This document summarizes a community assessment of nutritional needs and HIV/AIDS status among Latinos in the San Joaquin Valley region of California. It finds that Latinos, who make up a large portion of the agricultural workforce in the region, face numerous barriers to accessing HIV prevention, screening, and treatment services due to issues like poverty, lack of transportation, and immigration status. The assessment recommends improving access to existing services, increasing collaboration between organizations, and ensuring availability of nutrition assistance programs to support those at high risk of or living with HIV infection.
HIV/AIDS: Hispanic/Latino Disparities and Policy Recommendations
Daniel Santibanez, MPH, Department of Public Health, University of North Florida
Donna T. Jones, MS, RD, LD/N, Medical Nutrition Therapy of Florida, Inc.
July 22, 2005 - UNF Hispanic Health Issues Seminar
This is part 6 of an 8 part series of seminars on Hispanic Health Issues brought to you by the University of North Florida’s Dept. of Public Health, College of Health, a grant from AETNA, and the cooperation of Duval County Health Department.
UNF Hispanic Health Issues Seminars: Brief Review
Dr. Judith Rodriguez, RD and Daniel Santibanez, MPH, RD, Department of Public Health, University of North Florida
September 23, 2005 - UNF Hispanic Health Issues Seminars
This is part 8 of an 8 part series of seminars on Hispanic Health Issues brought to you by the University of North Florida’s Dept. of Public Health, College of Health, a grant from AETNA, and the cooperation of the Duval County Health Department.
America cares hiv-aids in black america#GOMOJO, INC.
Increase community awareness of HIV/AIDS and HIV prevention strategies.
Increase community understanding of the clinical research process.
Develop and strengthen relationships with community stakeholders, including (but not limited to) medical care providers, STD/HIV counseling and testing providers, faith leaders, Non Governmental Organizations and Community Based Organizations.
Increasingly, African Americans in general are recognizing that HIV is wreaking devastation across our communities. Those who have joined the fight against HIV and AIDS in Black communities are coming to understand that it is a difficult and multifaceted problem—but that it is also a winnable war. With this report, we aim to arm those people with the information they need to get there.
Global Medical Cures™ | HIV Among Women
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Friday, February 7, 2014 Nonprofit Commons was happy to feature members of the nonprofit Protect Yourself1 (PY1), Executive Director, Monique Richert (Chayenn in SL), and PY1 Development Consultant, Tom Kujawski (Incarn8 in SL) who presented facts and statistics and PY1 Safe2Live Program in support of the National Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day.
HIV/AIDS: Hispanic/Latino Disparities and Policy Recommendations
Daniel Santibanez, MPH, Department of Public Health, University of North Florida
Donna T. Jones, MS, RD, LD/N, Medical Nutrition Therapy of Florida, Inc.
July 22, 2005 - UNF Hispanic Health Issues Seminar
This is part 6 of an 8 part series of seminars on Hispanic Health Issues brought to you by the University of North Florida’s Dept. of Public Health, College of Health, a grant from AETNA, and the cooperation of Duval County Health Department.
UNF Hispanic Health Issues Seminars: Brief Review
Dr. Judith Rodriguez, RD and Daniel Santibanez, MPH, RD, Department of Public Health, University of North Florida
September 23, 2005 - UNF Hispanic Health Issues Seminars
This is part 8 of an 8 part series of seminars on Hispanic Health Issues brought to you by the University of North Florida’s Dept. of Public Health, College of Health, a grant from AETNA, and the cooperation of the Duval County Health Department.
America cares hiv-aids in black america#GOMOJO, INC.
Increase community awareness of HIV/AIDS and HIV prevention strategies.
Increase community understanding of the clinical research process.
Develop and strengthen relationships with community stakeholders, including (but not limited to) medical care providers, STD/HIV counseling and testing providers, faith leaders, Non Governmental Organizations and Community Based Organizations.
Increasingly, African Americans in general are recognizing that HIV is wreaking devastation across our communities. Those who have joined the fight against HIV and AIDS in Black communities are coming to understand that it is a difficult and multifaceted problem—but that it is also a winnable war. With this report, we aim to arm those people with the information they need to get there.
Global Medical Cures™ | HIV Among Women
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Friday, February 7, 2014 Nonprofit Commons was happy to feature members of the nonprofit Protect Yourself1 (PY1), Executive Director, Monique Richert (Chayenn in SL), and PY1 Development Consultant, Tom Kujawski (Incarn8 in SL) who presented facts and statistics and PY1 Safe2Live Program in support of the National Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day.
Never Again: Building resilient health systems and learning from the Ebola crisis.
I hope you may find this of help.
From our friends at Oxfam. Thank you!
Ellington, Katherine. ‘Invisible Hope: HIV/AIDS and Women’ in ed. Grace Bantebya-Kyomuhendo. Women’s Health: African and Global Perspectives. Kampala: Women and Gender Studies, Makerere University, 2005.
Illustrating HIV/AIDS in the United States: Hispanic/Latino PersonsAIDSVu
AIDSVu offers a variety of tools to help illustrate the impact of HIV in the United States.Visit www.AIDSVu.org for more map views and downloadable resources.
Madridge Journal of AIDS (ISSN: 2638-1958); An approach to preventing new HIV infections is the expectation that people living with the virus will disclose their status to their partners, healthcare providers, and family members.
AIDSTAR-One Technical Brief: Transitioning of Care and Other Services for Ado...AIDSTAROne
As the number of adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) continues to grow, the need to improve services, policies, and programs intensifies. This technical brief provides guidance for program managers and policymakers in order to develop services for ALHIV and their families/caregivers as they transition toward HIV self-management and adult clinical care. Highlighting key principles and recommendations, this brief offers guidance to countries and programs on how to provide the multidisciplinary care, support, and treatment services these adolescents need.
Support for proven, effective and affordable priority strategies in controlling the most devastating infectious diseases, including:
Bednets and treatment strategies for rolling back malaria
DOTS (Directly-Observed Treatment, Short-course) for stopping TB.
Childhood vaccinations for reducing deaths from measles and other preventable diseases.
IMCI (Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses) for addressing diarrhoeal diseases.
HIV prevention strategies such as condom prevention, sex education and STI treatment for reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS.
The most recent data on the target populations of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy in the greater Philadelphia area. Briana Morgan (OHP) first presented this information to a joint meeting of the Ryan White Planning Council and HIV Prevention Planning Council. In January, she gave a similar presentation to the Positive Committee.
How to approach Patient Diversity in the Medical Environmentflasco_org
Providing a course that is relevant, practical and patient-centered that will positively impact the speed in which entry-level oncology specialists integrate into the oncology practice setting.
What is our collective responsibility in addressing global health challenges? Over
the last 4 years, World Health Day has successfully highlighted some of the most
pressing global health issues that impact us every day. How we will continue to
respond to climate changes that threaten vulnerable populations such as the very
young, elderly, and the poor? How will we increase international health security
and defend ourselves against public health emergencies such as the bird flu
and humanitarian diseases that can devastate people, societies and economies
worldwide? How can we build our healthcare workforce in response to a continued
chronic shortage? Around the world, it is our collective responsibility to answer
these questions and increase our investment of time, resources, and education to
protect our greatest assets…our health, our children, and our global environment.
Join us as we work together to increase global health awareness and contribute to
a more promising future.
Learning Outcomes: Participants will explore World Health Day global health
issues highlighted over the last 4 years and examine strengths, weaknesses, opportunities,
and threats in global health.
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO AND PREVENT THE SPREAD OF HIVAIDS IN T.docxssuser454af01
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO AND PREVENT THE SPREAD OF HIV/AIDS IN THE UNITED STATES AND SOUTH AFRICA
Disparities in the Global North and Global South are reflected in the socio-economic and political positions of these two respective regions in the world. This gap is also best exemplified by the disparities in healthcare systems, education, and prevalence of diseases between these two regions. The Global North, which is comprised of advanced countries like the United States has a robust healthcare system and an educated mass. This in turn plays a significant role in reducing the rate of infectious diseases. Contrary, the Global South, comprised of many poor and conflicting countries has problems of high rate of diseases such as HIV/AIDS. What are the primary factors that contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS? What preventative measures work best in halting the rapid spread of this virus? This paper will briefly analyze these questions and more with an emphasis on HIV/AIDS in the Global North and Global South.
This paper assumes that the Global North and the Global South are considerably different in their social, cultural, political, and economic make-up. However, since this paper is a brief analysis, which aims to compare this disparity and its effects on health, it will proceed by using the United States (Global North) and South Africa (Global South) as representative samples for these regions respectively. The United States, with a population of approximately 320 million is regarded as the vanguard of the developed world, if not the world in general. A hub of diversity and immigrants from all over the world, America is perceived as a rich country of opportunities. South Africa, on the other hand, is a relatively small country with a population of roughly 53 million. It is considered to be the political and economic leader and one of the success stories of sub-Saharan Africa. Nonetheless, its wealth and socio-political maturity is by no means comparable to that of the United States.
The World Health Organization defines HIV as a virus that targets and weakens an individual’s immune system (immunodeficiency) thus making the infected individual susceptible to other infections. (WHO Cite) HIV becomes AIDS only when an infected individual contracts other infections. In advanced countries such as the U.S, Canada, and their likes, HIV infected individuals are able to live longer due to readily available retroviral drugs. On the other hand, underdeveloped or developing countries suffer high rates of mortality due to lack of medication in rural areas and at times urban areas alike. From this reality, it can be highlighted that economically advanced countries are better equipped to diagnose, treat, and perhaps prevent and deter infectious diseases compared to their economically dependent counterparts.
Data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that nearly 1.2 Americans are carriers of the HIV virus. (CDC CITE2)) However, the ...
Never Again: Building resilient health systems and learning from the Ebola crisis.
I hope you may find this of help.
From our friends at Oxfam. Thank you!
Ellington, Katherine. ‘Invisible Hope: HIV/AIDS and Women’ in ed. Grace Bantebya-Kyomuhendo. Women’s Health: African and Global Perspectives. Kampala: Women and Gender Studies, Makerere University, 2005.
Illustrating HIV/AIDS in the United States: Hispanic/Latino PersonsAIDSVu
AIDSVu offers a variety of tools to help illustrate the impact of HIV in the United States.Visit www.AIDSVu.org for more map views and downloadable resources.
Madridge Journal of AIDS (ISSN: 2638-1958); An approach to preventing new HIV infections is the expectation that people living with the virus will disclose their status to their partners, healthcare providers, and family members.
AIDSTAR-One Technical Brief: Transitioning of Care and Other Services for Ado...AIDSTAROne
As the number of adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) continues to grow, the need to improve services, policies, and programs intensifies. This technical brief provides guidance for program managers and policymakers in order to develop services for ALHIV and their families/caregivers as they transition toward HIV self-management and adult clinical care. Highlighting key principles and recommendations, this brief offers guidance to countries and programs on how to provide the multidisciplinary care, support, and treatment services these adolescents need.
Support for proven, effective and affordable priority strategies in controlling the most devastating infectious diseases, including:
Bednets and treatment strategies for rolling back malaria
DOTS (Directly-Observed Treatment, Short-course) for stopping TB.
Childhood vaccinations for reducing deaths from measles and other preventable diseases.
IMCI (Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses) for addressing diarrhoeal diseases.
HIV prevention strategies such as condom prevention, sex education and STI treatment for reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS.
The most recent data on the target populations of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy in the greater Philadelphia area. Briana Morgan (OHP) first presented this information to a joint meeting of the Ryan White Planning Council and HIV Prevention Planning Council. In January, she gave a similar presentation to the Positive Committee.
How to approach Patient Diversity in the Medical Environmentflasco_org
Providing a course that is relevant, practical and patient-centered that will positively impact the speed in which entry-level oncology specialists integrate into the oncology practice setting.
What is our collective responsibility in addressing global health challenges? Over
the last 4 years, World Health Day has successfully highlighted some of the most
pressing global health issues that impact us every day. How we will continue to
respond to climate changes that threaten vulnerable populations such as the very
young, elderly, and the poor? How will we increase international health security
and defend ourselves against public health emergencies such as the bird flu
and humanitarian diseases that can devastate people, societies and economies
worldwide? How can we build our healthcare workforce in response to a continued
chronic shortage? Around the world, it is our collective responsibility to answer
these questions and increase our investment of time, resources, and education to
protect our greatest assets…our health, our children, and our global environment.
Join us as we work together to increase global health awareness and contribute to
a more promising future.
Learning Outcomes: Participants will explore World Health Day global health
issues highlighted over the last 4 years and examine strengths, weaknesses, opportunities,
and threats in global health.
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO AND PREVENT THE SPREAD OF HIVAIDS IN T.docxssuser454af01
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO AND PREVENT THE SPREAD OF HIV/AIDS IN THE UNITED STATES AND SOUTH AFRICA
Disparities in the Global North and Global South are reflected in the socio-economic and political positions of these two respective regions in the world. This gap is also best exemplified by the disparities in healthcare systems, education, and prevalence of diseases between these two regions. The Global North, which is comprised of advanced countries like the United States has a robust healthcare system and an educated mass. This in turn plays a significant role in reducing the rate of infectious diseases. Contrary, the Global South, comprised of many poor and conflicting countries has problems of high rate of diseases such as HIV/AIDS. What are the primary factors that contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS? What preventative measures work best in halting the rapid spread of this virus? This paper will briefly analyze these questions and more with an emphasis on HIV/AIDS in the Global North and Global South.
This paper assumes that the Global North and the Global South are considerably different in their social, cultural, political, and economic make-up. However, since this paper is a brief analysis, which aims to compare this disparity and its effects on health, it will proceed by using the United States (Global North) and South Africa (Global South) as representative samples for these regions respectively. The United States, with a population of approximately 320 million is regarded as the vanguard of the developed world, if not the world in general. A hub of diversity and immigrants from all over the world, America is perceived as a rich country of opportunities. South Africa, on the other hand, is a relatively small country with a population of roughly 53 million. It is considered to be the political and economic leader and one of the success stories of sub-Saharan Africa. Nonetheless, its wealth and socio-political maturity is by no means comparable to that of the United States.
The World Health Organization defines HIV as a virus that targets and weakens an individual’s immune system (immunodeficiency) thus making the infected individual susceptible to other infections. (WHO Cite) HIV becomes AIDS only when an infected individual contracts other infections. In advanced countries such as the U.S, Canada, and their likes, HIV infected individuals are able to live longer due to readily available retroviral drugs. On the other hand, underdeveloped or developing countries suffer high rates of mortality due to lack of medication in rural areas and at times urban areas alike. From this reality, it can be highlighted that economically advanced countries are better equipped to diagnose, treat, and perhaps prevent and deter infectious diseases compared to their economically dependent counterparts.
Data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that nearly 1.2 Americans are carriers of the HIV virus. (CDC CITE2)) However, the ...
Global Medical Cures™ | HIV among YOUTH
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
The Effect Race and Income on HIV AIDS infection in African-Americans - Sunil...Sunil Nair
Race and Income has a significant influence on susceptibility to HIV/AIDS infections; Afro-Americans (Blacks) are 1.33 times more likely to be infected than whites. A significant finding is that the income level didn't change race's effect on HIV infections. Race has a significant effect on HIV infections or is an important predictor of incidence of HIV infections independent of the income. In other words, irrespective of the income level being black and poor increases the changes of being infected with HIV/AIDS.
Running Head HIVAIDS1HIVAIDS2Project Proposal Aw.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: HIV/AIDS
1
HIV/AIDS
2
Project Proposal: Awareness on HIV/AIDS in South American States
Dayana Lewandowski
Florida International University
Introduction to the Problem
Introduction to the Problem
Problem to be addressed. The first cases of AIDS in the United States were reported in New Yolk City and Los Angeles in 1981, but since then the epicenter of the country's HIV epidemic has shifted to the District of Columbia and the 16 states that make up the South, from urban centers. Today, the South is the most affected region and carries the greatest burden of HIV illnesses, deaths, and infection than any other region in the U.S, Rosenberg et al. (2015) reports.
Problem subtopic. Southern states alone account for 44 percent of all individuals infected with HIV in the U.S; surprisingly the region has approximately one-third of the overall population in the U.S. Southern states experience internal disparities due to their geographical position. The majority of people living with HIV live in urban areas just like the rest of the nation, Abara et al. (2015).
Possible Causes and Maintaining Forces
Cause. Unique socioeconomic factors in the South are the primary cause of the heavy burden of HIV. Poverty, poorer health facilities, income inequality, have been more prevalent in the Southern states than the rest of the country. These conditions are not unique to HIV and, overall, the populations in the region have long experienced poorer health outcomes. Among the health challenges are higher rates of diabetes, cancer, obesity as well as infant mortality compared to other areas, Hall et al. (2015) highlight.
Cause. Cultural factors and social barriers also contribute to worsening HIV infection in the South of the United States. Issues such as transphobia, homophobia, racism as well as a lack of openness in discussing sexuality in public are more common in the South, and they result in higher levels of stigma, limiting people's willingness to look for HIV testing, prevention, and care services. The challenges also restrict access to sexual health information which is critical to enable individuals to protect themselves from infection, according to Reif et al. (2015). Many people in South America are fearful or ignorant of HIV. Transgender women and men who have sex with men face high levels of discrimination and stigma putting them at risk of homicide and crimes. Since 2008, about 1,200 transgender individuals have been killed in South America. Furthermore, 44-70 percent of transgender women have expressed the need to relocate or were thrown out of their homes (Skarbinski et al., 2015).
Why the problem persists. The South experiences higher HIV diagnosis rates in rural and suburban areas that other regions countrywide. In this case, there are various drawbacks to HIV prevention efforts in this area, Abara et al. (2015) comments.
Why the problem persists. Compared to other regions, many Southerners living with HIV are not awar ...
A tremendous need exists to engage hard-to-reach populations in HIV/AIDS care. That’s because numerous factors prevent people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA)—especially disadvantaged and disproportionately affected populations—from engaging in care or remaining in care.
This Webcast introduces providers to several successful strategies for reaching the most vulnerable populations:
Howell Strauss, DMD, AIDS Care Group, discusses traditional street outreach, as well as his involvement with both the SPNS Oral Health Initiative and the SPNS Jail Initiative.
Lisa Hightow-Weidman, MD, MPH, Department of Infectious Diseases University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, shares best practices in social marketing outreach in the context of her work as a SPNS Young Men who Have Sex with Men of Color Initiative grantee.
Running Head: COMMUNITY ANALYSIS 1
Community Analysis
The most prevalent risk factors among racial and ethnic minorities are unprotected vaginal or anal sex, inadequate sex education, improving access to prevention and care services and drug use. Jackson, MS has a population of 173,212, with median household income of $32,250. Poverty is one of the major contributing factors to the risky behaviors and the rise of HIV infections within racial/ethnic minority youths. The residents with incomes below the poverty level in Jackson, MS by 2015 was 39.9%, and those with income below 50% of the poverty level was 19.2%, the breakdown is between ages 13 to 19 years of poor residents in Jackson, MS and the percentage is below half of poverty level of 20%. The most common race or ethnicity living below the poverty line in Jackson, MS is Black or African American, followed by White and Hispanic or Latino. The state of homelessness is on the rise and many of these shelters in Jackson, MS now have waiting lists with majority of its occupants are racial/ethnic minority. Even with the waiting lists, those that need to be sheltered will have to call ahead to confirm (City Data, 2015).
Mississippi is one of the most rustic states in the United States and its population is perhaps the poorest. According to the 2010 Census, Mississippi has a population of 2,967,297 people, with a racial distribution of 59% white, 37% black, 3% Hispanic, and 2% other. Mississippi ranks second in the nation (after the District of Columbia) for the highest proportion of African Americans. Through U.S. Census Bureau 2011 American Community Surveys, Mississippi levels the first in the country for the number of people living in poverty (22.6% of the total population) and the lowest middle household revenue ($36,919) (United State Census Bureau, 2011). According to the 2011 National HIV Surveillance Report, Mississippi had the 4th highest rate of HIV infection in the United States. The state’s capital city, Jackson, had the third highest rate of HIV diagnoses within aged 13 to 19 years and the eighth highest AIDS diagnosis by metropolitan statistical area (MSA) in 2011. For the past twenty years, numbers of peoples living with HIV in Mississippi has risen yearly. By the end of December 31, 2013, there was approximately 10,473 Mississippians living with HIV (National HIV Surveillance Report, 2013).
Secondary data
Jackson, MS the state’s capital city and with the most new HIV disease cases are identified in the West Central Public Health District V, which includes the metropolitan Jackson Hinds area, where 47% of all persons with HIV disease in Mississippi reside presently (Mississippi State Department of Health, 2015). According to data for states and metropolitan areas, it’s shown that racial and ethnic minority youths aged between 13 to 19 years rank 4th in the diagnose of HIV at 44.7%. The education b ...
Global Medical Cures™ | HIV TESTING IN USA
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Community Assessment of Nutritional Needs/Status of HIV/AIDS among Latinos in the San Joaquin Valley of California
1. A Community Assessment of Nutritional Needs/Status
of HIV/AIDS among Latinos
in the San Joaquin Valley of California
Kayoko Zahn
2. Introduction
Infection by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causing acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS) is a significant problem in public health among both sexes and all ages of
Latinos in the US although males are disproportionally affected.1,2,3 Latinos represented 21% of
all new HIV infections in 2010 although they represented 16 % of the US population.3 Early
HIV screening and detection are important for community nutritionists for effective nutrition
intervention.4 However, barriers such as income, language, health insurance and immigration
status may delay the diagnosis and treatment.5 There are no data on the accessibility of HIV
prevention and health care services to undocumented immigrants among the Latino population in
the San Joaquin Valley of California. In this paper, recommendations are provided based on
information about the community assessment nutrition needs and status.
Background
California (CA) has the largest Latino population in the US,6 accounting for 38.2% of the total
population in CA and 16.9% of the US population in 2012.7 Twenty-three percent of the
undocumented immigrants in the US reside in CA. About 80% of undocumented immigrants
are from Latin America.8 California is an important producer of many agricultural products.
About 36 % of US farm-workers reside in CA and about two-thirds (67.9%) are Latinos and
almost all (95.2%) are from Mexico.9.10 In the US, about 50 % of farm-workers are not legally
authorized.11 Based on the statistical information, there appears to be a large unauthorized
population of Latino immigrants living in the agricultural communities of CA. One large
agricultural area is the San Joaquin Valley which includes 8 counties. This region suffers from
high unemployment rates. The data from December 2012 showed that this region had more than
a 13 % unemployment rate while the US average was 7.6 %.12 Most reported cases of
3. HIV/AIDS are in metropolitan areas such as San Francisco and Los Angeles, accounting for
54 % of the total in CA.13 In order to achieve the HIV-related Healthy People 2020 objectives14
it will be important to focus on the population in non-metropolitan areas, such as the San Joaquin
Valley. This is especially true in the categories of HIV prevention, HIV testing, and care after
diagnosis. People in this area are at higher risk for HIV infection due to the barriers of job
security, poverty, lack of transportation, poor education, health insurance, language and so on.14
Screening and Treatment
Over 1.1 million people infected with HIV live in the US of which the center for disease control
(CDC) estimates that about 20 % have not been diagnosed and are unaware of their infection.15
HIV screening tests are usually conducted in community or clinical settings.16,17 Screening at
home is also possible because there is now a type of test available at drug stores for home use.16
The two types of HIV tests are classified as strictly laboratory tests or those approved for use
outside of the clinical settings.16 The tests approved for outside use are less complex and may be
used for both clinical and non-clinical settings including the community and outreach
environments.16 The HIV antibody test is the most common HIV test.16 According to the
algorithm recommended by the CDC, 4th generation HIV - 1/2 immunoassay should be used as
the initial test.18 This test detects HIV during the highly infectious phase of HIV infection,
unlike the previously recommended test which cannot detect infection during this phase (called
the window period),.18 To confirm HIV infection, a Western blot test is used as the second test.19
The CDC provides free HIV testing services such as a campaign called Reasons, specifically
targeting Latino gay and bisexual men.20 There are a variety of drugs to treat HIV/AIDS
although no drugs are available to cure the infection. The recommended treatment for HIV is the
use of antiretroviral therapy (ART).19,21 In patients whose CD4 levels drop to below 200 cells /
4. µl and these with symptoms of developed HIV, ART is recommended.21 In ART, patients take a
combination of anti-HIV drugs such as Isentress, Norvir, Prezista, Reyataz and Sustiva to control
virus replication and preserve the numbers of CD4 cells to maintain the immune system and
prevent disease progression.19,21
Nutrition
Nutritional status and control of viral load by ART are both important to maintain immune
function and limit progression of the disease.4 Common nutritional problems among people
living with HIV infection are protein-malnutrition, anemia, and changes in micronutrient status.4
Early nutrition intervention would help delay the progression of weight loss which affects
morbidity and mortality.4 It is thought that a high protein diet may be beneficial for prevention
of protein-malnutrition.4 Micronutrients such as zinc, selenium, B vitamins, vitamin C and
vitamin E seem to have important roles for the immune system affecting progression and
symptoms of the disease.4 HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS) is prevalent in
people with HIV infection.22 A Mediterranean style diet, possibly due to the effect of n-3 PUFA
may contribute to reduce symptoms of HALS.22 Food hygiene is also important because the
immune system of people with HIV is affected.4 People with HIV infection also are more likely
to use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).4 Registered dietitians should be aware
of the effects of CAM such as potential interactions with other medications.4
Lifestyle
HIV is transmitted through sexual contact, blood, and mother-to-child. Sharing needles,
unprotected sex, and infants born from mothers having HIV infection without receiving HIV
therapy during pregnancy are examples of high HIV infection risks. Avoiding these situations
helps prevent HIV infection.23 Certain lifestyles (smoking, drinking alcoholic beverages and
5. abusing drugs, age, sexually promiscuous behavior, obesity and being underweight) are risk
factors which need to be evaluated to prevent complications of chronic HIV infection.4 Exercise
is recommended for people with HIV to maintain body function and reduce symptoms.24,25
Lifestyle modifications such as exercise, changes in alcohol, fat and fiber intake will be
beneficial to HIV patients with high blood cholesterol levels.26
Educational programs
An example of a federal HIV/AIDS prevention education program is the Act Against AIDS
campaign launched by CDC in 2009.27 It consists of several campaigns and each has a different
specific target audience.27 The relevant ones to Latino communities are Act Against AIDS™,
Let's Stop HIV Together™, and Testing Makes Us Stronger™.27 Another example is the
program offered by the AIDS Education and Training Centers (AETC) which is supported by the
Health Resources and Services Administration.28 AETC is a provider of education and training
programs to healthcare professionals.29
Recommendations
Latinos are a large group in the farming communities in the San Joaquin Valley. The data6-12
shows many suffer from common issues such as poverty and alien status. This group has limited
access to a number of governmental services and campaigns targeted to the Latino population
due to the lack of transportation. The California Department of Public Health Office of AIDS
has made efforts to meet the transportation needs of the farm workers in Northern CA to provide
HIV related services.29 Improving the accessibility to available services by meeting
transportation needs should be effective for HIV prevention as well as treatment. A number of
national, state, or regional organizations share the same goal of HIV/AIDS prevention and
treatment. It is important that these organizations make efforts to collaborate. Lack of
6. transportation and geographical isolation may cause food insecurity in this group. Governmental
food and nutrition programs such as Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and Special
Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children from the United States
Department of Agriculture30 are important in supporting the Latino population of the San
Joaquin Valley who are at high risk of HIV infection or are already infected with HIV.
Conclusions
HIV/AIDS is the major public health problem among the Latino population in the US.1,2,3
California has the largest Latino population in the US and is also the state in which more than 1/3
of US farm-workers reside. About two thirds are Latinos, mostly from Mexico, and many appear
to be undocumented immigrants.6,8,9,10,11 The San Joaquin Valley, which consists of farming
communities, suffers from high unemployment rates.12 Latino population in these communities
is at risk of HIV infection and also of not getting treated due to barriers such as income, alien
status, health insurance, language and transportation. Maintaining proper nutritional status and
viral load by ART are important for patients with HIV infection to maintain immune function
and limit disease progression since no cure exists for the infection.4 The presence of early
intervention affects morbidity and mortality.4 Certain lifestyle behaviors such as unprotected sex
and drug-use increase risk of HIV infection.23 Patients with HIV infection can benefits from
modifying their lifestyle to include behaviors such as exercising.24,25,26 A wide range of
organizations from the national to regional offer a variety of programs,27,28,29 In order to deliver
healthcare services and educational opportunities for HIV prevention and treatment to the rural
Latino population in the San Joaquin Valley, it is important to understand their needs such as
transportation. Different organizations involved in treatment and prevention also need to make
efforts to collaborate to work together effectively.
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