
Squash Icicle radish, Cucumbers,
Corn
Tomato Carrots, Onions, Parsley Cabbage, Cauliflower
Turnip Pea Potato