There are various cultural, political and economic drivers of violence against women and girls in Haiti. They include the following. Gender stereotypes and discrimination against women: Researchers stress that the incidence of violence in the post-earthquake period should be understood in the context of the longer-term social exclusion, and cultural and legal discrimination against women. Women’s economic dependency: There is some evidence that women who are economically dependent on men are more vulnerable to sexual exploitation. Poverty, displacement and poor conditions in internally displaced persons’ (IDP) camps: Studies indicate significant correlations between limited access to adequate food, water and sanitation, and women and girls’ vulnerability to sexual violence in IDP camps. Legacy of state-led violence: Politically motivated violence has been used by some regimes in Haiti. Culture of impunity and weak capacity in the state justice system: An acute lack of resources and capacity in the Haitian justice system makes it difficult for the state to prosecute and punish perpetrators, and deters victims from seeking redress.
Prevention and Response To Gender-Based Violence in Lagos State [Standard Ope...OluwatobiOpadokun
SOPs describe the clear procedures and standards for all actors, outlining roles, responsibilities and present a working manual for those who agree to work together in pursuit of a common interest. SGBV SOPs are developed to assist in creating a coordinated multi-sectoral response, referral and prevention structure for persons at risk.
This SOP is as a one-stop document to provide the response guidelines and pathways for intervenors and other actors (individuals and organisations) respond-ing to GBV and who are known as service providers. It provides information about the proper channels for reporting cases, referrals and facilitating access to justice for survivors/victims of VAWG/SGBV/SRHR/HP in Lagos State. It delineates the roles, responsibilities and procedures for all actors for the best interest of victims/survivors
Women’s abuse experiences in Jordan: A comparative study using rural and urba...Rula alsawalqa
This study explored the patterns of economic abuse among working married women from rural and urban areas in Jordan, and identified their experiences with other abuses
nterconnected with economic abuse, including psychological, emotional, and physical abuse and
harassment. A quantitative research approach using a descriptive comparative design was
employed. The findings indicated that 55.5% of urban and 44.5% of rural women have
encountered spousal economic abuse in two ways: (1) controlling their economic resources
and managing their financial decisions and (2) exploiting their economic resources. Economic
abuse was found to be intertwined with other forms of abuse; women who faced economic
abuse also endured primarily emotional and psychological abuse, followed by physical abuse
and harassment, as tactics to reinforce economic abuse and maintain control over them. The
most common form of psychological abuse was being made to feel frustrated and neglected
when requesting emotional support, while emotional abuse was typified by resentment and
being told they are inadequate. Physical abuse included partners shaking, slapping, or
throwing objects at them. Both rural and urban women reported being harassed at their
workplace by their partners’ repeated phone calls. In general, urban women faced more
This study explored the patterns of economic abuse among working married women from rural and urban areas in Jordan, and identified their experiences with other abuses interconnected with economic abuse, including psychological, emotional, and physical abuse and harassment. A quantitative research approach using a descriptive comparative design was employed. The findings indicated that 55.5% of urban and 44.5% of rural women have encountered spousal economic abuse in two ways: (1) controlling their economic resources and managing their financial decisions and (2) exploiting their economic resources. Economic abuse was found to be intertwined with other forms of abuse; women who faced economic abuse also endured primarily emotional and psychological abuse, followed by physical abuse and harassment, as tactics to reinforce economic abuse and maintain control over them. The most common form of psychological abuse was being made to feel frustrated and neglected when requesting emotional support, while emotional abuse was typified by resentment and being told they are inadequate. Physical abuse included partners shaking, slapping, or throwing objects at them. Both rural and urban women reported being harassed at their workplace by their partners’ repeated phone calls. In general, urban women faced more economic and other forms of abuse than rural women, especially emotional and physical abuse.
The Lancet Series on Violence Against Women and GirlsTheLancetWeb
Every day, millions of women and girls worldwide experience violence. This abuse takes many forms, including intimate physical and sexual partner violence, female genital mutilation, child and forced marriage, sex trafficking, and rape. The Lancet Series on Violence against women and girls shows that such abuse is preventable. Five papers cover the evidence base for interventions, discuss the vital role of the health sector in care and prevention, show the need for men and women to be involved in effective programmes, provide practical lessons from experience in countries, and present a call for action with five key recommendations and indicators to track progress.
View Series on TheLancet.com: http://www.thelancet.com/series/violence-against-women-and-girls
Violence against Women with Special Reference to Domestic Violence Act, 2005ijtsrd
This paper examine violence against women emanates from the social hypothesis of superiority of men over women. Insubordination of women legitimizes gender violence and grants social sanction to the ignoble treatment meted out to women. Manifestations of violence encompass physical aggression, such as blows of varying intensity, burns, sexual abuse and rape, physiological violence through insults, humiliation, coercion, blackmail, economic and emotional threats and control over speech, action and behavior. In extreme cases the result of this violence is death. The incidence of violence prevalent in man woman relationship takes place in the context of the family, state and society. In most cases the male aggression towards women and girls remains tacit, hidden or unrevealed. Avrida Jan ""Violence against Women with Special Reference to Domestic Violence Act, 2005"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23344.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/-/23344/violence-against-women-with-special-reference-to-domestic-violence-act-2005/avrida-jan
Economic Abuse of Women in Amman, Jordan: A Quantitative StudyRula alsawalqa
As the literature on the economic abuse of women in Arabic contexts is quite limited, we aimed to detect the correlation
between this economic abuse and a variety of demographic variables. Specifically, we considered women’s age, education,
income, number of children, and length of marriage, as well as the husband’s education and employment status. We
distributed questionnaires that included the economic, psychological, and community composite abuse scales to 500 married
working women in the capital of Amman, Jordan. The results revealed that the economic abuse of women decreased as
their education levels and length of marriage increased, as long as the husband worked full-time. In addition, a husband’s
high education level would also increase the likelihood of economic abuse. Most importantly, the findings showed that
economic abuse definitively heightened the probability of intimate partner violence (psychological, emotional, and physical
abuse, as well as harassment
Presented by Jo Valentine, MSW, Associate Director, Office of Health Equity, Division of STD Prevention, CDC, at the 2012 National Chlamydia Coalition meeting
Transgender Female Youth And Sex Work HIV Risk And A Comparison Of Life Facto...Santé des trans
( A I D S Behavior, 2009)
L'article examine les déterminants du risque d'acquisition du VIH par les jeunes femmes trans du fait de leurs "facteurs de vie", en particulier en regard leur statut par rapport au travail sexuel.
Transgender Clients : We Need Effective Care Too!Santé des trans
Il s'agit d'une présentation powerpoint de la Directrice du Center of excellence for transgender HIV prevention de l'UCSF, qui passe en revue l'ensemble des enjeux liés à l'épidémie de sida parmi les trans, ainsi que les déterminants de santé globaux. Date inconnue.
Plan de l'intervention
Getting on the Same Page:
Establishing a Common Language
What Are the Facts?
What is the HIV Prevalence among Trans People in the US?
Effects of Stigma & Discrimination on Trans Communities
What are the Barriers and Challenges?
What Are We Going To Do?
Addressing Transphobia
Action Steps & Recommendations
Where do we go for help?
Transgender Identity And HIV : Resilience In The Face Of StigmaSanté des trans
Il s'agit d'un article de Walter Bockting, publié en 2008 dans Focus, une publication du AIDS Health Project, affilié à l'University of California, San Francisco.
Perceptions of the Social Consequences of Rape in EzinihitteMbaise, Imo State...AJHSSR Journal
Rape is a criminal act of obtaining sexual consent or submission forcefully or by use of threat.
In many places, the scar of rape is perceived to be permanent and the female victims are usually stigmatized.
The paper examined the perceptions of the social consequences of rape in Ezinihitte-Mbaise, Imo State, Nigeria.
The paper is anchored on feminist theory, Marxian theory and rational choice theory. The sample size and study
participants were 324 adult residents of the area. They were selected using multi-stage sampling procedure and
purposive sampling technique. Questionnaire and In-Depth Interviews (IDIs) were the quantitative and
qualitative instruments of data collection used in the study. Quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical
Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and interpreted in tables of frequency/percentage distributions.
Transcription of the recorded electronic and field note interviews provided data for the qualitative analysis. The
result amongst others revealed that 20.3% of the respondents were of the view that stigmatization; withdrawal
from social activities (18.6%), delay in getting married (25.2%) were notable social consequences of rape.
However, the paper concluded that stigmatization or possible avoidance of marrying rape victims sustains the
trauma and would also serve as a secondary victimization. It therefore recommended amongst others that
government in partnership with NGO's should embark on adequate sensitization campaigns in rural areas to
discourage stigmatization and thereby reorientate many on the wrong notion that rape scar remains with the
victims for life. Females should avoid walking unaccompanied in the night and visiting of acquaintances at
lonely places.
A research report on root causes, risk factors and preventive strategies. Research by Midrift Hurinet and the Danish Institute Against Torture (DIGNITY).
Prevention and Response To Gender-Based Violence in Lagos State [Standard Ope...OluwatobiOpadokun
SOPs describe the clear procedures and standards for all actors, outlining roles, responsibilities and present a working manual for those who agree to work together in pursuit of a common interest. SGBV SOPs are developed to assist in creating a coordinated multi-sectoral response, referral and prevention structure for persons at risk.
This SOP is as a one-stop document to provide the response guidelines and pathways for intervenors and other actors (individuals and organisations) respond-ing to GBV and who are known as service providers. It provides information about the proper channels for reporting cases, referrals and facilitating access to justice for survivors/victims of VAWG/SGBV/SRHR/HP in Lagos State. It delineates the roles, responsibilities and procedures for all actors for the best interest of victims/survivors
Women’s abuse experiences in Jordan: A comparative study using rural and urba...Rula alsawalqa
This study explored the patterns of economic abuse among working married women from rural and urban areas in Jordan, and identified their experiences with other abuses
nterconnected with economic abuse, including psychological, emotional, and physical abuse and
harassment. A quantitative research approach using a descriptive comparative design was
employed. The findings indicated that 55.5% of urban and 44.5% of rural women have
encountered spousal economic abuse in two ways: (1) controlling their economic resources
and managing their financial decisions and (2) exploiting their economic resources. Economic
abuse was found to be intertwined with other forms of abuse; women who faced economic
abuse also endured primarily emotional and psychological abuse, followed by physical abuse
and harassment, as tactics to reinforce economic abuse and maintain control over them. The
most common form of psychological abuse was being made to feel frustrated and neglected
when requesting emotional support, while emotional abuse was typified by resentment and
being told they are inadequate. Physical abuse included partners shaking, slapping, or
throwing objects at them. Both rural and urban women reported being harassed at their
workplace by their partners’ repeated phone calls. In general, urban women faced more
This study explored the patterns of economic abuse among working married women from rural and urban areas in Jordan, and identified their experiences with other abuses interconnected with economic abuse, including psychological, emotional, and physical abuse and harassment. A quantitative research approach using a descriptive comparative design was employed. The findings indicated that 55.5% of urban and 44.5% of rural women have encountered spousal economic abuse in two ways: (1) controlling their economic resources and managing their financial decisions and (2) exploiting their economic resources. Economic abuse was found to be intertwined with other forms of abuse; women who faced economic abuse also endured primarily emotional and psychological abuse, followed by physical abuse and harassment, as tactics to reinforce economic abuse and maintain control over them. The most common form of psychological abuse was being made to feel frustrated and neglected when requesting emotional support, while emotional abuse was typified by resentment and being told they are inadequate. Physical abuse included partners shaking, slapping, or throwing objects at them. Both rural and urban women reported being harassed at their workplace by their partners’ repeated phone calls. In general, urban women faced more economic and other forms of abuse than rural women, especially emotional and physical abuse.
The Lancet Series on Violence Against Women and GirlsTheLancetWeb
Every day, millions of women and girls worldwide experience violence. This abuse takes many forms, including intimate physical and sexual partner violence, female genital mutilation, child and forced marriage, sex trafficking, and rape. The Lancet Series on Violence against women and girls shows that such abuse is preventable. Five papers cover the evidence base for interventions, discuss the vital role of the health sector in care and prevention, show the need for men and women to be involved in effective programmes, provide practical lessons from experience in countries, and present a call for action with five key recommendations and indicators to track progress.
View Series on TheLancet.com: http://www.thelancet.com/series/violence-against-women-and-girls
Violence against Women with Special Reference to Domestic Violence Act, 2005ijtsrd
This paper examine violence against women emanates from the social hypothesis of superiority of men over women. Insubordination of women legitimizes gender violence and grants social sanction to the ignoble treatment meted out to women. Manifestations of violence encompass physical aggression, such as blows of varying intensity, burns, sexual abuse and rape, physiological violence through insults, humiliation, coercion, blackmail, economic and emotional threats and control over speech, action and behavior. In extreme cases the result of this violence is death. The incidence of violence prevalent in man woman relationship takes place in the context of the family, state and society. In most cases the male aggression towards women and girls remains tacit, hidden or unrevealed. Avrida Jan ""Violence against Women with Special Reference to Domestic Violence Act, 2005"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23344.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/-/23344/violence-against-women-with-special-reference-to-domestic-violence-act-2005/avrida-jan
Economic Abuse of Women in Amman, Jordan: A Quantitative StudyRula alsawalqa
As the literature on the economic abuse of women in Arabic contexts is quite limited, we aimed to detect the correlation
between this economic abuse and a variety of demographic variables. Specifically, we considered women’s age, education,
income, number of children, and length of marriage, as well as the husband’s education and employment status. We
distributed questionnaires that included the economic, psychological, and community composite abuse scales to 500 married
working women in the capital of Amman, Jordan. The results revealed that the economic abuse of women decreased as
their education levels and length of marriage increased, as long as the husband worked full-time. In addition, a husband’s
high education level would also increase the likelihood of economic abuse. Most importantly, the findings showed that
economic abuse definitively heightened the probability of intimate partner violence (psychological, emotional, and physical
abuse, as well as harassment
Presented by Jo Valentine, MSW, Associate Director, Office of Health Equity, Division of STD Prevention, CDC, at the 2012 National Chlamydia Coalition meeting
Transgender Female Youth And Sex Work HIV Risk And A Comparison Of Life Facto...Santé des trans
( A I D S Behavior, 2009)
L'article examine les déterminants du risque d'acquisition du VIH par les jeunes femmes trans du fait de leurs "facteurs de vie", en particulier en regard leur statut par rapport au travail sexuel.
Transgender Clients : We Need Effective Care Too!Santé des trans
Il s'agit d'une présentation powerpoint de la Directrice du Center of excellence for transgender HIV prevention de l'UCSF, qui passe en revue l'ensemble des enjeux liés à l'épidémie de sida parmi les trans, ainsi que les déterminants de santé globaux. Date inconnue.
Plan de l'intervention
Getting on the Same Page:
Establishing a Common Language
What Are the Facts?
What is the HIV Prevalence among Trans People in the US?
Effects of Stigma & Discrimination on Trans Communities
What are the Barriers and Challenges?
What Are We Going To Do?
Addressing Transphobia
Action Steps & Recommendations
Where do we go for help?
Transgender Identity And HIV : Resilience In The Face Of StigmaSanté des trans
Il s'agit d'un article de Walter Bockting, publié en 2008 dans Focus, une publication du AIDS Health Project, affilié à l'University of California, San Francisco.
Perceptions of the Social Consequences of Rape in EzinihitteMbaise, Imo State...AJHSSR Journal
Rape is a criminal act of obtaining sexual consent or submission forcefully or by use of threat.
In many places, the scar of rape is perceived to be permanent and the female victims are usually stigmatized.
The paper examined the perceptions of the social consequences of rape in Ezinihitte-Mbaise, Imo State, Nigeria.
The paper is anchored on feminist theory, Marxian theory and rational choice theory. The sample size and study
participants were 324 adult residents of the area. They were selected using multi-stage sampling procedure and
purposive sampling technique. Questionnaire and In-Depth Interviews (IDIs) were the quantitative and
qualitative instruments of data collection used in the study. Quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical
Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and interpreted in tables of frequency/percentage distributions.
Transcription of the recorded electronic and field note interviews provided data for the qualitative analysis. The
result amongst others revealed that 20.3% of the respondents were of the view that stigmatization; withdrawal
from social activities (18.6%), delay in getting married (25.2%) were notable social consequences of rape.
However, the paper concluded that stigmatization or possible avoidance of marrying rape victims sustains the
trauma and would also serve as a secondary victimization. It therefore recommended amongst others that
government in partnership with NGO's should embark on adequate sensitization campaigns in rural areas to
discourage stigmatization and thereby reorientate many on the wrong notion that rape scar remains with the
victims for life. Females should avoid walking unaccompanied in the night and visiting of acquaintances at
lonely places.
A research report on root causes, risk factors and preventive strategies. Research by Midrift Hurinet and the Danish Institute Against Torture (DIGNITY).
An audit of a U.S. Agency for International Department program that aimed to boost Haiti's economy by providing loans to business has found that the program failed to award loans to intended targets, train workers and keep accurate records.
Resolution du Senat des Etats Unis sur HaitiStanley Lucas
United States Senate: Recognizing the third anniversary of the tragic earthquake in Haiti on January 12, 2010, honoring those who lost their lives in that earthquake, and expressing continued solidarity with the people of Haiti.
The evaluation of the anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism
(AML/CFT) regime of the Republic of Haiti1 was based on the Forty Recommendations 2003 and the Nine Special Recommendations on Terrorist Financing 2001 of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), and was prepared using the AML/CFT Methodology 20042. The evaluation was based on the laws, regulations and other materials supplied by Haiti, and information obtained by the evaluation team during its on-site visit to Haiti from 24 September to 5 October 2007, and throughout the evaluation process. During the on-site visit, the evaluation team met with officials
and representatives from all relevant Haitian Government agencies and the private sector. A list of the bodies met is provided in Annex 2 to the Mutual Evaluation Report.
Human Rights Report of the Independent Expert on the Situation in Haiti Miche...Stanley Lucas
In the present report, the independent expert emphasizes that the rule of law, in the broadest sense of the term, is a critical element that cuts across all aspects of development in Haiti.
On civil and political rights, the independent expert describes the progress made and the obstacles encountered in regard to elections, reform of the justice system, the Legal Service Training College, and the fight against corruption. He then analyses the state of the prison system, the use of extended pretrial detention and the police service. He also reviews the situation of children, particularly with regard to adoption, the “restavek” and victims of trafficking, in order to draw attention to the need for more stringent laws and for juvenile courts.
This report of CEPR identifies significant problems with the delivery of U.S. aid in Haiti and finds an overall lack of transparency on how the billions of dollars obligated for U.S. assistance to Haiti are being used. The U.S. government pledged $1.15 billion for relief and reconstruction projects in Haiti. Key U.S. actors, like the State Department’s Cheryl Mills, acknowledged a “unique opportunity to ‘build back better’” and “an obligation to ensure that aid is actually effective.” Over three years have passed since Haiti’s earthquake and, despite USAID’s stated commitment to greater transparency and accountability, the question “where has the money gone?” echoes throughout the country. It remains unclear how exactly the billions of dollars that the U.S. has spent on assistance to Haiti have been used and whether this funding has had a sustainable impact. With few exceptions, Haitians and U.S. taxpayers are unable to verify how U.S. aid funds are being used on the ground in Haiti. USAID and its implementing partners have generally failed to make public the basic data identifying where funds go and how they are spent.
In the following paper we take a look at the effectiveness of U.S. assistance to Haiti: what we know about how it is being administered, to what extent U.S. assistance in Haiti is adhering to the USAID Forward reform agenda and what steps can be taken to ensure more effective and transparent delivery of aid to Haiti.
Forum Economique Mondial: Rapport Global sur la Competitivite 2012-13Stanley Lucas
The Global Competitiveness and Benchmarking Network, with its annual Global Competitiveness Reports, and other topical and regional reports, offers a structured, systematic and comprehensive approach to identifying and measuring the drivers of economic performance of more than 140 economies. The Network’s portfolio of reports provides unique insight and data to inform strategies and constructive discussions among policy-makers, business leaders and civil society, while also providing material for independent academic research.
The Global Competitiveness and Benchmarking Network works with leading academics to ensure that the latest thinking and research on competitiveness are incorporated into its work. It collaborates with its network of more than 160 Partner Institutes to disseminate the findings of its research at national and regional levels.
This Selected Issues paper on Haiti was prepared by a staff team of the International Monetary Fund as background documentation for the periodic consultation with the member country. It is based on the information available at the time it was completed on February 21, 2013. The views expressed in this document are those of the staff team and do not necessarily reflect the views of the government of Haiti or the Executive Board of the IMF. The policy of publication of staff reports and other documents by the IMF allows for the deletion of market-sensitive information.
VOYAGES & TOURISME: RAPPORT MONDIAL 2013 SUR LA COMPETITIVITEStanley Lucas
Le rapport fournit un éclairage intéressant sur la manière dont les pays encouragent le développement du secteur du voyage et du tourisme, il offre également une vue instantanée de la santé du secteur et de son rôle moteur dans la croissance économique mondiale. D`ailleurs, les emplois dans ce secteur représentent en moyenne 1 emploi sur 11. Le rapport souligne également que le secteur s`est montré résilient pendant le ralentissement, une preuve que le secteur du voyage et du tourisme peut être un facteur clé de diversification pour les marchés émergeants en leur offrant une valeur économique plus élevé.
La délégation aux droits des femmes et à l’égalité du CESE dresse un panorama synthétique de l’ensemble des violences auxquelles les femmes peuvent être confrontées, en métropole et outre-mer. Elle montre l’ampleur du phénomène et alerte sur une question fondamentale de société qui doit amener chaque citoyen à s’interroger sur ses causes et les moyens d’y répondre.
Loi Sanctionnant le Blanchiment de Capitaux et le Financement du Terrorisme e...Stanley Lucas
Avant projet de loi prepare par le parlement haitien pour controler et sanctionner le blanchiement de l'argent et le financement du terrorisme en Haiti
Violence conjugale : Bilan de la mise en œuvre du plan d’action gouvernementalProspection
La ministre de la Culture, des Communications et de la Condition féminine, Mme Christine St-Pierre, et le ministre de la Justice et procureur général du Québec, M. Jean-Marc Fournier, coresponsables du plan d’action, sont très fiers du bilan positif et des réalisations gouvernementales en matière de lutte contre la violence conjugale. Preuve tangible de l’importance que le gouvernement accorde à cet enjeu de société, plus de 90 M$ ont été investis sur cinq ans, soit 25 M$ de plus que ce qui avait été initialement prévu. Il s’agit là d’une réponse claire aux besoins exprimés en ce qui a trait à l’aide aux victimes et à leurs proches. Ainsi, le Québec maintient sa position de chef de file en agissant concrètement pour prévenir et contrer la violence conjugale.
Understanding Gender Based Violence and Trends in the Caribbean Taitu Heron
Overview of what is gender based violence and a look at the trends in the Caribbean. For Sociology Course students, Department of Sociology, Univ. of the West Indies, Mona Campus.
A ready-made presentation on Violation of Women's rights giving a detailed account of the violence on women globally and in India. Includes historical events that are important in the context of women's rights. This PPT talks about how women's rights are violated on daily basis, globally and in India along with providing measures to ensure our women's safety and well being. Talks about women's rights in India as well.
Do you feel the assessment was an appropriate tool If so, why, an.docxelinoraudley582231
Do you feel the assessment was an appropriate tool? If so, why, and how could it be beneficial? If not, what were the drawbacks of the assessments?
The Female Sexual Function Index comes out as an assessment tool which mainly focuses on women, therefore, accomplishing its intended purpose. Each of the 19 items tested by the series of questions in the questionnaire touches on the sexual experiences of women prior to, during, or before sexual intercourse making it an appropriate tool to measure the sexual functioning of women. This tool is beneficial for clinical diagnosis of female sexual dysfunction and can be used to identify signs and symptoms of female orgasmic disorder (FOD) and hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in women (Metson, 2003).
How? The series of questions focuses on six domains which are; desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain. Each of the questions is classified under either domain mainly focusing on the female experiences over time. For example, when it comes to desire, there are two questions which ask about the frequency of sexual desire in the past one month as well as the degree of sexual desire over the same time period. Thus, we can argue that each of the domains has been intensively investigated to come up with the most viable result to be used for the relevant clinical purposes. Besides this, the assessment tool is reliable and relevant since it can be used to indicate different variables in each of the tested domains. The different responses for every question have been assigned different scores which are consistent with the kind of feedback which is to be expected.
References
Cindy M. Metson, (2003). Validation of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in Women with Female Orgasmic Disorder and in Women with Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872178/
According to the CDC the HIV/AIDS reports, African-Americans are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS and disparity continues to widen. African Americans represent approximately 12% of the U.S. population, but they account for approximately 43% of HIV diagnoses. The African-Americans who die of HIV/Aids represents 44% of the deaths in the U.S. The worst hit category are the black women, the youths, gays and bisexual men. Dr. Donna Hubbard McCree (2013) notes that HIV/AIDS epidemics among the blacks results from factors including poverty, lack of awareness of HIV status, stigma that prevent the majority from seeking help, high rate of sexually transmitted infection, sexual networks, lack of access to adequate health care and lack sexual education among the most affected population.
Even though recent reports demonstrate encouraging trends of reducing HIV infections among the black population, new diagnoses still occur among the black gay and bisexual men. Therefore, even with continued intervention, disproportionate trends continue among the black population continue to be re.
Domestic Violence
Toya Jones
Devry University
Introduction
Domestic violence is a described as a pattern of threatening or assaultive conduct that an individual uses against another party in a relationship. The relationships are profiled as follows; the victim and the abuser live together, dating, had dated married or are divorced. Most of the violence is intentioned to cause one to cede control or direction to an abuser.
The victims of this kind of violence are people from all segments of the society. Most of the victims of this type of violence are women, though an increasing number of men are falling victim to this type of violence (Harne & Radford, 2008). Statistics on the number of people who suffer this type of violence are hard to come by since most of the violence occurs behind closed doors though experts speculate 1 in 5 women experience it in their lifetime.
According to Harne & Ranford (2008), experts report that the prevalence of domestic violence is on the increase with almost 80% of shelters for domestic violence victims seeking their services in the past 5 years. It was also reported that almost 70 % percent of the women in the shelters stayed longer and this was attributed to mostly economic factors and psychological issues.
Dynamics of Domestic Violence
While economic factors contribute to the domestic violence issue, the trigger for the economic aspect of the problem is a psychological factor that needs to be addressed in order to stem the cycle of domestic abuse. According to Sherman, Schmidt & Rogan (1992), the psychological factor involves an abuser developing a destructive thinking pattern makes them believe they have to be in control of a victim. The abuser could also develop an unhealthy relationship that makes the abuser believe that the victim is responsible for their good fortune or happiness. It is this two underlying psychological factors that create a fertile environment for the vice to be perpetrated.
Most of the victims of domestic violence are women and the abuse traverses all age sets and social spheres. Men account for around 14 % of the victims of domestic violence. The number of men coming out to report violence towards them is on the increase. Johnson & Ferraro (2000), report that this has been attributed to the increased social awareness programs that have broken the societal bounds that men were traditionally associated with before. This rise in the number of men suffering domestic violence has also been attributed to the same sex couples. Same sex couples contributed to 80% of the men who reported suffering from domestic violence. The increased awareness campaign and societal acceptance is the reason for this increase.
According to Tolman & Raphael (2000), societal expectation of men is also a factor that has contributed to the rise in domestic violence. The traditional patriarchal view of men that they are masculine, strong and powerful and that women are subservient to thi ...
Running head Overpopulation and violence 1Overpopulation and v.docxjeanettehully
Running head: Overpopulation and violence 1
Overpopulation and violence 9Overpopulation and Violence: The poison of America
Roger F. Lewis
St. Thomas University
Table of Contents
Abstract 3
Overpopulation and Violence: The poison of America 4
Literature Review 6
Data 8
Data Analysis/Findings 8
References 10
Tables 12
Figures 13
Abstract
America has seen a lot of violence in the past two decades. We have experienced violence in many forms form terrorists’ attacks on September 11, 2001, mass shootings such as Las Vegas and Pulse Orlando shootings, mass school shootings, FedEx bombings, Walmart shootings, racial violence, and even bullying. Majority of our violence are by our own citizens and in order to determine why America is so violent, a research study will be conducted on what makes people commit violent acts? Why America is so intrigue with violence? Does it have to do with how America was founded?
The research is conducted in review of previous events in order to determine if the United States can be considered a violent community. When you look back at the previous events, most of the violence is linked with guns. The paper is also set up to investigate the impact of such violence on society, and the younger generation. The measure of violence is comprehensive with terrorist activities, mass shootings, cyber-bullying/bullying and poverty.
The study was conducted through questionnaires that were shared amongst a group of 30 random individuals who form the sample population. The individuals are composed of American citizens, visitor in the state and other persons who have taken up residence in the U.S. for a period of time. The study is also conducted using SPSS for the interpretation and gathering of the analysis. The questionnaire contains 20 identified possible causes of violence for the participants to pick out from.
Overpopulation and Violence: The poison of America
The United States is a ranked as the most violent country globally. The rates of murder in the country are extremely high compared to other nations such as Japan and Canada. There more cases of assault, rape and robbery in USA compared to most nations. Crime rates in the country have always been greater than in other rich nations. Violence entailing relationships accounts for 32% of the violent deaths. Knives and guns are the main weapons utilized in murders involving relationships. It is estimated that more than 70% of the privately-owned guns in the world are found in United States and majorly owned by men. Over the years, deaths that have been performed using guns have reached the 30,000 mark. Approximately more than 300 million guns are privately owned in United States (Stark, 2017).
I believe that overpopulation is the reason why America is a violent society. Basically, overpopulation leads to the depletion of resources and individuals begin fighting to acquire the scarce resources. Individuals are willing to use violence to acquire the scarce resources theref ...
Geographies of domestic violence in rural spaces: Case of rural Nepali commun...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Recognition that past research on domestic violence largely concentrated on urban areas has
helped to generate a body of work focusing specifically on the rural. This work has begun to identify important
characteristics of the experience of intimate partner violence in rural communities and, in particular, to draw
attention to the problems of resourcing and delivering services in support of families and individuals living with
and escaping violence. A key direction of research has been the interrogation of rates of domestic violence in
the comparison of urban, suburban and rural areas. Some studies have extended this comparative approach in
highlighting the prevalence of different forms of violence across types of community. This focus on the rural has
been a welcomed response to academic criticisms of the lack of work on the rationality of space and violence
and to associated calls by geographers to foreground the centrality of space in work on both the experience and
conceptualization of violence. Three remote villages of Bank district of western Nepal has been selected for the
household survey at 90 households. In addition to that, KII and FGD as well as interactive interview with the
local stake holders have also been conducted. Main finding of this research is women in the rural and remote
areas are more likely than women in urban areas to experience domestic and family violence. Similarly, women
living in the rural and remote areas who experience domestic and family violence face specific issues related to
their geographical location and the cultural and social characteristics of living in small communities.
Geographies of domestic violence in rural spaces: Case of rural Nepali commun...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Recognition that past research on domestic violence largely concentrated on urban areas has
helped to generate a body of work focusing specifically on the rural. This work has begun to identify important
characteristics of the experience of intimate partner violence in rural communities and, in particular, to draw
attention to the problems of resourcing and delivering services in support of families and individuals living with
and escaping violence. A key direction of research has been the interrogation of rates of domestic violence in
the comparison of urban, suburban and rural areas. Some studies have extended this comparative approach in
highlighting the prevalence of different forms of violence across types of community. This focus on the rural has
been a welcomed response to academic criticisms of the lack of work on the rationality of space and violence
and to associated calls by geographers to foreground the centrality of space in work on both the experience and
conceptualization of violence. Three remote villages of Bank district of western Nepal has been selected for the
household survey at 90 households. In addition to that, KII and FGD as well as interactive interview with the
local stake holders have also been conducted. Main finding of this research is women in the rural and remote
areas are more likely than women in urban areas to experience domestic and family violence. Similarly, women
living in the rural and remote areas who experience domestic and family violence face specific issues related to
their geographical location and the cultural and social characteristics of living in small communities.
“Combat and rape, the public and private forms of organized social violence, are primarily experiences of adolescent and early adult life. The United States Army enlists young men at seventeen; the average age of the Vietnam combat soldier was nineteen. In many other countries boys are conscripted for military service while barely in their teens. Similarly, the period of highest risk for rape is in late adolescence. Half of all victims are aged twenty or younger at the time they are raped; three-quarters are between the ages of thirteen and twenty-six. The period of greatest psychological vulnerability is also in reality the period of greatest traumatic exposure, for both young men and young women. Rape and combat might thus be considered complementary social rites of initiation into the coercive violence at the foundation of adult society. They are the paradigmatic forms of trauma for women and men.”
― Judith Lewis Herman, Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence - From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror
This study focuses on the effectiveness of State and Non-state actors in combating human trafficking and ensuring safe migration of Zimbabwean women. The study relied on qualitative research methodology while data was gathered through primary and documentary search. Respondents were purposively selected from victims of human trafficking and organisations that deal with combating human trafficking. These included IOM, Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP) Human Trafficking Desk, Ministry of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs. The study revealed that human trafficking in Zimbabwe thrives under conditions of vulnerability which are caused by various factors ranging from poverty, limited educational opportunities, poor economic conditions, gender and age. A strong relationship between Government and NGOs’ inadequate adherence to the Palermo Protocol standards and escalation of human trafficking was also exposed. Though Zimbabwean has several laws that deals with human trafficking, implementation of these laws still remains a challenge. This has contributed to the escalation of human trafficking cases from Zimbabwe to neighbouring countries, particularly South Africa.
Violence and Popular CultureViolence exists and has existed in a.docxdickonsondorris
Violence and Popular Culture
Violence exists and has existed in all societies. In contemporary North American society, we also see violence frequently in media--from news to films to video games. These representations have been blamed for creating a culture of fear and inspiring real violence, particularly among youth.
Media analysts argue that the question of media and violence must shift from a focus on violence in media to a focus on violence in our broader society. They argue that we need to make interconnections between class, gender, race and inequality in the debate on violence. This can be a difficult shift to make because contemporary media is rife with overt and subtle instances of violence. Violence is portrayed in the news, music videos, reality TV crime shows, films and video games.
In the wake of the tragic shooting in Newtown, Connecticut, media pundits discussed (Opens new window) whether video game consumption was producing violent people. While this is an interesting question, in this module we do not focus on whether violent images produce violent people. Nor do we examine whether media imagery has become increasingly violent. As one scholar (Opens new window)puts it,
Violence has always figured prominently in storytelling. Violent imagery has been around since hunters began scratching accounts of their exploits on the walls of caves. . . . Artifacts of Egyptian, Sumerian, Minoan, and Babylonian peoples all depict violent events, as do classical works of the ancient Greeks written 3,000 years ago. . . . The books of the Old Testament, written during the same period, are filled with accounts of genocide, war, human sacrifice, and, of course, various plagues. And as Mel Gibson so eloquently reminded moviegoers with his hugely successful film, The Passion of the Christ (2004), the biggest story of the New Testament culminates in rioting, ritual torture, and public execution. Perhaps more to the point, these grizzly stories have been repeated for centuries to children and adults alike as important works of history and religion. (Trend, The Myth of Media Violence 12-13)
This is not to deny that exposure to violent images may contribute toward violent behaviour.(Opens new window) But in a sociology course like this one, our job is to examine the role popular culture's representation of violence plays in the maintenance of cultural hegemony.
Video
Watch Mean World Syndrome (2010). (Opens new window)According to the documentary, what are some of the myths associated with media violence? What does George Gerbner say is the reason why violence pervades the media? How does popular culture use representations of violence to perpetuate racist myths? What is "mean world syndrome" anyway?
Law-and-order ideology
Law-and-order ideology has been chronically present in public, media, and political discourse, but it has assumed an even larger role in recent years. Particular media portrayals of criminal justice interact with ...
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‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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Violence contre les Femmes et Filles en Haiti dfid report 2013
1. Helpdesk Research Report: Violence against women and girls in Haiti
08.03.2013
Query: What do we know about prevalence, drivers and perpetrators of violence against women and
girls in Haiti, in both rural and urban areas? (Note any available information about trends in violence
following natural disasters and other emergencies.)
What organisations are working to reduce women and girls’ vulnerability to violence in Haiti? Please
summarise their principal programmes and projects.
Enquirer: Conflict, Humanitarian and Security Department, DFID
Author: Claire Mcloughlin (claire@gsdrc.org) with Laurence Cooley
Contents
1. Overview
2. Prevalence and perpetrators
3. Drivers
4. Additional information
5. Annex: Mapping of organisations working on violence against women in Haiti
1. Overview
No official government statistics are available on the prevalence of violence against women and girls
in Haiti (HRS, 2012). Experts acknowledge that non-governmental organisations’ (NGOs) reports and
small-scale, isolated surveys reveal only a partial picture. Moreover, much of the available analysis is
focused on urban areas, Port-au-Prince in particular, where the likelihood of women and girls having
experienced violence is consistently reported as high. Fewer studies document the incidence of
domestic violence in rural areas, though some suggest that prevalence is comparably high (Small,
2008). Moreover, women in rural areas may have poor access to basic services to enable them to
recover from abuse (d’Adesky, 2012). Available evidence suggests a significant portion of victims of
sexual violence in Haiti are children and minors (Gomez et al, 2009; UN, 2012). Criminals and family
members are among the more commonly-cited perpetrators, although there are conflicting reports on
the likelihood of perpetrators being known to women.
Incidence of violence against women was high in the pre-earthquake period, but there is widespread
consensus that it has increased since. This correlates with the insecurity, displacement, poverty, lack
1
2. of adequate access to basic resources, and loss of livelihoods associated with the disaster (Human
Rights Watch, 2011). The post-earthquake period has also been linked with a rise in the number of
women and girls engaging in sex work (UNHCR, 2011).
Some experts caution that although violence against women is widespread, its prevalence has been
sensationalised and overstated in the news media, and in some cases the ‘victimisation’ of women
has been used by organisations to gain access to aid funding (Horton, 2012). Although rape has been
a focus of concern and news coverage, some reports suggest that physical aggression is actually a
more common form of violence against women overall (d’Adesky, 2012).
There are various cultural, political and economic drivers of violence against women and girls in Haiti.
They include the following.
Gender stereotypes and discrimination against women: Researchers stress that the
incidence of violence in the post-earthquake period should be understood in the context of the
longer-term social exclusion, and cultural and legal discrimination against women.
Women’s economic dependency: There is some evidence that women who are
economically dependent on men are more vulnerable to sexual exploitation.
Poverty, displacement and poor conditions in internally displaced persons’ (IDP)
camps: Studies indicate significant correlations between limited access to adequate food,
water and sanitation, and women and girls’ vulnerability to sexual violence in IDP camps.
Legacy of state-led violence: Politically motivated violence has been used by some regimes
in Haiti.
Culture of impunity and weak capacity in the state justice system: An acute lack of
resources and capacity in the Haitian justice system makes it difficult for the state to
prosecute and punish perpetrators, and deters victims from seeking redress.
An array of multi-lateral and bilateral aid agencies, international non-governmental organisations
(INGOs) and local women’s associations are engaged in work to address violence against women in
Haiti. The main types of activities these organisations undertake include: collecting data on
prevalence of violence against women; providing care for victims (medical and legal assistance);
providing ‘safe spaces’ for survivors; running awareness-raising campaigns; and increasing women’s
access to economic opportunities. A sample of organisations is provided in Annex 1.
2. Prevalence and perpetrators
According to the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Haiti does not have a functioning
national system for collecting data on sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), and no official
statistics are available (HRS, 2012). Data from NGO or UN sources are patchy and invariably
limited to particular geographic areas making it difficult to establish an overall, comprehensive
picture of prevalence. Rape cases are inevitably under-reported, partly due to lack of victim
awareness of the reporting process, fear of retaliation from perpetrators and limited access to legal
aid (HRS, 2012). There is no comparative data that can show trends over time (Human Rights Watch,
2011). Moreover, some statistics are not made available online.
In spite of the above data limitations, some studies do indicate the prevalence of different types of
violence against women and girls across both urban and rural areas. Some differentiate between the
experience of women and the experience of adolescents and children. The findings from a sample of
recent studies are summarised below.
2
3. Overall incidence of sexual and domestic violence
Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from 2005 indicated that 18 per cent of 15–24 year old
females in Haiti had experienced sexual violence at some point during their lives (Gómez et al,
2009).
A recent study published by a coalition of local women’s associations PotoFanm+Fi reviewed
evidence of trends in sexual violence in post-quake Haiti (d’Adesky, 2012). It found that although rape
has been the focus of media attention, domestic (physical) violence is an overlooked category of
abuse, dwarfing cases of rape by a ratio of 3:1 (ibid. 33).
Sexual and domestic violence in urban areas
Much of the available analysis on violence against women and girls is focused on urban areas and
Port-au-Prince in particular. One study, published in the Lancet in 2006, randomly surveyed
households in the greater Port-au-Prince area to assess the prevalence of human rights violations,
including sexual violence (Kolbe and Hutson, 2006). It found that the sexual assault of women and
girls was common, with up to 35,000 female victims of assault in the area, more than half of whom
were younger than 18 years old. In all, 4.6 per cent of 1260 households randomly sampled reported
that at least one person in the household had been threatened with sexual violence. Further, 1.2 per
cent of households reported that both the respondent and another household member had been
threatened with sexual violence.
In November 2012, the MDG Fund and the National Observatory of Violence and Crime published the
1
results of a survey of sexual assault and domestic violence against women and girls in six cities .
The survey indicated that outside Port-au-Prince, most attacks occur in the home, whereas in
Port-au-Prince, the streets are more dangerous. Although most women rejected the idea of
violence as normal, 10-20 per cent thought it was ‘completely normal’ for a man to beat his wife if she
was disobedient (MDGFund, 2012).
Sexual and domestic violence in rural areas
The recent review by PotoFanm+Fi highlighted that the problems of domestic violence found in the
cities were often worse in rural areas, where basic provision for victims – such as access to doctors
and nurses – was generally inadequate and victims were often left to ‘fend for themselves’ (d’Adesky,
2012, 30).
A cross-sectional study in the rural Artibonite valley region, undertaken in 2007, found violence
against pregnant women to be pervasive, particularly violence perpetrated by an intimate partner
(Small, 2008). The study found that more than four in ten (44 per cent) pregnant women seeking
prenatal care at community dispensaries reported that they had experienced some form of
violence in the preceding six months. Of this total, 39 per cent reported experiencing sexual
violence, and eight per cent reported experiencing physical violence. Slightly over one in three (34.5
2
per cent) women had experienced intimate partner violence (the most common form of violence).
1
Port-au-Prince, Gonaïves, Saint-Marc, Les Cayes, Port-de-Paix and Ouanaminthe
2
The study also found an association between physical and sexual violence against pregnant women, and women’s distress
in response to pregnancy symptoms.
3
4. Another study in rural Haiti, conducted in Proje Sante Fanm between June 1999 and March 2002,
found 54 per cent of 749 women accessing health services had experienced forced sex in their
lifetime (Fawzia, 2005).
Incidence pre-earthquake
Human Rights Watch report that widespread and systemic rape and other sexual violence against
women was a major concern during the 2004-2006 political conflicts, particularly in the metropolitan
area of Port-au-Prince. One survey by the UN estimated that up to 50 per cent of girls living in conflict
zones had been victims of sexual violence, and that collective or ‘gang rape’ were common (Human
Rights Watch, 2011, 17-18).
A report by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) covering the period 2005-2007 reported high incidence
of rape cases, with a significant proportion of victims being girls (ten per cent between five and 12
years). It was in response to this growing threat of violence against women and girls that the
Women’s Ministry launched the ‘National Plan to Fight Violence Done Against Women’ in 2005.
Effects of the earthquake
International and local organisations raised concerns about women’s increased vulnerability to
violence following the earthquake of 2010. Human Rights Watch (2011), for example, noted NGOs
reported an increased number of cases of sexual violence and rape in the months following the
earthquake. For example:
Solidarity of Haitian Women (SOFA) reported treating 718 female victims of gender-based
violence in the six months following the earthquake (116 for rape).
The Commission of Women Victims for Victims (KOFAVIV) reported treating 640 victims of
rape in the year following the earthquake (ibid).
The post-earthquake period has also been linked with a rise in the number of women and girls
engaging in sex work. In May 2011, UNHCR conducted several focus groups with women and
adolescent girls in a selection of IDP camps. Based on the testimonies of participants, the study found
that the practice of women and adolescent girls engaging in ‘transactional sex’ in Port-au-Prince was
‘widespread’ (UNHCR, 2011). In some camps, it has been reported that women were sexually
exploited by members of camp committees and others who controlled the distribution of goods and
services. Women were reportedly forced to negotiate sexual favours with these committees to obtain
3
access to basic supplies (Horton, 2012; CHRGJ, 2012) . The women’s rights NGO MADRE reports
that since post-earthquake aid distribution was reduced, men have begun using weapons, as
4
opposed to access to essential resources, to force women to have sex.
The MDG Fund acknowledges that although reported cases of gender-based violence (in particular
cases of rape) appear to have risen sharply in the last ten years, this could to a degree reflect a
5
greater willingness of victims to come forward, rather than an increase in prevalence.
3
See also: Marginalisation & Sexual Vulnerability in the IDP camps of Port-au-Prince http://www.urd.org/Marginalisation-
Sexual
4
See: Sexual violence against women, including domestic sexual violence; in particular
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,QUERYRESPONSE,HTI,,4feaceb62,0.html
5
See: Reducing violence against women in Haiti
http://www.mdgfund.org/country/haiti/story/ReducingviolenceagainstwomeninHaiti
4
5. The latest available report from the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) (UN,
2012) identifies five high-risk and two medium-risk areas in IDP camps where women are particularly
vulnerable to sexual and gender-based violence. Four of these locations (Jean-Marie Vincent No. 1,
Jean-Marie Vincent No. 2, Petionville Club and Corail) are secured by a 24-hour security presence,
either by MINUTASH or the national police.
Violence against girls and children in particular
The review by PotoFanm+Fi found that adolescents and younger girls constitute the ‘hidden majority’
of victims of sexual violence, making up a significant portion of all reported rape cases (up to 60 per
cent) (d’Adesky, 2012). It argued that whereas women suffer physical aggression from intimate
partners, adolescents are more likely to suffer sexual aggression.
6
Another small-scale survey indicated that sexual violence was common among both male and
female youth in Haiti (Gomez et al., 2009). Using data collected in 2006-2007, it found that 18 per
cent of the young people sampled had experienced sexual violence during their lifetime. In all, 15 per
cent of males reported experiencing sexual violence during their lifetimes, compared with 22 per cent
of females. The mean age among respondents was 20 years.
NGO and news media reports since the earthquake have also suggested a significant portion of
7
victims of sexual violence are children and minors, some as young as three years of age. The latest
available report from MINUTASH notes that during the reporting period – 29 February 2012 to 31
August 2012 – there were 128 reported cases of child rape in Haiti (UN 2012, 11).
Perpetrators
There are conflicting reports about the perpetrators of violence against women. Some NGO reports
on cases of rape indicate that the perpetrators are often unknown to victims: for example, one
8
report by the NGO SOFA suggested that 69 per cent of perpetrators were non-family civilians.
Another by MSF similarly suggested that the majority of victims (67 per cent) did not know their
attacker (Human Rights Watch, 2011, 18). However, in 2012, the Office of the High Commissioner for
Human reported that violent crimes against women in IDP camps are frequently committed by people
known to the victim, including men living within the neighbourhood (HRS, 2012).
In their study of violence in the greater Port-au-Prince area, Kolbe and Hutson (2006) identified
‘criminals’ as the most likely perpetrators of sexual assaults, with officers from the Haitian National
Police accounting for 13.8 per cent, and armed anti-Lavalas groups accounting for 10.6 per cent.
However, d’Adesky (2012) reviewed the cumulative evidence and found that more rapes are
committed by persons known to victims – such as friends and neighbours – than by unknown
attackers. Moreover, cases by uniformed officers (soldiers and police) represent a very small minority.
6
Defined in this study as being physically forced or raped at first sex, or having sex because of threats or physical force.
7
See: Sexual violence against women, including domestic sexual violence; in particular
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,QUERYRESPONSE,HTI,,4feaceb62,0.html
8
See: Refworld ‘Sexual violence against women, including domestic sexual violence’
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,QUERYRESPONSE,HTI,,4feaceb62,0.html
5
6. 3. Drivers
Gender stereotypes and discrimination against women
Researchers stress that the experiences of women in the post-disaster phase should be understood
in the context of longer-term, structural gender inequality (Horton, 2012; Nolan, 2011). A report
submitted by Haiti to the Human Rights Council in July 2011 noted that ‘gender stereotypes continue
to trigger discriminatory behaviour that sometimes ends in violence against women’ (HRS, 2012). In
addition, it noted that the weak representation of women in all layers of government reinforced the
gender stereotyping present in Haitian society (ibid). PotoFanm+Fi similarly argues that cultural
norms, spiritual traditions and social attitudes shape views towards sexual violence, which in turn are
reflected in Haiti’s laws (d’Adesky, 2012).
Horton (2012) notes that gender-based exclusion, cultural and legal discrimination, and sexual and
gender-based violence have been long-term problems in Haiti. Even though women often serve as
heads of household and exercise relative independence, they are generally considered socially
inferior. Women’s secondary status in society dates back to the pre-independence period, and until
1979, married women were considered legal minors (Nolan, 2011).
Female victims of sexual and gender-based violence reportedly often face familial and social
stigma, as well as complex, intimidating and sometimes hostile procedures in Haiti’s judicial system
(Horton, 2012 8). Social stigma and shame are obstacles to women seeking care after experiencing
rape (Human Rights Watch, 2011).
Women’s economic dependency
According to Human Rights Watch, women in Haiti generally have fewer economic opportunities than
men, leading some to engage in relationships for economic reasons (Human Rights Watch, 2011).
Many women who were engaged in small commerce lost their resources during the earthquake, and
therefore also their financial independence. Some lost husbands or family breadwinners. All of these
factors, it is argued, have led women to become more vulnerable to sexual exploitation (ibid).
In her study of women’s experiences of forced-sex in rural Haiti, Fawzia (2005) found that the
strongest risk factors associated with a woman encountering domestic violence were: age, length of
time in a relationship, occupation of the woman's partner, STD-related symptoms and economic
vulnerability. The majority of women sampled were farmers (55 per cent) and a significant portion
were domestic servants (18 per cent). Fifty-one percent of the women reporting forced sex had
attended school, compared with 48 per cent of those who did not report forced sex. Women's partners
generally had a higher level of education (65 per cent overall had attended school) were older (mean
age of 33) and were mainly farmers (83 per cent). Women whose partners were construction workers
were two times more likely to have experienced forced sex. The authors argue that this is because
construction work is one of the more stable occupations in the area and women whose partners
engage in this type of work are more likely to be economically dependent on men. The authors
conclude prevention requires more than information and education – women who are vulnerable to
forced sex need income-generating opportunities (ibid).
6
7. Poverty, displacement and conditions in IDP camps
In 2011, one year after the earthquake, UN Women reported that: ‘The earthquake deepened gaps in
gender equality and women’s empowerment. Many of these are related to structural obstacles, such
9
as attitudes and institutions that prevent progress for women’. The report called for both long-term
prevention measures, to change attitudes and behaviours towards women, alongside short-term
protection for survivors of violence to enable them to recover and seek justice. More broadly, the
report highlighted a need for investments to promote women’s voice in political processes and to
support women’s livelihoods (e.g. by financing microenterprises), particularly given that 42 per cent
of households are headed by women.
In 2011, UNHCR reported that the living conditions in IDP camps were exacerbating women’s
vulnerability to violence. It noted: ‘the primary and secondary displacements and subsequent loss
of traditional community, family structures and mechanisms, combined with the loss of livelihoods and
impunity for perpetrators have increased the vulnerability of many women and girls’ (UNHCR, 2011,
4).
Similar findings were made in a study undertaken by the Centre for Human Rights and Global Justice,
which found significant correlations between limited access to adequate food, water and sanitation,
and increased vulnerability to sexual violence in IDP camps (CHRGJ, 2012). It found that in 14 per
cent of the households surveyed, at least one person had been a victim of rape or sexual assault
since the earthquake. Seventy percent of respondents said they were more fearful of sexual violence
since the earthquake (CHRGJ, 2012). The report concluded that the people most vulnerable to sexual
violence were likely to be young and female, to reside in a household with three or fewer members, to
have limited access to food, water and sanitation, and to live in a camp without participatory
governance (ibid).
The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights argued that high SGBV incidence in IDP
camps coincided with high crime rates in the surrounding neighbourhood. Thus, rather than
seeing camps situations in isolation, they should be seen as ‘a more visible example of a systemic
and structural problem in Haitian society’ (HRS, 2012).
Horton (2012) argues that gender stereotypes that portray men in the camps as criminal gang
members, and women as prostitutes, along with the widespread representation of women in post-
earthquake Haiti as ‘victims’, risk reproducing socio-economic inequalities. Based on interviews with
leaders of Haitian women’s organisations, women grassroots activists, and women working in NGOs,
she found that women’s associations strongly reject this stereotyping. She calls for greater recognition
of the strengths and capacities of Haitian women in times of crisis, including the informal, often
invisible work they have done in organising, networking, caretaking, and ensuring basic survival.
Focus groups in IDP camps have found that a lack of employment opportunities for men, which
led to boredom, depression and increased alcohol consumption, were drivers of increased domestic
violence and rape incidents (UNHCR, 2011,18).
A study published in late 2012 by the Center for Human Rights and Global Justice (CHRGJ) referred
to so-called ‘survival sex’ as an adaptation mechanism in response to the breakup of family and
9
See ‘UN Women on the Ground: Haiti’s Women a Year after the Earthquake’
http://www.unwomen.org/2011/01/un-women-on-the-ground-haitis-women-a-year-after-the-earthquake/
7
8. community structures, the loss of safety nets and lack of effective economic opportunities (CHRGJ,
2012).
The upsurge in violence in IDP camps is thought to be driven by lack of economic opportunity,
crowded conditions, lack of secure shelter, and in some cases, the failure of the Haitian police and
UN troops to provide adequate security (Horton, 2012).
Several reports cite the generally poor security situation as an underlying cause of violence against
women. Some reports from the field suggest security patrols around the 1,150 camps in and around
Port-au-Prince are inadequate (Nolan, 2011). Lack of consistent electricity or lighting at night in some
camps has been associated with reduced security (Human Rights Watch, 2011). On the other hand,
one report by the small arms survey found that more rape cases occurred during the day than at
night, because younger women and girls were often left alone in the day whilst their parents went out
to seek work (Kolbe and Muggah, cited in d’Adesky, 2012).
Legacy of state-led violence
A legacy of state-sanctioned violence is also considered among of the underlying causes of violence
against women in Haiti. Nolan (2011) notes that successive regimes since the 1950s have used rape
to silence opponents. According to Human Rights Watch (2011), there is some evidence that
politically-motivated sexual violence was used under the dictatorships of François and Jean-Claude
Duvalier (between 1957 and 1986) and during the Cédras regime and post-coup period (from October
1991 to May 1993). Under these regimes, Human Rights Watch documented cases of rape and
assault being used as a form of political oppression (HRW, 2011).
Horton (2012, 5) similarly notes: ‘under the Duvalier regime in the 1980s and more recent military
regimes, women were the targets of state violence, which included the systematic rape of women as
means to terrorise and punish them for political activity’. She argues the Haitian state has since
reproduced gender-based discrimination through legal codes, policies and programmes.
Culture of impunity and weak capacity in state justice system
In a report based on interviews with Haitian experts, Nolan (2011) draws attention to the impunity for
perpetrators of sexual and gender-based violence as an underlying cause of its prevalence. She
notes that up until 2005, rape was defined as a ‘crime against morals’, sentencing was lenient and
there was no witness or victim protection. In 2005, article 278 of the Criminal Code regarding rape
changed the categorization of rape from a crime against morals to a crime against the person (HRS,
2012).
The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in 2012 noted that although the Constitution
provides for equal protection before the law, Haiti still does not have national legislation prohibiting
and punishing discrimination against women. A draft bill on the prevention, punishment and
elimination of violence against women drawn up by the MCFDF remains at a standstill (HRS, 2012).
Some reports argue a lack of resources and capacity in the Haitian justice system, which makes it
difficult for the state to prosecute and punish perpetrators, deters victims of gender-based violence
from seeking redress (UNHCR, 2011). In late 2011, the Office of the High Commissioner for Human
Rights-Haiti (HRS) conducted a study of rape cases reported to five police stations in the Port-au-
Prince area between June and August 2010, to see how the cases had been managed by the criminal
8
9. justice system. Just one case out of a total of 62 reported cases during this period had reached the
prosecution stage and was pending trial. No cases have actually been tried. In addition, the study
found that police records were generally not well kept, and police did not always explain to victims the
importance of obtaining a medical examination within 72 hours of the rape. Without a medical
certificate, it is highly unlikely that a case will go to trial (HRS, 2012). The report concluded that ‘state
responsibility with regard to rape and other forms of sexual violence must be seen in the light of the
overall inadequacies of accessing and delivering justice in Haiti’.
The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights-Haiti (HRS) described the Haitian National
Police (HNP) as ‘seriously under resourced’, lacking staff and basic equipment, including cars,
computers, telephones and electricity, severely impede to carry out investigations and arrests.
4. References
d’Adesky, A-C, and the PotoFanm+Fi coalition, (2012) Beyond Shock: Charting the landscape of
sexual violence in post-quake Haiti: Progress, Challenges & Emerging Trends, 2010-2012
http://potofi.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/11-30-press-copy-beyond-shock-abridged-nov-2012-report-
on-gbv-progress.pdf
Fawzia, M., (2005), Factors associated with forced sex among women accessing health services in
rural Haiti: implications for the prevention of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases,
Social Science & Medicine, Volume 60, Issue 4, pp. 679–689
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953604002795
Gómez, A., et al. (2009). Sexual Violence and Reproductive Health Among Youth in Port-au-Prince,
Haiti, Journal of Adolescent Health, Volume 44, Issue 5, pp. 508–510
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1054139X08004278
Horton, L., (2012), After the earthquake: gender inequality and transformation in post-disaster Haiti,
Gender & Development, Volume 20, Issue 2
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13552074.2012.693284
Human Rights Section (HRS), Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights-Haiti (2012). A
Profile of Police and Judicial Response to Rape in Port-au-Prince, Office of the High Commissioner
for Human Rights, Haiti: Port au Prince
http://minustah.org/?p=36059
Human Rights Watch, (2011). “Nobody Remembers Us” Failure to Protect Women’s and Girls’ Right
to Health and Security in Post-Earthquake Haiti, Washington: Human Rights Watch
http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/haiti0811webwcover.pdf
Kolbe, A., and Hutson, R., (2006). Human rights abuse and other criminal violations in Port-au-Prince,
Haiti: a random survey of households, The Lancet, Volume 368, Issue 9538, Pages 864 - 873, 2
September 2006
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(06)69211-8/fulltext
9
10. MDG Fund, (2012). Perspectives sur les violences contre les femmes en Haïti, MDG Fund and
National Observatory of Violence and Crime, Haiti : Port au Prince [not available in English]
http://www.onavc.ueh.edu.ht/donnees_onavc/Journee_Contre_les_Violences_Faites_aux_Femmes-
final.pdf
Nolan, C., (2011). “Haiti, Violated”, World Policy Journal, 28: 93
http://wpj.sagepub.com/content/28/1/93
CHRGJ (2012) Yon Je Louvri: Reducing Vulnerability to Sexual Violence in Haiti’s IDP Camps, New
York: Centre for Human Rights and Global Justice, NYU School of Law
http://chrgj.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/yonjelouvri.pdf
Small, M., et al. (2008). Intimate partner and nonpartner violence against pregnant women in rural
Haiti, International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Volume 102, Issue 3, pp. 226–231
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020729208002385
UN, (2012), Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti,
United Nations: New York
http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2012/678
UNHCR, (2011). Driven by Desperation: Transactional Sex as a Survival Strategy in Port-au-Prince
IDP Camps, Haiti: Port-au-Prince
http://www.urd.org/IMG/pdf/SGBV-UNHCR-report2_FINAL.pdf
Additional resources:
GSDRC, (2011), Helpdesk Research Report: Impact evaluations of programmes to prevent and
respond to violence against women and girls, University of Birmingham
http://www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/HD789.pdf
GSDRC, (2012), Helpdesk Research Report: Evaluation of programmes related to violence against
women and girls, University of Birmingham
http://www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/HDQ853.pdf
Key websites:
United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUTASH)
www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/
IOM, Haiti http://www.iomhaiti.info/en/accueil.php
KOFAVIV (Komisyon Fanm Viktim pou Viktim) http://www.kofaviv.org/
Experts consulted:
Denyse Côté, Université du Québec en Outaouais
Suggested citation:
Mcloughlin, C. (2013), Violence against women and girls in Haiti (GSDRC Helpdesk Research
Report), Birmingham, UK: Governance and Social Development Resource Centre, University of
Birmingham.
10
11. About Helpdesk research reports: This helpdesk report is based on 3 days of desk-based research.
Helpdesk research reports are designed to provide a brief overview of the key issues, and a summary
of some of the best literature available. Experts are contacted during the course of the research, and
those able to provide input within the short time-frame are acknowledged.
11
12. Annex 1: Selected organisations working on violence against women in Haiti
Organisation Specific Key activities (as listed on website) Website/Source
programme/s
MULTILATERAL AID AGENCIES
International Protecting the Most Collecting disaggregated data for displaced women http://www.iomhaiti.info/en/accueil.p
Organisation for Vulnerable victims of violence. hp
Migration (IOM) Training camp committees on Sexual and Gender-
based Violence (SGBV), prevention, referral and http://www.iomhaiti.info/en/index.ph
monitoring. p?option=com_content&view=articl
e&id=8&Url=
UNHCR Various Training for MINUSTAH personnel and Haitian http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.
national police. asp?NewsID=35900
Information campaign on the prevention of and
response to rape. http://www.unhcrwashington.org/atf/
Conducted study into transactional sex as a survival cf/%7Bc07eda5e-ac71-4340-8570-
strategy in Port-au-Prince IDP camps. 194d98bdc139%7D/SGBV-HAITI-
STUDY-MAY2011.PDF
UNICEF Various Creating a referral system for survivors of violence, http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/
including plastic-coated referral cards instructing haiti_53204.html
victims on where to go for medical care and support
developed in collaboration with the Haitian
government, the International Rescue Committee and
UNFPA.
Prevention of future violence through establishment of
child-friendly spaces, with activities designed to
educate girls and boys about gender-based violence
and help them develop life skills needed in the new
and challenging camp settings.
12
13. UNFPA Concertation Nationale Data-collection system on GBV; training local partners http://www.unfpa.org/webdav/site/gl
Contre les Violences in data collection and analysis. obal/shared/documents/publication
Faites aux Femmes s/2013/finalUNFPA_CSW_Book_20
130221_Data.pdf
United Nations Joint working group on Collaborates with the Ministry of Women’s Affairs and www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missi
Stabilisation Mission community violence Women’s Rights to run ‘safe spaces’ for survivors of ons/minustah/
in Haiti (MINUTASH) reduction sexual and gender-based violence in three IDP camps
and at seven national police stations.
Works in close collaboration with the Ministry of the
Interior and the Ministry of Youth, Sports and Civic
Action, on measures to reduce community violence.
Because women are particularly vulnerable to
violence in urban areas, MINUSTAH ensures that 30
per cent of the beneficiaries of each of these projects
are women.
Collaborates with the International Organization for
Migration to organise training sessions for national
police officers on responding to sexual and gender-
based violence, in addition to training legal
professionals on legal recourse for victims.
Trains community leaders as part of a “zero violence”
platform which helps community networks raise
awareness of how to prevent sexual and gender-
based violence.
UN Women Various. Support for Supporting AFB (in the Northern Coastal region) to http://www.unwomen.org/2012/09/h
Asosyasyon Famn de help survivors of gender-based violence access aiti-efforts-at-the-local-level-to-
Boy/Women’s medical and legal care. improve-womens-access-to-justice-
Association of Le Supporting a network of Safe Houses for victims. and-security/
Borgne (AFB)
http://car.unwomen.org/ne_new_.cf
m?ID=139
13
14. World Bank Women and Girls in Public education, including capacity building http://www.genderaction.org/publica
Haiti's Reconstruction: Technical assistance to KOFAVIV in its education tions/haitigbvcs.pdf
Addressing and campaign;
Preventing Gender Supporting KOFAVIV visits to GBV survivors;
Based Violence purchase and distribution of first response kits;
organising capacity building workshops for KOFAVIV
staff.
Various: UNFPA, Joint programme on Economic development, job-creation, and training for http://www.mdgfund.org/program/co
UNESCO, IOM, UNDP, Prevention and social violence-prone communities. nflictpreventionthroughlocalcommu
UNIFEM cohesion through Creation of a National Observatory of Violence and nityempowermentandinstitutionalca
Local Community Crime, which is conducting victimization surveys and pacitybuilding
Empowerment and studies on the dynamics of violence.
Institutional Capacity ‘Listen and care centers’ for victims of violence,
Building supporting more than 1,000 women victims of
violence.
BILATERAL AID AGENCIES
CIDA No programmes specifically aimed at preventing http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-
violence against women; current (2011-12) priorities cida/ACDI-CIDA.nsf/En/JUD-
are education, health, food security, economic growth, 12912349-NLX
governance (civil registration), and humanitarian
assistance.
14
15. USAID Various, including Improving security by: building the capacity of the http://www.usaid.gov/haiti/gender-
Women Empowered to Haitian National Police (HNP); Calling for increased equity-and-womens-empowerment
Lead and Advocate for female representation and leadership within the HNP.
Development (WE- Supporting survivors through: access to services;
LEAD) + training to identify GBV cases; legal aid in low-income
PROJUSTICE and marginalized communities; protecting displaced
women and girls
Improving legislation and capacity through:
strengthening legal protection; enforcing existing
legislation; promoting multilateral coordination
Creating economic opportunity by: providing
vocational training; training out-of-school youth;
linking women to capital
Raising awareness by: promoting new social
norms; supporting an innovative emergency
response approach to GBV; training women
mediators in Cité Soleil.
INGOs
American Bar Rule of Law Initiative Conducted a workshop on SGBV for judges, justices http://www.americanbar.org/advoca
Association of the peace, investigative magistrates, prosecutors cy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/lati
and police officers, with a focus on effective n_america_caribbean/haiti/news/ne
investigation, prosecution and adjudication, covering ws_haiti_justice_sector_operators_t
local and international laws. rained_to_combat_sexual_gender_
based_violence_0412.html
American Jewish Creating safe spaces and undertaking advocacy for http://ajws.org/where_we_work/am
World Service policies to protect women and children from GBV, ericas/haiti/fanm_viktim_leve_kanp
through outreach, human rights training, and e_favilek.html
Fanm Viktim Leve accompanying victims through the legal process
Kanpe/Women Victims
Get Up, Stand Up
(FAVILEK)
15
16. ActionAid Haiti Organised a day of sensitisation on violence against http://www.actionaid.org/haiti/2011/
women in the Philippeaux and Mariani camps. 03/ending-violence-against-women-
together
Oxfam Working with local partners Action Communautaire http://www.oxfamblogs.org/lac/youn
Solidarite Intervention Sociale (ACSIS), Fonds de g-haitians-taking-a-stand-against-
Reseaux d'Aide pour le Developpement Economique gender-based-violence/
et Social (FRADES) and the Santo Network to combat
GBV, including by launching welcome centres.
Médecins Sans Opened a small clinic in the Pacot district of Port-au- http://www.doctorswithoutborders.o
Frontières Prince in 2007 dedicated to providing medical and rg/news/article.cfm?id=2135&cat=v
psychological care to victims of sexual violence. oice-from-the-field
Services are now provided at the new (2011) MSF http://www.msf-
hospital in Drouillard and by MSF staff working in the azg.be/fr/pays/ha%C3%AFti
Choscal state hospital.
NATIONAL NGOS
Association Femmes Grassroots group working closely with the women’s http://www.haitimedical.com/afasda
Soleil d’Haiti AFASDA ministry and approved medical to provide services for /
referred clients.
AFASDA is among the groups involved in the long-
Haitian Women’s Sun running safe house in Cap Haitien (Northern Haiti)
Association
Centre Diocésain de Training CEDDISEC’s Youth Brigade in gender-based http://www.er-
Développement violence issues, to enable them to work with camp d.org/HaitiYouthBrigadeGBV
Intégré et de Secours leaders to conduct surveys and launch an education
(CEDDISEC) programme.
Episcopal Relief and
Development
16
17. Groupe Concertation Supporting victims of GBV; advocating for women’s http://groupedesfemmesvictimes.bl
des Femmes Victimes rights. ogspot.co.uk/p/presentation-
gcfv.html
Dialogue Group for
Women Victims (GCFV)
KOFAVIV (Komisyon Opened medical centre in March 2005, partnering http://www.kofaviv.org/
Fanm Viktim pou with the Organization d'Entraide pour la Promotion
Viktim) Sociale (ODPPS) to provide medical assistance to
victims.
The Commission of KOFAVIV staff (called Community Human Rights
Women Victims for Workers (CHRWs)), reach out to women in many
Victims) distressed communities to encourage them to seek
medical help and counseling to get through their
trauma.
Kódinasyon Solidarite Organised a three-month awareness-raising http://urgentactionfund.org/2012/06/
Fanm Djanm Sid campaign distributing posters, banners, and the-haiti-earthquake-stop-violence-
(KOSOFADS) pamphlets to the population and local authorities, and against-women-and-girls/
airing radio and television broadcasts
17
18. MADRE A Haven for Haitian Supporting KOFAVIV Women’s Centre to meet the http://www.madre.org/index/meet-
Girls critical needs of Haitian girls so they do not need to madre-1/where-we-work-53/haiti-
exchange sex for basic provisions, and to provide 168.html
International sanctuary;
Campaign to Stop Teaching about health and human rights and http://www.madre.org/index/meet-
Rape and Gender encouraging girls to engage in outreach to others in madre-1/our-projects-20/haiti-a-
Violence in Conflict; camps haven-for-haitian-girls-282.html
Digital Democracy Establishment of ‘572’ sexual violence emergency
response telephone line, including training women http://kofaviv.blogspot.co.uk/
and documenting cases of sexual violence.
http://www.rememberoursistersever
ywhere.com/notes/Support_Women
_and_Girls_in_Haiti
http://www.madre.org/index/meet-
madre-1/our-partners-6/haiti-
kofaviv--zanmi-lasante-36.html
http://digital-
democracy.org/2011/09/21/announ
cing-572-the-first-emergency-
response-system-for-sexual-
violence-in-haiti/
Observatoire National A joint initiative of the State University of Haiti and http://www.onavc.ueh.edu.ht
de la Violence et de la UNDP which undertakes institutional capacity building
Criminalité (ONAVC) and research on violence and crime, including
violence against women. A recent (November 2012)
National Observatory on study on violence against women in five cities
Violence and Crime indicates widespread insecurity and high rates of
domestic violence.
18
19. PotoFanm+Fi Global solidarity initiative launched by Haitian, http://www.potofanm.org/p/about-
Diaspora and global advocates of women’s rights to us_24.html
support the needs, voices, and leadership of Haitian
women and girls, and grassroots organizations in
Rebuilding Haiti after the earthquake.
Advocacy, reporting, monitoring, fundraising, and
networking with community and multisector partners
to accelerate delivery of priority services to Haitian
women and girls.
SOFA (Solidarite Fanm Se Ra, Se Ta (Later is Grassroots feminist organisation http://www.grassrootsonline.org/ne
Ayisyen) too late) Runs clinics for rape victims ws/blog/sofa%E2%80%99s-
Outreach workers travel by foot to find clients or violence-against-women-campaign-
escort them to clinics
Haitian Women’s Solidarity haiti-one-year
Campaigns to change permissive cultural attitudes
that enable the subjugation of women in their private
lives.
Campaigns to make use of print, radio, and popular
theatre to change cultural attitudes that enable the
subjugation of women
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
Ministry for the Status Primary responsibility within government for the http://www.haitivisions.com/mcfdf/
of Women and definition and implementation of policies on SGBV
Women's Rights Mandated to regulate services provided to women
(MCFDF) and girls.
In 2005, launched the Concertation Nationale contre
les Violences Faites aux Femmes, a partnership
between State ministries, civil society, and
international partners including UN agencies to
implement the national plan of action on violence
against women and girls.
19