Community Need Project Rubric
The Community Need Project has four important issues that need to be addressed: the description of the community,
the description of the need/problem, the strategy to meet the need, and the assessment plan. This rubric examines each
of these elements as well as the writing associated with the plan. In the case of a media presentation, the writing
sections will be modified to assess the PowerPoint and the voice-over.
Attribute Evaluated POS
PTS
PTS
1. Community and Key Stakeholders – This element looks at the first section of the project. A 1
indicates a major deficiency in this section: poor description of the community, no demographic
information provided, no values and belief information provided, and no identification of the major
stakeholders, or contradictory information provided. A 20 is awarded for a clear and insightful
examination of the community that includes an introduction to the community, demographic
information, values/beliefs information and discussion of the key stakeholders. Projects receiving a
20 also capture the imagination of the reader and paint a picture of the community.
20
2. Need to be Addressed – This element looks at how well you were able to articulate the need
(problem). A 1 indicates that there is no need identified and no explanation of the need and how the
need impacts the community is omitted. A 20 indicates that the need is clearly identified, the nature
of the need is discussed, the reason it should be addressed is explored, and the impact on the
community is examined; furthermore, the use of language helps create compelling case for meeting
the need.
20
3. Plan to Meet the Need – This area focuses on the plan to meet the need or solve the problem. A 1
indicates that there is no coherent plan articulated to meet the need. A 20 indicates that there is a
thoughtful plan that is sufficiently integrated, addresses the issues of key stakeholders, and discusses
in general terms the outcome for the community of meeting the need.
20
4. Assessment Plan – This element focuses on the assessment plan. A 1 indicates that the
assessment plan is missing. A 20 is awarded when the two meaningful goals have appropriate
measurement strategies and an overall plan that could generate actionable data.
20
5. Organization, Language, Tone, & Sentence Structure– The use of language, the tone, and the
sentence structure are evaluated against the appropriateness for a college level course. On this
scale, 1 is inappropriate use of language, multiple wrong words selected, overly simplistic sentence
structure, and/or a tone derived from the choice of words that undermines the project. Projects that
also lack organization including a summary conclusion are awarded a 1. A 10 indicates an elegant use
of language and sentence structure that balances an understanding of the audience with the need to
communicate the essence of the project. Additionally, th.
Qiscus was formed in 2013. Over the years we have grown to become the leading expert in chat and call technologies in Indonesia. We have powered some of the major enterprises in over 12 sectors, in Indonesia and 13 other countries.
Some of our clients include the Astra International (largest motorcycle distributor in indonesia), Halodoc (largest telehealth player in Indonesia), Telkom Indonesia and Indosat (top two telcos of Indonesia), BlueBird Group (Largest Taxi Company in Indonesia), Bukalapak (Indonesia's fourth Unicorn) and a many others.
The purpose of this first edition of the Market Trends Report is to shed light on the way digital technologies reshape trade finance, a sector which often does not get as much publicity as B2C financial services.
Given that disruption often comes from adjacent sectors or from the application of an existing technology to a new field, we found it essential to begin with a broad analysis of the latest trends before zooming in progressively on financial services and on trade finance specifically.
The report is structured around four chapters, starting from the general core techno trends, and converging towards the changes impacting the trade finance ecosystem:
1- Core techno trends, business model and social changes
2- Disrupted industries, changes in the way we live and work
3- FinTech disrupt (and partner with) banking and insurance
4- Conclusion: Trade Finance is also ripe for disruptive innovations
We really hope that you will like this Market Trends Report and that you will find it useful. When you read it, please keep in mind that it is still being refined. We welcome your feedbacks, insights and suggestions.
Pitched a novel model for establishing a Think Tank to improve the Indian startup ecosystem.
Key goals include:
1) Driving Technology development
2) Studying the co-evolution society and technology
3) Actively collaborating with the government, International community for Policy making and Advocacy.
Collaborated with Vijay Raghavan.
Photo by Jo Szczepanska on Unsplash
Qiscus was formed in 2013. Over the years we have grown to become the leading expert in chat and call technologies in Indonesia. We have powered some of the major enterprises in over 12 sectors, in Indonesia and 13 other countries.
Some of our clients include the Astra International (largest motorcycle distributor in indonesia), Halodoc (largest telehealth player in Indonesia), Telkom Indonesia and Indosat (top two telcos of Indonesia), BlueBird Group (Largest Taxi Company in Indonesia), Bukalapak (Indonesia's fourth Unicorn) and a many others.
The purpose of this first edition of the Market Trends Report is to shed light on the way digital technologies reshape trade finance, a sector which often does not get as much publicity as B2C financial services.
Given that disruption often comes from adjacent sectors or from the application of an existing technology to a new field, we found it essential to begin with a broad analysis of the latest trends before zooming in progressively on financial services and on trade finance specifically.
The report is structured around four chapters, starting from the general core techno trends, and converging towards the changes impacting the trade finance ecosystem:
1- Core techno trends, business model and social changes
2- Disrupted industries, changes in the way we live and work
3- FinTech disrupt (and partner with) banking and insurance
4- Conclusion: Trade Finance is also ripe for disruptive innovations
We really hope that you will like this Market Trends Report and that you will find it useful. When you read it, please keep in mind that it is still being refined. We welcome your feedbacks, insights and suggestions.
Pitched a novel model for establishing a Think Tank to improve the Indian startup ecosystem.
Key goals include:
1) Driving Technology development
2) Studying the co-evolution society and technology
3) Actively collaborating with the government, International community for Policy making and Advocacy.
Collaborated with Vijay Raghavan.
Photo by Jo Szczepanska on Unsplash
Telecentres in Brasil: Gaps, Trends and Sustainability tistalks
ATN emerged as a response to the shift in telecentre policy of the Brazilian government. Strongly based on partnerships to generate value-added services, ATN is a strong provider of e-learning for a number of markets in Brazil.
Proposed revenue streams for accelevateIsaacBarasa5
The document is a proposal for revenue streams for accellevate lead a social enterprise firm aimed at impacting technical skills for graduates through engagements with industry leaders in Kenya
E-commerce 101 Assignment This assignment will worth 20 m.docxbrownliecarmella
E-commerce 101 Assignment
This assignment will worth 20 marks:
(Project 15 Marks / Discussion Board 5 Marks)
Assignment Purposes:
1. Evaluate the characteristics of e-commerce.
2. Demonstrate effective use of technology for communication.
3. Evaluate the effectiveness of an e-commerce Web site.
4. Explain the security and threats in the e-commerce environment.
5. Analyze basic concepts of consumer behavior and purchasing decisions.
6. To apply critical thinking by the students.
Assignment Workload:
This assignment is an individual assignment.
The word count for this assignment must be between 2000 to 2500 words.
Assignment Objectives & Requirements (15 Marks):
1. To create a new E-commerce business, which is located in the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia, which include the followings:
a. Introduction about your business.
b. Product and type of services.
c. Business statement.
d. Business vision.
e. Business objective.
2. To explain your business E-commerce processes.
3. To apply a SWOT analysis to your business.
4. Building the E-commerce website.
a. How it will look likes in terms of design and format (draft).
5. Student is required to explain its E-commerce system functionality, such as:
a. The product menu will show all the product we have in stoke.
b. The contact button will have all the company contact details, social media links
Facebook, Instagram, etc.
6. System design (Picture attachment).
7. Determine the suitable software and hardware needed with an explanation on why it’s
needed.
a. What type of functionality needed in your website, such as CRM?
b. What type of hardware needed? Do you need a server or it will be in the cloud?
8. Identifying security issues as well as how to avoid it.
a. What type of security? To whom or to what?
b. Potential threats to your website?
c. Recommendation.
9. Categorize marketing and advertising strategy and method.
a. Demographic.
b. Marketing method.
c. Social media.
d. Local marketing.
e. Multichannel marketing.
10. Describe what are the ethics and laws within your E-commerce Website.
11. Conclude your report.
Discussion Board (5 Marks):
There are eight different important factors in e-commerce website design, which are:
Functionality
Informational
Ease of Use
Redundant Navigation
Ease of Purchase
Multi-Browser functionality
Simple graphics
Legible text.
Topic: Go to an e-commerce website of your choosing and evaluate its effectiveness
according to the basic criteria mentioned above.
Assignment Submission:
There will be three submissions for this assignment as the following:
Submission Week Due Date Point covered Marks
First Submission Week 9 1,2,3,4 & 5 5
Final Submission Week 13 All 10
Discussion Board Week 14 Answering the Topic 5
The submission method will be through blackboard
Assignment regulation:
All students are encouraged to use their own word.
Student m.
Emerging markets refer to developing countries, such as Pakistan’s Lahore, that are experiencing rapid economic growth and modernization. These markets are often characterized by a large and youthful population, rising incomes, and increasing use of technology. Mobile app development companies in Lahore and other emerging markets have the opportunity to tap into this growing market and help meet the increasing demand for mobile apps in these regions..
Rethinking Financial Sustainability in the Context of Telecentre as a Social ...Shipra Sharma
The main objective of this research paper is to understand the dynamics of a telecentre’s financial sustainability definition over the years and its applicability in the present context. The hypothesis presented here is that if a telecentre is considered as a ‘social enterprise’, which it essentially is, the definition of its financial sustainability has to be expanded to include ‘profit making’ as an important component. Only then, a telecentres will be able to fulfill its most important objective of meeting the access, information and skill development needs of its beneficiaries on a long term and in a sustainable manner. A telecentre should not be allowed to cease its activities simply because it has run out of money!
Another related objective of this research is to briefly throw some light on the concept of ‘social enterprise’ and how it is understood by the telecentre operators/ managers, the people who are directly engaged in running and managing the telecentres. The researcher’s interaction with them over a period of time reveals some interesting findings, which are open for further discussions and debate.
The times they are a-changin’…
And so you have learned about new business models.
Now, be ready for the next 10 disruptive waves.
10 Markets
10 Business Models
50 Examples
100+ Slides
Disruptive Education Model
Disruptive Banking Model
Disruptive Technology Model
Disruptive Media Model
Disruptive Cable & Telco Model
Disruptive Medical Model
Disruptive Travel Model
Disruptive Government Model
Disruptive Consumer Goods Model
Disruptive Retail Model
Produced by Thaesis
Supported by Trendwatching.com
Asian Private Banks: How to Embrace Digital TransformationCognizant
As Asian investors increasingly use social, mobile and analytics technologies for their wealth management needs, private banks must take a digital approach to more effectively deliver meaningful, high-value-adding interactions and tailored advice.
Banking and Financial services are undergoing rapid changes and it could lead to redefining the concept of baking. Banking as a Platform is a new emerging concept which would require bank/financial institutes redefining their business model to embrace invocation from outside their close environment.
Improvement of UR Umuc Healthy Fitness Centre .docxbradburgess22840
Improvement of UR Umuc Healthy Fitness Centre
Business process involves the putting together of different processes in order to provide a better service or product for customers. The business process model of Fitness Center is what it uses to define the ways it would operate in achieving its planned process. The business process needed for UR UMUC Healthy fitness center is to make sure it can operate efficiently. My analysis for the FC is to put together different activities like the UR UMUC Healthy fitness center’s membership registration and billing method as these would add value to the company and improve process.
The Business process needed to be improved for the FC is a modern registration of members with modern payment method. The flowchart would include new members being registered in the database system. They are given member numbers, screened for qualification, if they qualify, then they are registered, if not, they need a waiver to be registered. Then, with the payment method, customers are given the chance to either pay online or in person making either a credit card payment or cash payment. After, all these steps are followed, they are then registered successfully.
“AS IS” PROCESS
“TO BE” PROCESS
Technology plays an important role in every organization’s success. The technology I deem appropriate for UR UMUC Healthy fitness center includes innovation through network, Web security, and data technology needed to change the way the fitness center operates. Through the network system, LAN can be used to help in accessing the Internet by both the customers and the managers. The Web security would be used in making the data collected from the customers safe, this would block data thieves from being able to get into customers’ information and protect their privacy. The Data technology would help in collecting and making use of the useful information needed to improve the center. The Technology
Solution
for UR UMUC Healthy fitness center can take any form based on the need of the center. The technology that I would use for the center is the ERP from a company called SYSPRO. The company specializes in a system that can be utilized to customize for the use of enrollment of new customers/members, registration of members, and payment system of the members.
The technological components needed to bring changes to the center would include: Hardwares-Computers (Either desktops or laptops), printers, scanners, copiers, fax machines, LAN cables, wireless router, surge protectors, credit card system, keyboard, mouse, VPN, monitor, server, cash registers, I.D card scanners, wireless network card, DSL, and others. The Software would include antispyware/antivirus, point of sale, firewall, server, business/office, credit card, operating system, and other software.
With all the components available, UR UMUC Healthy fitness center would be able to bring the needed change and innovation to the business place. A.
Company Walt Disney World Prior to completing this assignment, .docxtemplestewart19
Company: Walt Disney World
Prior to completing this assignment, review your prior research and course submissions related to the company you selected for research in Week 2’s Environmental Scanning interactive assignment. Ensure that you have incorporated the feedback you received from your previous submissions. In your Final Project this week, you will pull the various elements you’ve created together to aid your creation of a Strategic Plan. From the perspective of an executive with the firm, your supervisor has tasked you with creating a strategic plan to grow the business over the next three years using this
Strategic Plan Template
and here is an
Example Strategic Plan
using the template. Continue to access the Mergent Ashford University Library online database which offers company financials, descriptions, history, property, subsidiaries, officers, and directors and the Business Insights database. (View the
Getting Started With Mergent
and
Business Insights: Global
documents for suggested methods of searching Ashford University Library databases generally as well as specific advice for searching these two databases).
Your strategic plan must be future-oriented and must
Describe the company, the company’s history and its 4Ps (Product, Price, Place, and Promotion).
Examine the company’s mission statement and assess its impact on the organization’s activities.
Explain the current situation of the organization in the market (industry, market, and general environment analysis).
Add your SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) of your chosen company here. Evaluate areas that offer opportunities for
Choose three or four areas from your SWOT analysis and assess why the areas you have chosen are essential to your strategic plan
Summarize the results of your Environmental Scan and Porter’s 5 Forces.
Evaluate the degree to which they aid in conceptualizing the company’s competitive position in its marketplace.
Assess the company’s international performance in light of Cultural Barriers, Monetary Exchange Rates, and Political Instability.
Assess the financial performance and condition of the
Operational budget: Research and assess the company’s operational budget.
Assess the performance in terms of key performance indicators.
In your analysis, be sure to include profitability ratios relevant to your analysis.
Debt to Equity ratio
Debt to Assets ratio
Based on the data, evaluate the overall current financial condition of the company.
Support your analysis by referring to the company data
Create a three year end trend analysis
Assess how your Operational Budget analysis affects your three-year strategic plan.
Recommend an organizational structure in terms of the organizational design as defined in Abraham (2012) section 2.6.
Assess the impact of the strategic plan on the organizational culture.
Strategic Goals: Create measurable core strategic goals for each of the.
Company OverviewCompany A has hired your team because you are.docxtemplestewart19
Company Overview:
Company A has hired your team because you are experts in defining a process and delivering projects on time. Company A has only been in business for ten years, and they have experienced a large turnover in the project management area;which has prompted senior leadership to investigate.
Senior leadership has determined that Project Managers are frustrated with the amount of required documentation, which has impacted their ability to successfully manage projects. In addition, project budgets are coming in over budget, and projects are being delivered late, also resulting in PMs' inability to meet performance guidelines.
A recent review of the current process has determined that Company A has spent between 30-40% of its total project budget on projects' overhead costs to include project management costs, which are typically between 20-25%. Project Management overhead includes the PM's time to manage the project, attend meetings, and develop the required documentation.
Company A has hired your team to create a new project management process to meet the strategic goals and ensure the project meets the financial objectives.
Goals of the new process
The company must have a view into total life cycle project costs to include what has been spent to date, baseline budget, any changes to the budget, remaining budget, and cost of the project at completion
The company must have a view into the project activities to include what has been completed, what is remaining
The company must have a view into project status issues, risks, any changes to dates
.
More Related Content
Similar to Community Need Project Rubric The Community Need Projec.docx
Telecentres in Brasil: Gaps, Trends and Sustainability tistalks
ATN emerged as a response to the shift in telecentre policy of the Brazilian government. Strongly based on partnerships to generate value-added services, ATN is a strong provider of e-learning for a number of markets in Brazil.
Proposed revenue streams for accelevateIsaacBarasa5
The document is a proposal for revenue streams for accellevate lead a social enterprise firm aimed at impacting technical skills for graduates through engagements with industry leaders in Kenya
E-commerce 101 Assignment This assignment will worth 20 m.docxbrownliecarmella
E-commerce 101 Assignment
This assignment will worth 20 marks:
(Project 15 Marks / Discussion Board 5 Marks)
Assignment Purposes:
1. Evaluate the characteristics of e-commerce.
2. Demonstrate effective use of technology for communication.
3. Evaluate the effectiveness of an e-commerce Web site.
4. Explain the security and threats in the e-commerce environment.
5. Analyze basic concepts of consumer behavior and purchasing decisions.
6. To apply critical thinking by the students.
Assignment Workload:
This assignment is an individual assignment.
The word count for this assignment must be between 2000 to 2500 words.
Assignment Objectives & Requirements (15 Marks):
1. To create a new E-commerce business, which is located in the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia, which include the followings:
a. Introduction about your business.
b. Product and type of services.
c. Business statement.
d. Business vision.
e. Business objective.
2. To explain your business E-commerce processes.
3. To apply a SWOT analysis to your business.
4. Building the E-commerce website.
a. How it will look likes in terms of design and format (draft).
5. Student is required to explain its E-commerce system functionality, such as:
a. The product menu will show all the product we have in stoke.
b. The contact button will have all the company contact details, social media links
Facebook, Instagram, etc.
6. System design (Picture attachment).
7. Determine the suitable software and hardware needed with an explanation on why it’s
needed.
a. What type of functionality needed in your website, such as CRM?
b. What type of hardware needed? Do you need a server or it will be in the cloud?
8. Identifying security issues as well as how to avoid it.
a. What type of security? To whom or to what?
b. Potential threats to your website?
c. Recommendation.
9. Categorize marketing and advertising strategy and method.
a. Demographic.
b. Marketing method.
c. Social media.
d. Local marketing.
e. Multichannel marketing.
10. Describe what are the ethics and laws within your E-commerce Website.
11. Conclude your report.
Discussion Board (5 Marks):
There are eight different important factors in e-commerce website design, which are:
Functionality
Informational
Ease of Use
Redundant Navigation
Ease of Purchase
Multi-Browser functionality
Simple graphics
Legible text.
Topic: Go to an e-commerce website of your choosing and evaluate its effectiveness
according to the basic criteria mentioned above.
Assignment Submission:
There will be three submissions for this assignment as the following:
Submission Week Due Date Point covered Marks
First Submission Week 9 1,2,3,4 & 5 5
Final Submission Week 13 All 10
Discussion Board Week 14 Answering the Topic 5
The submission method will be through blackboard
Assignment regulation:
All students are encouraged to use their own word.
Student m.
Emerging markets refer to developing countries, such as Pakistan’s Lahore, that are experiencing rapid economic growth and modernization. These markets are often characterized by a large and youthful population, rising incomes, and increasing use of technology. Mobile app development companies in Lahore and other emerging markets have the opportunity to tap into this growing market and help meet the increasing demand for mobile apps in these regions..
Rethinking Financial Sustainability in the Context of Telecentre as a Social ...Shipra Sharma
The main objective of this research paper is to understand the dynamics of a telecentre’s financial sustainability definition over the years and its applicability in the present context. The hypothesis presented here is that if a telecentre is considered as a ‘social enterprise’, which it essentially is, the definition of its financial sustainability has to be expanded to include ‘profit making’ as an important component. Only then, a telecentres will be able to fulfill its most important objective of meeting the access, information and skill development needs of its beneficiaries on a long term and in a sustainable manner. A telecentre should not be allowed to cease its activities simply because it has run out of money!
Another related objective of this research is to briefly throw some light on the concept of ‘social enterprise’ and how it is understood by the telecentre operators/ managers, the people who are directly engaged in running and managing the telecentres. The researcher’s interaction with them over a period of time reveals some interesting findings, which are open for further discussions and debate.
The times they are a-changin’…
And so you have learned about new business models.
Now, be ready for the next 10 disruptive waves.
10 Markets
10 Business Models
50 Examples
100+ Slides
Disruptive Education Model
Disruptive Banking Model
Disruptive Technology Model
Disruptive Media Model
Disruptive Cable & Telco Model
Disruptive Medical Model
Disruptive Travel Model
Disruptive Government Model
Disruptive Consumer Goods Model
Disruptive Retail Model
Produced by Thaesis
Supported by Trendwatching.com
Asian Private Banks: How to Embrace Digital TransformationCognizant
As Asian investors increasingly use social, mobile and analytics technologies for their wealth management needs, private banks must take a digital approach to more effectively deliver meaningful, high-value-adding interactions and tailored advice.
Banking and Financial services are undergoing rapid changes and it could lead to redefining the concept of baking. Banking as a Platform is a new emerging concept which would require bank/financial institutes redefining their business model to embrace invocation from outside their close environment.
Improvement of UR Umuc Healthy Fitness Centre .docxbradburgess22840
Improvement of UR Umuc Healthy Fitness Centre
Business process involves the putting together of different processes in order to provide a better service or product for customers. The business process model of Fitness Center is what it uses to define the ways it would operate in achieving its planned process. The business process needed for UR UMUC Healthy fitness center is to make sure it can operate efficiently. My analysis for the FC is to put together different activities like the UR UMUC Healthy fitness center’s membership registration and billing method as these would add value to the company and improve process.
The Business process needed to be improved for the FC is a modern registration of members with modern payment method. The flowchart would include new members being registered in the database system. They are given member numbers, screened for qualification, if they qualify, then they are registered, if not, they need a waiver to be registered. Then, with the payment method, customers are given the chance to either pay online or in person making either a credit card payment or cash payment. After, all these steps are followed, they are then registered successfully.
“AS IS” PROCESS
“TO BE” PROCESS
Technology plays an important role in every organization’s success. The technology I deem appropriate for UR UMUC Healthy fitness center includes innovation through network, Web security, and data technology needed to change the way the fitness center operates. Through the network system, LAN can be used to help in accessing the Internet by both the customers and the managers. The Web security would be used in making the data collected from the customers safe, this would block data thieves from being able to get into customers’ information and protect their privacy. The Data technology would help in collecting and making use of the useful information needed to improve the center. The Technology
Solution
for UR UMUC Healthy fitness center can take any form based on the need of the center. The technology that I would use for the center is the ERP from a company called SYSPRO. The company specializes in a system that can be utilized to customize for the use of enrollment of new customers/members, registration of members, and payment system of the members.
The technological components needed to bring changes to the center would include: Hardwares-Computers (Either desktops or laptops), printers, scanners, copiers, fax machines, LAN cables, wireless router, surge protectors, credit card system, keyboard, mouse, VPN, monitor, server, cash registers, I.D card scanners, wireless network card, DSL, and others. The Software would include antispyware/antivirus, point of sale, firewall, server, business/office, credit card, operating system, and other software.
With all the components available, UR UMUC Healthy fitness center would be able to bring the needed change and innovation to the business place. A.
Company Walt Disney World Prior to completing this assignment, .docxtemplestewart19
Company: Walt Disney World
Prior to completing this assignment, review your prior research and course submissions related to the company you selected for research in Week 2’s Environmental Scanning interactive assignment. Ensure that you have incorporated the feedback you received from your previous submissions. In your Final Project this week, you will pull the various elements you’ve created together to aid your creation of a Strategic Plan. From the perspective of an executive with the firm, your supervisor has tasked you with creating a strategic plan to grow the business over the next three years using this
Strategic Plan Template
and here is an
Example Strategic Plan
using the template. Continue to access the Mergent Ashford University Library online database which offers company financials, descriptions, history, property, subsidiaries, officers, and directors and the Business Insights database. (View the
Getting Started With Mergent
and
Business Insights: Global
documents for suggested methods of searching Ashford University Library databases generally as well as specific advice for searching these two databases).
Your strategic plan must be future-oriented and must
Describe the company, the company’s history and its 4Ps (Product, Price, Place, and Promotion).
Examine the company’s mission statement and assess its impact on the organization’s activities.
Explain the current situation of the organization in the market (industry, market, and general environment analysis).
Add your SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) of your chosen company here. Evaluate areas that offer opportunities for
Choose three or four areas from your SWOT analysis and assess why the areas you have chosen are essential to your strategic plan
Summarize the results of your Environmental Scan and Porter’s 5 Forces.
Evaluate the degree to which they aid in conceptualizing the company’s competitive position in its marketplace.
Assess the company’s international performance in light of Cultural Barriers, Monetary Exchange Rates, and Political Instability.
Assess the financial performance and condition of the
Operational budget: Research and assess the company’s operational budget.
Assess the performance in terms of key performance indicators.
In your analysis, be sure to include profitability ratios relevant to your analysis.
Debt to Equity ratio
Debt to Assets ratio
Based on the data, evaluate the overall current financial condition of the company.
Support your analysis by referring to the company data
Create a three year end trend analysis
Assess how your Operational Budget analysis affects your three-year strategic plan.
Recommend an organizational structure in terms of the organizational design as defined in Abraham (2012) section 2.6.
Assess the impact of the strategic plan on the organizational culture.
Strategic Goals: Create measurable core strategic goals for each of the.
Company OverviewCompany A has hired your team because you are.docxtemplestewart19
Company Overview:
Company A has hired your team because you are experts in defining a process and delivering projects on time. Company A has only been in business for ten years, and they have experienced a large turnover in the project management area;which has prompted senior leadership to investigate.
Senior leadership has determined that Project Managers are frustrated with the amount of required documentation, which has impacted their ability to successfully manage projects. In addition, project budgets are coming in over budget, and projects are being delivered late, also resulting in PMs' inability to meet performance guidelines.
A recent review of the current process has determined that Company A has spent between 30-40% of its total project budget on projects' overhead costs to include project management costs, which are typically between 20-25%. Project Management overhead includes the PM's time to manage the project, attend meetings, and develop the required documentation.
Company A has hired your team to create a new project management process to meet the strategic goals and ensure the project meets the financial objectives.
Goals of the new process
The company must have a view into total life cycle project costs to include what has been spent to date, baseline budget, any changes to the budget, remaining budget, and cost of the project at completion
The company must have a view into the project activities to include what has been completed, what is remaining
The company must have a view into project status issues, risks, any changes to dates
.
Company Profile Assignment Select a business associa.docxtemplestewart19
Company Profile Assignment
Select a business association/organization and create a detailed profile.
Place yourself in the role of news reporter writing to an uninformed reader.
Detail the history of the company, who, when and how it started. Include information
Regarding whether the business began as one type of organization and changed over time.
Consider any and all relevant data: the who, what, where, how of the business.
Explain the business’ current situation: who runs it, if it has partners who are the general or limited partners? If it’s a corporation, is it “private” or public” or “non-profit”? Is it “closely-held” or “publicly-traded” corporation? Who is the CEO, the Chairman of the Board of Directors, how many individuals sit on the Board?
If the business is a corporation, what is the state of incorporation, when, ect.?
If the corporation is publicly traded”, where is the corporation listed? NASDAQ/ NYSE?
Anticipate any and all relevant questions that your reader may have regarding the organization.
I have intentionally remained vague as part of my performance evaluation of your work is assessing your ability to research and relate the critical operational characteristics as well as identify the important data.
Your Profile should be lengthy and detailed, although format is not critical-essay style or bullet points are entirely acceptable.
This is a critical skill set to develop as a business professional. In business, an individual must be aware of potential clients, customers as well as competitors in one’s respective field(s).
Attempt to secure what I refer to as a “tasty nugget” of information about the business. This is a more obscure or “fresh” fact about the company that will impress your reader/audience.
Developing this skill set will serve you well as you advance on your career in business.
Have some fun with it as well!
j/e/r
.
Company to use will be COSTCOPurpose of AssignmentTh.docxtemplestewart19
Company to use will be COSTCO
Purpose of Assignment
The purpose of this assignment is to allow students the opportunity to research a Fortune 500
company stock using the popular online research tool Yahoo Finance. The tool allows the student to
review analyst reports and other key financial information necessary to evaluate the stock value and
make an educated decision on whether to invest.
Assignment Steps
Resources: Yahoo Finance
Select a Fortune 500 Company from one of the following industries:
Pharmaceutical
Energy
Retail
Automotive
Computer Hardware
Manufacturing
Mining
Access Yahoo Finance and enter the company name.
Review the financial information and statistics provided for the stock you selected and answer the
following:
What is the ticker symbol of the company you chose?
What is the Current Stock Price?
What is the Market Cap for the stock you chose?
What is the Price to Earnings Ratio?
What is the Dividend and Yield?
What is the Enterprise Value?
What is the Beta?
Was there a Stock Split, and if so, when?
What was the closing stock price for the last 5 days?
What was the 52 Week High for this stock?
What is the Book Value per Share?
What type of rating are analysts recommending (i.e. buy, hold, etc.)?
What is the target price analysts are predicting for this stock?
What is the analyst's average revenue estimate for next year?
What are some of the significant news items and press releases made by the company over
the last year?
Explain in 700 words why you would or would not recommend investing in this stock.
Describe the relationship between the value of the stock and the price to earnings ratio.
What information does the Market Capitalization (Market Cap) and Beta provide to the
investors?
.
Company Target Corporation- Research and then describe yo.docxtemplestewart19
Company: '
Target Corporation'
- Research and then describe your company's(Company name given above) primary business activities. Include:
A brief historical summary,
A list of competitors,
The company's position within the industry,
Recent developments within the company/industry,
Future direction, and
Other items of significance to your corporation.
- Include information from a variety of resources. For example:
Consult the Form 10-K filed with the SEC.
Review the Annual Report and especially the Letter to Shareholders
Explore the corporate website.
Select at least two significant news items from recent business periodicals.
- Submit a written report that is 7-8 pages long. The report should be well written with
cover page, introduction, the body of the paper (with appropriate subheadings), conclusion, and reference page.
References must be appropriately cited. Be sure to address all of the points in Section A above, using all of the resources listed in Section B. Format: Double-spaced, one-inch margins, using a 12-point Times New Roman font. Use APA format throughout.
.
company that has been victims of cyber breachers withing the past th.docxtemplestewart19
company that has been victims of cyber breachers withing the past three years.
COMPANY is
FACEBOOK
Include the following headings in your paper:
Company Name—type of company—brief history—Industry—Customers (consumer, business, or both)
Name of the exploit
How the exploit was caused
.
Company ProfileWhen it comes to fast, efficient, personalized se.docxtemplestewart19
Company Profile
When it comes to fast, efficient, personalized service, Tri-Arrow Printing is second to none. Locally owned and operated by Detroit natives, our team of 30 employees can help you create professional documents, signs, banners, and specialty products for business or personal use. With the assistance of our full-time marketing specialist and designer, Tri-Arrow Printing can help you produce unique advertising materials to effectively promote yourself or your business without breaking the bank. For clients seeking one-of-a-kind invitations, cards, calendars, or home wall décor, Tri-Arrow Printing can help you create distinctive designs that match your personality and style. Using high-tech production equipment, we offer same-day delivery on most orders.
Committed to the loyal community that has supported Tri-Arrow Printing for two generations, we support local nonprofits and arts organizations by designing and printing $500 worth of promotional materials each month. In addition, we offer local schools special pricing and packages so they can advertise and promote school cultural events.
Products and Services
Documents
· Full-color or black-and-white printing and copying
· Full-service or self-service printing options
· Manuals, brochures, résumés, and letterhead
· Business cards and postcards
· Direct mail marketing and advertising
· Calendars
· Invitations and cards
Banners, Signs, and Speciality Products
· Posters, signs, and banners
· Magnets
· Wall and car decals
· Vinyl lettering
· Indoor and outdoor finishes
· Full-color, photo quality
· Oversize and custom shapes available
Strategic Goals
· Increase $1.2 million annual gross sales by $300,000 this year and an additional $300,000 the following year.
· Expand into the photo printing market (mass printing such as senior photos and high-quality art pieces).
· Invest $100,000 in after-school programs in the area.
· Develop a scholarship program for local at-risk students who want to attend college in the areas of business or performing arts.
§ 2:3. General Restrictions on Freedom of Speech in Schools
References
The United States Supreme Court has recognized that "[t]he vigilant protection of constitutional freedoms is nowhere more vital than in the community of American schools."1 The Court has repeatedly noted the importance of First Amendment protection in the school context, although often at the same time recognizing the power of school officials to control conduct in the schools.2 The Court, in an oft-quoted statement, noted:
It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate. This has been the unmistakable holding of this Court for almost 50 years … On the other hand, the Court has repeatedly emphasized the need for affirming the comprehensive authority of the States and of school officials, consistent with fundamental constitutional safeguards, to prescribe and contro.
company SephoraWrittenn papers include the following minimum el.docxtemplestewart19
company: Sephora
Writtenn papers include the following minimum elements:
Company Background
Evaluation of the Supply Chain Processes
Drivers of Supply Chain Performance
Network Design
Risk Mitigation within the Supply Chain
Forecasting Practices
Sales & Operations Planning
Inventory Management Practices
Use of Transportation
Decisions in Sourcing
Use of Information Technology for Supply Chain Optimization
Supply Chain Sustainability with Learning Outcomes & Recommendations
below is the example
.
COMPANY PRESENTATIONBy; 1IntroductionGlobal huma.docxtemplestewart19
COMPANY PRESENTATION
By;
1
Introduction
Global human resource management include following aspects:
Unify the companies culture in mergers
Management of personnel internationally
Enforcing global recruitment strategy
Managing expatriates
Onboarding process
Compensation strategies in international business
The international operations of the company required newly hired staff or expatriates who will move to abroad for international business operations. Global human resource management provides various aspects to facilitate personnel management system in international business operations. Global human resource management include management of personnel internationally, unify the companies culture in mergers, enforcing global recruitment strategy, managing expatriates, onboarding process and compensation strategies in international business. In this presentation, all these aspects of global HRM will be presented. We will also study the global recruitment strategy with reference to Japan recruiting system. One compensation strategy will also be suggested for international business operation along with the key strategies required to enhance ethical behavior, sound working conditions and labor relation.
2
Strategies to Unify Companies Culture
Identify cultural differences
Communicate differences
State cultural agenda
Encourage share values
Increase synergies
Communicate expectations
Set operating Model
Build trust
Mergers is an effective international strategy which merge two companies. Following are the check list steps that would be important to unify one company culture with other company.
Identify cultural differences: The corporate cultures are usually different from each other. While merging the operations, it is important to identify the major differences exist in the culture in order to settle these differences in best possible way.
Communicate differences: It is an important responsibility of manager to communicate differences in order to set a culture of compromise and adjustment with in two different cultures.
State cultural agenda: After merger, it is important to state cultural objective and agenda in order to clarify the cultural expectations and to set a unified behavioral norm and pattern.
Encourage share values: It is not good to throw everything of pre-existing culture and change everything after merger (Shrivastava, 1986). It is better to work on the base of common operating principles and use the concept of shared values as well as standardized process.
Increase synergies: The basic logic behind merger of two companies is to increase the synergies through efficient operations. By combining the operations and values of two companies, a greater sum can be achieve (Søderberg & Holden, 2002).
Communicate expectations: By communicating expectations of merger with employees, a unified cooperating culture can be set (Kumar, 2000).
Operating model: The operating model of the company will define the company structure.
Company Overview The section should include the company name,.docxtemplestewart19
Company Overview: The section should include the company name, the industry they are in and a general overview of the organization.
Challenges: Discuss the challenges the organization had that limited their profitability and/or competitiveness and how they planned to leverage Cloud Computing to overcome their challenges.
Solution
: Describe the organization’s Cloud Computing implementation and the benefits they realized from the implementation. What was the result of implementing Cloud Computing? Did they meet their objectives for fall short?
Conclusion: Summarize the most important ideas from the paper and also make recommendations or how they might have achieved even greater success.
.
Company NameCorporation Name Unilever PLCPoints to be written.docxtemplestewart19
Company Name/Corporation Name : Unilever PLC
Points to be written for
* Future Direction
* Other items of significance to your corporation
Write 1 page for each topic
there are 2 topics
so in total 2 pages i need
Check the attached document for references
APA Format Must
References must be appropriately cited
.
Company Name HereMemoToFromCCDate332020R.docxtemplestewart19
Company Name Here
Memo
To:
From:
CC:
Date: 3/3/2020
Re: How to Use This Memo Template
Select text you would like to replace, and type your memo. Use styles such as Heading 1-3 and Body Text in the Style control on the Formatting toolbar. To save changes to this template for future use, choose Save As from the File menu. In the Save As Type box, choose Document Template. Next time you want to use it, choose New from the File menu, and then double-click your template.
1
1
Page 2
Memorandum Format Tips and Suggestions
· Complete Memorandum using the template included in this email
· Use a Word document (or comparable word processing program)
· Do not indent paragraphs
· Avoid block (or page long) paragraphs
· One (1) inch margins (top, bottom, left and right)
· Justify your memorandum, right
· Memorandum should have single-spaced sentences
· Font: Use standard font such as TimesNewRoman
.
Company Name Operating Budget Q1[Prior Quarter]Budget Pro.docxtemplestewart19
Company Name: Operating Budget Q1
[Prior Quarter]
Budget Projection Next Q
Var +/-
Var %
Revenue
Sales Revenue
Interest Income
Investment Income
Other Income
TOTAL INCOME
[Prior Quarter]
Budget Projection Next Q
Var +/-
Var %
Costs and Expenses
Advertising
Health Insurance
Installation/Repair of Equipment
Inventory Purchases
Salaries
Supplies
Insurance
Rent/Lease Payments
Other Expenses
TOTAL EXPENSES
NET PROFIT/LOSS
Net Earnings Before Taxes (Gain or Loss)
Income Tax Expense
Net Earnings After Taxes
[Prior Q]
Proj. Q.
Change
Ratio Analysis (Choose a minimum of two)
Profitability Ratio
Liquidity Ratio
Solvency Ratio
Valuation Ratio
Leverage Ratio
.
Company Name XeroxExplain the governance structure of Xerox.docxtemplestewart19
Company Name: Xerox
Explain the governance structure of Xerox
Analyze the connection between business and society
Detail how this connection affects the corporate governance of the Xerox
Examine the future of corporate governance globally. How does Xerox compare with global trends?
Use one academic source and one outside. APA format.
.
Company is Disney+,country is from USA,country is to Greenla.docxtemplestewart19
Company is Disney+
,
country is from USA
,
country is to Greenland
(
Nuuk
),
product/service is Entertainment - Films - Television - Streaming Services
,
How
(
FDI/Export/License
)
: Wholly Owned Subsidiary ?
What is your distribution strategy?
Read Ch.16 and respond to the following questions. First
,
respond with the appropriate textual references. Then
,
find relevant and current external sources to actualize your response. Make sure to add the links in the appropriate cells.
.
Company is Disney+, country is from USA, country is to Greenland( Nu.docxtemplestewart19
Company is Disney+, country is from USA, country is to Greenland( Nuuk), product/service is Entertainment - Films - Television - Streaming Services, How (FDI/Export/License) is FDI/License.
Destination: Consider the product/service - Are there any
non-tariff barriers
?
Read Ch 7 and respond to the question. Add research sources by hyperlinking the cells where you write your response
.
Company is Disney+, country is from USA, country is to Greenland, pr.docxtemplestewart19
Company is Disney+, country is from USA, country is to Greenland, product/service is Entertainment - Films - Television - Streaming Services, How (FDI/Export/License) is FDI/License.
Consider the corruption trends in your destination country, what are your company's guidelines about corrupt practices?
.
Company is Disney+, country is from USA, country is to Green.docxtemplestewart19
Company is Disney+
,
country is from USA
,
country is to Greenland
(
Nuuk
),
product/service is Entertainment - Films - Television - Streaming Services
,
How
(
FDI/Export/License
)
is FDI/License.
What Bilateral agreements exist between the two countries?
Read Ch 9 and respond to the question. Add research sources by hyperlinking the cells where you write your response.
.
Company IntelWeve learned how big of an advantage that technol.docxtemplestewart19
Company: Intel
We've learned how big of an advantage that technology can be in today's business environment. Every major strategic management goal will make use of multiple types of technology during implementation. In this assignment, you will need to create a presentation for the upper management at your chosen course project business. The presentation will focus on suggesting two pieces of technology that you feel are essential to the implementation of your chosen strategic management goal. This presentation will be in PowerPoint and Below is a detailed breakdown of what should be included in the presentation. Remember that presentations need to engage the audience through visual and auditory means. Use PowerPoint's features to accomplish this.
Create a title slide.
Summarize the goal you are trying to accomplish and the value it will bring to the business.
Identify two pieces of technology that you believe are essential to you accomplishing your chosen strategic management goal.
What are the strengths and weaknesses of each technology?
Why is each of these pieces of technology important to the implementation and execution of your chosen goal?
Provide research that supports your technology choices.
Cite a minimum of
1 scholarly source
.
Include a final APA works cited slide.
Format the presentation so that it's engaging and employs advanced formatting features such as templates, transitions, charts, or video.
It's important to be informative while still being persuasive. Focus on explaining the use of the technology and the value that the technology will bring to the business if used correctly.
.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Community Need Project Rubric The Community Need Projec.docx
1. Community Need Project Rubric
The Community Need Project has four important issues that
need to be addressed: the description of the community,
the description of the need/problem, the strategy to meet the
need, and the assessment plan. This rubric examines each
of these elements as well as the writing associated with the
plan. In the case of a media presentation, the writing
sections will be modified to assess the PowerPoint and the
voice-over.
Attribute Evaluated POS
PTS
PTS
1. Community and Key Stakeholders – This element looks at the
first section of the project. A 1
indicates a major deficiency in this section: poor description of
the community, no demographic
information provided, no values and belief information
provided, and no identification of the major
stakeholders, or contradictory information provided. A 20 is
awarded for a clear and insightful
examination of the community that includes an introduction to
the community, demographic
information, values/beliefs information and discussion of the
key stakeholders. Projects receiving a
20 also capture the imagination of the reader and paint a picture
of the community.
2. 20
2. Need to be Addressed – This element looks at how well you
were able to articulate the need
(problem). A 1 indicates that there is no need identified and no
explanation of the need and how the
need impacts the community is omitted. A 20 indicates that the
need is clearly identified, the nature
of the need is discussed, the reason it should be addressed is
explored, and the impact on the
community is examined; furthermore, the use of language helps
create compelling case for meeting
the need.
20
3. Plan to Meet the Need – This area focuses on the plan to meet
the need or solve the problem. A 1
indicates that there is no coherent plan articulated to meet the
need. A 20 indicates that there is a
thoughtful plan that is sufficiently integrated, addresses the
issues of key stakeholders, and discusses
in general terms the outcome for the community of meeting the
need.
20
4. Assessment Plan – This element focuses on the assessment
plan. A 1 indicates that the
assessment plan is missing. A 20 is awarded when the two
meaningful goals have appropriate
measurement strategies and an overall plan that could generate
actionable data.
20
3. 5. Organization, Language, Tone, & Sentence Structure– The
use of language, the tone, and the
sentence structure are evaluated against the appropriateness for
a college level course. On this
scale, 1 is inappropriate use of language, multiple wrong words
selected, overly simplistic sentence
structure, and/or a tone derived from the choice of words that
undermines the project. Projects that
also lack organization including a summary conclusion are
awarded a 1. A 10 indicates an elegant use
of language and sentence structure that balances an
understanding of the audience with the need to
communicate the essence of the project. Additionally, the paper
meriting a 10 is well organized,
flows smoothly through the four sections and includes a
summary conclusion.
10
6. Grammar and Punctuation – The expectation is that you use
appropriate grammar and have
appropriate punctuation. Too many mistakes indicate that you
don’t take the work seriously, so the
reader should not either. A 1 on this scale indicates that there
are numerous grammatical and
punctuation errors which encourage the reader to stop reading.
A 10 indicates that there were few if
any mistakes and those errors did not interfere reader’s support
for the project.
10
7. Documentation – You appropriately identify source material
used in your arguments. Although
there are no points for this rubric, as you are expected to
4. appropriately source other works. Please
refer to NEC’s academic honesty policies and the APA format.
0
Total Points/Letter Grade 100
Comments & Observations:
Morris, International Business, 1e
Help | System Announcements
DOWNLOADABLE eTEXTBOOK PRINTER VERSION BACK
NEXT
CHAPTER RESOURCES
Reading Content
Introduction
11.1 Technology as
Physical Infrastructure
11.2 Technology of
Information
Infrastructure
11.3 Technology of
Human Infrastructure
11.4 Technology Trends
in International Business
Summary and Case
ORION: Build your
Proficiency
Videos
5. Animations
Multimedia Study Tools
Business Hot Topics
COURSE RESOURCES
Career Center
Business Hot Topics
Videos
Animations
PRACTICE
Chapter 11 Reading Quiz
APPENDIX
11.4 Technology Trends in International Business
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Discuss how global business leaders position their firms to take
advantage of technological opportunities.
The creation of new technologies can have a profound impact on
global business opportunities. For instance,
Safaricom (one of the largest mobile operators in Kenya) and
Vodacom (the African arm of Vodafone of the
United Kingdom, which owns a 40 percent stake in Safaricom)
teamed up ten years ago to provide a new
product called M-Pesa. This simple but effective phone-based
money transfer system enables individuals to
deposit, withdraw, transfer, buy mobile minutes and data, and
even pay for goods and services with a simple
text message. Most Kenyans don't have access to a bank and
don't have enough funds to open a bank account
anyway. M-Pesa provides an alternative to the traditional
6. banking system but provides similar benefits for
individuals: they are able to securely store and use their money.
The product has been very successful in Kenya. In that country
of 44 million people, M-Pesa has nearly 20
million registered users, including 90 percent of adults. The
system is supported by more than 90,000 M-Pesa
agents who act as points of contact for customers, enabling
them to deposit and withdraw money from their M-
Pesa accounts. M-Pesa payments now represent over 40 percent
of the country's GDP. Nearly everyone in
the country is using the service to buy and sell goods and
services and to send money. Because it provides
benefits like those of banking—with perhaps even more
convenience—it has improved the lives of millions.
Not only is the technology of M-Pesa providing individuals with
value, it has provided many opportunities for
business. For instance, because it offers a secure payment
process, employers use it to pay salaries. When M-
Pesa entered Afghanistan, the government there also began
using M-Pesa to pay salaries. Immediately, police
officers saw a roughly 30 percent increase in their paychecks
because the process cut out corrupt officials who
had been skimming the officers' salaries. M-Pesa also reduces
crime because individuals are not walking
around with cash, so there is less incentive for robberies. The
service not only benefits the companies and
customers that use it, but according to Bob Collymore, the CEO
of Safaricom, the company makes a $250-
million-a-year profit.
In addition to making money for the company and providing a
valuable service to millions, this new technology
has paved the way for a flood of entrepreneurial ventures. For
instance, M-KOPA Solar offers customers in
7. Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda a “4-watt rooftop solar panel, a
control box that attaches to the wall of a home or
business, three lamps, and mobile-phone chargers.” To
purchase the $200 unit, the company requires a
roughly $35 down payment and then a daily payment of 40
Kenyan shillings, or about 40 cents, for 365 days,
until the unit is paid off. The customer uses M-Pesa to make the
daily payment, and if the payment is not made,
the lights will not turn on until payments resume. The $200 cost
may seem high, but it is actually cheaper than
the kerosene lamp alternative most Kenyans currently use.
Moreover, once the unit is paid for, the customer
gets free power. The opportunity to invest in their personal
energy needs has improved the lives of over
400,000 customers.
Similarly, the village of Njogu-ini installed a clean-water well
that uses mobile payments through the M-Pesa
platform. Residents simply walk to the well and use their phone
to pay the small fee to activate the pump,
providing them access to clean water. Water obtained this way
costs about $6 a month per person. The critical
feature is that the technology allows micropayments that are
reasonable in the context of Kenyan life, while still
enabling villagers to get clean water.
Now that the technology has been established, Safaricom is
using the M-Pesa platform to expand to provide
other services, such as mobile health care initiatives. The
mHealth Kenya service enables doctors to remotely
diagnose patients using cell phones, and patients can pay
providers using their M-Pesa accounts. In addition,
the government of Kenya is using M-Pesa to distribute e-
vouchers for prenatal care in an effort to increase the
health of mothers and babies.
8. 94 95
96
97
98
99
100
101
DOWNLOADABLE eTEXTBOOK PRINTER VERSION BACK
NEXT
CHAPTER RESOURCES
Reading Content
Introduction
11.1 Technology as
Physical Infrastructure
11.2 Technology of
Information
Infrastructure
11.3 Technology of
Human Infrastructure
11.4 Technology Trends
in International Business
Summary and Case
ORION: Build your
Proficiency
Videos
Animations
Multimedia Study Tools
9. Business Hot Topics
COURSE RESOURCES
Career Center
Business Hot Topics
Videos
Animations
PRACTICE
Chapter 11 Reading Quiz
APPENDIX
11.4 Technology Trends in International Business
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Discuss how global business leaders position their firms to take
advantage of technological opportunities.
The creation of new technologies can have a profound impact on
global business opportunities. For instance,
Safaricom (one of the largest mobile operators in Kenya) and
Vodacom (the African arm of Vodafone of the
United Kingdom, which owns a 40 percent stake in Safaricom)
teamed up ten years ago to provide a new
product called M-Pesa. This simple but effective phone-based
money transfer system enables individuals to
deposit, withdraw, transfer, buy mobile minutes and data, and
even pay for goods and services with a simple
text message. Most Kenyans don't have access to a bank and
don't have enough funds to open a bank account
anyway. M-Pesa provides an alternative to the traditional
banking system but provides similar benefits for
individuals: they are able to securely store and use their money.
10. The product has been very successful in Kenya. In that country
of 44 million people, M-Pesa has nearly 20
million registered users, including 90 percent of adults. The
system is supported by more than 90,000 M-Pesa
agents who act as points of contact for customers, enabling
them to deposit and withdraw money from their M-
Pesa accounts. M-Pesa payments now represent over 40 percent
of the country's GDP. Nearly everyone in
the country is using the service to buy and sell goods and
services and to send money. Because it provides
benefits like those of banking—with perhaps even more
convenience—it has improved the lives of millions.
Not only is the technology of M-Pesa providing individuals with
value, it has provided many opportunities for
business. For instance, because it offers a secure payment
process, employers use it to pay salaries. When M-
Pesa entered Afghanistan, the government there also began
using M-Pesa to pay salaries. Immediately, police
officers saw a roughly 30 percent increase in their paychecks
because the process cut out corrupt officials who
had been skimming the officers' salaries. M-Pesa also reduces
crime because individuals are not walking
around with cash, so there is less incentive for robberies. The
service not only benefits the companies and
customers that use it, but according to Bob Collymore, the CEO
of Safaricom, the company makes a $250-
million-a-year profit.
In addition to making money for the company and providing a
valuable service to millions, this new technology
has paved the way for a flood of entrepreneurial ventures. For
instance, M-KOPA Solar offers customers in
Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda a “4-watt rooftop solar panel, a
control box that attaches to the wall of a home or
11. business, three lamps, and mobile-phone chargers.” To
purchase the $200 unit, the company requires a
roughly $35 down payment and then a daily payment of 40
Kenyan shillings, or about 40 cents, for 365 days,
until the unit is paid off. The customer uses M-Pesa to make the
daily payment, and if the payment is not made,
the lights will not turn on until payments resume. The $200 cost
may seem high, but it is actually cheaper than
the kerosene lamp alternative most Kenyans currently use.
Moreover, once the unit is paid for, the customer
gets free power. The opportunity to invest in their personal
energy needs has improved the lives of over
400,000 customers.
Similarly, the village of Njogu-ini installed a clean-water well
that uses mobile payments through the M-Pesa
platform. Residents simply walk to the well and use their phone
to pay the small fee to activate the pump,
providing them access to clean water. Water obtained this way
costs about $6 a month per person. The critical
feature is that the technology allows micropayments that are
reasonable in the context of Kenyan life, while still
enabling villagers to get clean water.
Now that the technology has been established, Safaricom is
using the M-Pesa platform to expand to provide
other services, such as mobile health care initiatives. The
mHealth Kenya service enables doctors to remotely
diagnose patients using cell phones, and patients can pay
providers using their M-Pesa accounts. In addition,
the government of Kenya is using M-Pesa to distribute e-
vouchers for prenatal care in an effort to increase the
health of mothers and babies.
94 95
12. 96
97
98
99
100
101
https://edugen.wileyplus.com/edugen/lti/main.uni 2020/6/10
17;39
第 1 ⻚⻚(共 4 ⻚⻚)
M-Pesa has changed the economic landscape in Kenya and is
expanding to Tanzania, Afghanistan, South
Africa, India, Eastern Europe, and more. The simple but
effective technology is also starting to be copied by
other companies in more advanced markets. Tencent—a large
computer technology company in China—has
announced WeChat mobile payments, and even Apple is
working on a text-based payment system that would
enable users to text money to one another.
All these opportunities—and countless more—came about
because a new technology enabled millions of
Kenyans, traditionally overlooked by international businesses,
to safely store money and make mobile
payments.
The Globalization of Research and Development
Historically, international companies conducted their research
13. and development (R&D) at their corporate
headquarters and pushed the products they invented there to the
rest of the world. Over the past decade, this
strategy has changed in two ways. First, international
companies are spending more money on R&D.
Second, they have moved R&D to locations around the world,
particularly China and India.
When looking at R&D trends, most analyses focus on the level
of gross expenses on research and
development (GERD). For instance, total worldwide GERD in
2001 was just $753 billion. Five years later, in
2006, it had ticked up to $1.05 trillion, and in 2011, the amount
passed $1.43 trillion—nearly double the 2001
figure. The trend has accelerated, with GERD topping $1.88
trillion in 2015. At that level, roughly 1.75 percent
of world GPD is being spent on R&D. Of that, over $1.80
trillion is being spent by the top forty countries ranked
by GDP. The United States represents more than 26 percent of
global spending, China accounts for over 20
percent, and Japan comes in third with nearly 9 percent of
worldwide R&D spending.
While the amount of R&D spending is increasing everywhere, it
is growing most rapidly in Asia, as global
companies rush to fill the needs of the world's largest markets—
China and India. A recent National Science
Foundation report highlights this increase, noting that, while
R&D spending is increasing in the United States
and the European Union, the increase is proportional to
increases in the countries' GDP. In Asia, on the
other hand, R&D is increasing at a rate faster than the growth of
GDP. These trends are highlighted in Figure
11.15.
102
14. 103
104
105
106
107
M-Pesa has changed the economic landscape in Kenya and is
expanding to Tanzania, Afghanistan, South
Africa, India, Eastern Europe, and more. The simple but
effective technology is also starting to be copied by
other companies in more advanced markets. Tencent—a large
computer technology company in China—has
announced WeChat mobile payments, and even Apple is
working on a text-based payment system that would
enable users to text money to one another.
All these opportunities—and countless more—came about
because a new technology enabled millions of
Kenyans, traditionally overlooked by international businesses,
to safely store money and make mobile
payments.
The Globalization of Research and Development
Historically, international companies conducted their research
and development (R&D) at their corporate
headquarters and pushed the products they invented there to the
rest of the world. Over the past decade, this
strategy has changed in two ways. First, international
companies are spending more money on R&D.
Second, they have moved R&D to locations around the world,
particularly China and India.
15. When looking at R&D trends, most analyses focus on the level
of gross expenses on research and
development (GERD). For instance, total worldwide GERD in
2001 was just $753 billion. Five years later, in
2006, it had ticked up to $1.05 trillion, and in 2011, the amount
passed $1.43 trillion—nearly double the 2001
figure. The trend has accelerated, with GERD topping $1.88
trillion in 2015. At that level, roughly 1.75 percent
of world GPD is being spent on R&D. Of that, over $1.80
trillion is being spent by the top forty countries ranked
by GDP. The United States represents more than 26 percent of
global spending, China accounts for over 20
percent, and Japan comes in third with nearly 9 percent of
worldwide R&D spending.
While the amount of R&D spending is increasing everywhere, it
is growing most rapidly in Asia, as global
companies rush to fill the needs of the world's largest markets—
China and India. A recent National Science
Foundation report highlights this increase, noting that, while
R&D spending is increasing in the United States
and the European Union, the increase is proportional to
increases in the countries' GDP. In Asia, on the
other hand, R&D is increasing at a rate faster than the growth of
GDP. These trends are highlighted in Figure
11.15.
102
103
104
105
16. 106
107
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FIGURE 11.15 Total R&D spending and R&D spending as a
percentage of GDP for select countries,
1981–2011 Source: “Chapter 4. Research and Development:
National Trends and International
Comparisons,” in “Science and Engineering Indicators 2014,”
National Science Foundation, February 2014,
www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind14/index.cfm/chapter-4/c4s2.htm.
Private businesses, governments, higher education institutions,
and private nonprofit donors typically invest in
R&D. In the United States, nearly 70 percent of R&D is funded
by businesses; that's less than the 83 percent in
Israel but much more than the 36 percent funded by businesses
in India. Perhaps more interesting is the nearly
universal increase in business-sponsored funding (see Figure
11.16), indicating that global businesses are
recognizing the competitive advantages that come from being at
the forefront of technology.
Share of total (%)
Country
GERD PPP
($billions) Business Government
Institutions of higher
17. education
Private
nonprofit
R&D funding sources
United States
(2011)
$429.1 58.6% 31.2% 6.4% 3.8%
China (2011) $208.2 73.9% 21.7% NA 1.3%
Japan (2011) $146.5 76.5% 16.4% 6.6% 0.5%
Germany (2010) $93.1 65.6% 30.3% 0.2% 3.9%
South Korea
(2011)
$59.9 73.7% 24.9% 1.2% 0.2%
France (2010) $51.9 53.5% 37.0% 1.8% 7.6%
United Kingdom
(2011)
$39.6 44.6% 32.2% 6.2% 17.0%
** = included in data for other performing sectors; NA = not
available.
GERD = gross expenditures on R&D; PPP = purchasing power
parity.
FIGURE 11.16 Percentage of GERD by funding source, 2005–
18. 2011 Gross expenditures on R&D for
selected countries, by performing sector and funding sources:
2011 or most recent year Source: Adapted
by the authors from “Chapter 4. Research and Development:
National Trends and International
Comparisons,” in “Science and Engineering Indicators 2014,”
National Science Foundation, February 2014,
www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind14/index.cfm/chapter-4/c4s2.htm.
The shift toward business-sponsored R&D is driven by the rise
within emerging markets of local companies that
develop advanced products for local and global customers. In
response, many multinational companies are
shifting R&D into those same markets to reclaim an edge. For
instance, GE built R&D centers in China and
India in 2000, expanded to Israel and Brazil in 2011, and
entered Saudi Arabia in 2015. As a result, GE
has introduced to its global customer base new products that
were designed for a local market such as India.
As a result, the company is now meeting customer needs
different from those it traditionally focused on.
108
109 110 111
Concept Check 11.4 ! "
Question 1 of 3 NEXT NEXT
Question 1
There is a positive correlation between education spending and
economic output.
FIGURE 11.15 Total R&D spending and R&D spending as a
19. percentage of GDP for select countries,
1981–2011 Source: “Chapter 4. Research and Development:
National Trends and International
Comparisons,” in “Science and Engineering Indicators 2014,”
National Science Foundation, February 2014,
www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind14/index.cfm/chapter-4/c4s2.htm.
Private businesses, governments, higher education institutions,
and private nonprofit donors typically invest in
R&D. In the United States, nearly 70 percent of R&D is funded
by businesses; that's less than the 83 percent in
Israel but much more than the 36 percent funded by businesses
in India. Perhaps more interesting is the nearly
universal increase in business-sponsored funding (see Figure
11.16), indicating that global businesses are
recognizing the competitive advantages that come from being at
the forefront of technology.
Share of total (%)
Country
GERD PPP
($billions) Business Government
Institutions of higher
education
Private
nonprofit
R&D funding sources
United States
(2011)
$429.1 58.6% 31.2% 6.4% 3.8%
20. China (2011) $208.2 73.9% 21.7% NA 1.3%
Japan (2011) $146.5 76.5% 16.4% 6.6% 0.5%
Germany (2010) $93.1 65.6% 30.3% 0.2% 3.9%
South Korea
(2011)
$59.9 73.7% 24.9% 1.2% 0.2%
France (2010) $51.9 53.5% 37.0% 1.8% 7.6%
United Kingdom
(2011)
$39.6 44.6% 32.2% 6.2% 17.0%
** = included in data for other performing sectors; NA = not
available.
GERD = gross expenditures on R&D; PPP = purchasing power
parity.
FIGURE 11.16 Percentage of GERD by funding source, 2005–
2011 Gross expenditures on R&D for
selected countries, by performing sector and funding sources:
2011 or most recent year Source: Adapted
by the authors from “Chapter 4. Research and Development:
National Trends and International
Comparisons,” in “Science and Engineering Indicators 2014,”
National Science Foundation, February 2014,
www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind14/index.cfm/chapter-4/c4s2.htm.
The shift toward business-sponsored R&D is driven by the rise
within emerging markets of local companies that
23. in International Business
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APPENDIX
11.3 Technology of Human Infrastructure
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Describe the effect of human capital on opportunities in a
global business.
Global companies not only face physical and information
infrastructure challenges but also are often
constrained by the level of human capital that is available in a
market. Several factors are indicators of the
availability of human capital. As Figure 11.13 suggests, these
include education, corporate training, and
alignment of educational, company, and government initiative
24. to build human capital. We now discuss each of
these in turn.
FIGURE 11.13 A Framework for assessing the level of
technological infrastructure in countries Human capital
infrastructure includes education, corporate training, and
cooperation between companies, educational institutions, and
governments.
Education
Human capital is the abilities, skills, experience, and knowledge
possessed by individuals. The quality of
human capital can have important implications for the growth
and development of opportunities for
international business. Economic output, for instance, is a
function of labor and technology. If labor (human
capital) is skilled, it will produce higher output per person per
hour, leading to growth. Education is thus
positively associated with positive economic outcomes.
According to the National Center for Education
Statistics, the United States spends about $12,000 per child per
year for elementary and secondary education
and more than $26,000 per student per year for postsecondary
education—the highest amount in the OECD
(see Figure 11.14). Note the positive slope of the line in Figure
11.14; this suggests that higher spending on
education is correlated with higher GDP per person in a
country. In other words, the more a country invests in
education, the more wealthy it is likely to be.
73
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25. Reading Content
Introduction
11.1 Technology as
Physical Infrastructure
11.2 Technology of
Information
Infrastructure
11.3 Technology of
Human Infrastructure
11.4 Technology Trends
in International Business
Summary and Case
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APPENDIX
11.3 Technology of Human Infrastructure
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
26. Describe the effect of human capital on opportunities in a
global business.
Global companies not only face physical and information
infrastructure challenges but also are often
constrained by the level of human capital that is available in a
market. Several factors are indicators of the
availability of human capital. As Figure 11.13 suggests, these
include education, corporate training, and
alignment of educational, company, and government initiative
to build human capital. We now discuss each of
these in turn.
FIGURE 11.13 A Framework for assessing the level of
technological infrastructure in countries Human capital
infrastructure includes education, corporate training, and
cooperation between companies, educational institutions, and
governments.
Education
Human capital is the abilities, skills, experience, and knowledge
possessed by individuals. The quality of
human capital can have important implications for the growth
and development of opportunities for
international business. Economic output, for instance, is a
function of labor and technology. If labor (human
capital) is skilled, it will produce higher output per person per
hour, leading to growth. Education is thus
positively associated with positive economic outcomes.
According to the National Center for Education
Statistics, the United States spends about $12,000 per child per
year for elementary and secondary education
and more than $26,000 per student per year for postsecondary
education—the highest amount in the OECD
(see Figure 11.14). Note the positive slope of the line in Figure
11.14; this suggests that higher spending on
27. education is correlated with higher GDP per person in a
country. In other words, the more a country invests in
education, the more wealthy it is likely to be.
73
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17;38
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FIGURE 11.14 Postsecondary Spending In 2012, among OECD
countries, the United States spent the
most per student on postsecondary education. Source:
“Education Expenditures by Country,” National
Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences,
May 2017,
http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_cmd.asp.
ManpowerGroup conducts surveys of global business leaders
each year to ask them questions about hiring
global talent. According to the 2016 survey, 40 percent of the
42,000 participating employers indicated they
were facing a skills shortage, or having difficulty finding
people with the right skills to fill vacant positions.
The survey reaches companies in forty-three countries, so this is
not a localized effect. Basic skills like
reading, writing, and math are not the problem; rather, specific
skills like mobile app design, nursing, and
sales are in short supply. This skill shortage is particularly
acute in Japan, where 83 percent of employers
report having trouble. Some economists argue that a skills
shortage should not exist because the
unemployed would just move to fill the jobs, but others are
quick to point out that those currently unemployed
28. simply do not have the skill sets needed for the available jobs,
and in many countries laws prohibit those
who do have the skills from immigrating to the country. For
instance, given the United Kingdom's 2016
decision to leave the EU (“Brexit”), many are fearful that the
skills shortage in the United Kingdom will
increase.
Students at a university in Seoul, South Korea, come from
across the world—Brazil, Kenya, Pakistan, India,
Nigeria, Turkey, Romania, Vietnam, and other countries—
because their own countries faced severe skills
shortages. Samsung recognized the skills shortages in these
countries when it tried to find people who could
run its global electronics operations. To combat the shortage,
the company recruited the brightest
undergraduate students from their home countries and gave
them scholarships to study for an MBA in Korea.
Upon graduation, the students would work for Samsung in
Korea for a couple of years to further refine their
skills. After that time, they would return to their home countries
with all the skills to lead Samsung's
businesses in these markets. This solution was effective for a
time, but it was expensive for Samsung. Worse
still, the newly trained employees were often hired away by
other global companies in the local markets—after
all, they were often some of the most skilled employees in their
country.
While most countries provide primary education for the
majority of their populations, the quality of this
education varies greatly. India operates the largest education
system in the world, and that alone brings
many challenges. Often, schools lack basic resources such as
desks, books, and even teachers. In
response, despite the availability of public education, roughly
29. 40 percent of families choose to send their
children to private schools—even though private education
represents a significant cost to the family. This
trend is common throughout Asia. In Japan, Singapore, and
Korea, families commonly invest heavily in
private education, sending their children to after-school classes
for math, English, and the sciences. After-
school classes are so aggressive and competitive in Korea that
the government instituted laws requiring
schools to close at 10 p.m. and not start again before 6 a.m.
Corporate Training and Development
In addition to the level of education within a country, corporate
training has important effects on human capital.
Global companies spend over $130 billion a year on corporate
training—nearly double the estimated $70
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
FIGURE 11.14 Postsecondary Spending In 2012, among OECD
30. countries, the United States spent the
most per student on postsecondary education. Source:
“Education Expenditures by Country,” National
Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences,
May 2017,
http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_cmd.asp.
ManpowerGroup conducts surveys of global business leaders
each year to ask them questions about hiring
global talent. According to the 2016 survey, 40 percent of the
42,000 participating employers indicated they
were facing a skills shortage, or having difficulty finding
people with the right skills to fill vacant positions.
The survey reaches companies in forty-three countries, so this is
not a localized effect. Basic skills like
reading, writing, and math are not the problem; rather, specific
skills like mobile app design, nursing, and
sales are in short supply. This skill shortage is particularly
acute in Japan, where 83 percent of employers
report having trouble. Some economists argue that a skills
shortage should not exist because the
unemployed would just move to fill the jobs, but others are
quick to point out that those currently unemployed
simply do not have the skill sets needed for the available jobs,
and in many countries laws prohibit those
who do have the skills from immigrating to the country. For
instance, given the United Kingdom's 2016
decision to leave the EU (“Brexit”), many are fearful that the
skills shortage in the United Kingdom will
increase.
Students at a university in Seoul, South Korea, come from
across the world—Brazil, Kenya, Pakistan, India,
Nigeria, Turkey, Romania, Vietnam, and other countries—
because their own countries faced severe skills
shortages. Samsung recognized the skills shortages in these
31. countries when it tried to find people who could
run its global electronics operations. To combat the shortage,
the company recruited the brightest
undergraduate students from their home countries and gave
them scholarships to study for an MBA in Korea.
Upon graduation, the students would work for Samsung in
Korea for a couple of years to further refine their
skills. After that time, they would return to their home countries
with all the skills to lead Samsung's
businesses in these markets. This solution was effective for a
time, but it was expensive for Samsung. Worse
still, the newly trained employees were often hired away by
other global companies in the local markets—after
all, they were often some of the most skilled employees in their
country.
While most countries provide primary education for the
majority of their populations, the quality of this
education varies greatly. India operates the largest education
system in the world, and that alone brings
many challenges. Often, schools lack basic resources such as
desks, books, and even teachers. In
response, despite the availability of public education, roughly
40 percent of families choose to send their
children to private schools—even though private education
represents a significant cost to the family. This
trend is common throughout Asia. In Japan, Singapore, and
Korea, families commonly invest heavily in
private education, sending their children to after-school classes
for math, English, and the sciences. After-
school classes are so aggressive and competitive in Korea that
the government instituted laws requiring
schools to close at 10 p.m. and not start again before 6 a.m.
Corporate Training and Development
In addition to the level of education within a country, corporate
32. training has important effects on human capital.
Global companies spend over $130 billion a year on corporate
training—nearly double the estimated $70
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
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17;38
第 2 ⻚⻚(共 4 ⻚⻚)
Global companies spend over $130 billion a year on corporate
training—nearly double the estimated $70
billion spent on public education in the U.S. alone. This
training is designed to develop a range of skills such
as leadership, negotiation, and sales. Many global companies
have formal leadership development programs
that recruit employees into two- to four-year rotational
programs with opportunities to learn different facets of
33. the company. MetLife, GE, IBM, and many others offer such
programs across a host of functional areas,
including global human resources, global supply chain, global
leadership, and global marketing.
In addition to these longer formal programs, most global
companies offer skill-based training, much of which
takes advantage of new technologies by moving online. New
companies such as edX, Coursera, and
Udemy offer classes for people around the globe. The use of
virtual technologies has shifted corporate
training closer to employees and has made it more hands-on.
In addition to providing internal corporate training, some
companies partner with employers and employees to
identify the skills lacking in the labor market and then develop
those skills, working directly with individuals to
build them. For instance, LabourNet is a service in India with a
mission to provide training and skill
development to workers who are not in formal jobs, with a goal
of providing vocational training to 1 million
workers.
Industry, Education, and Government
The quality of the human capital infrastructure is influenced not
only by the level of education and training
available in countries but also by the level of collaboration and
coordination among companies, educational
institutions, and government agencies. Global industries
struggle when companies don't work with universities
to determine current and future needs, when universities and
governments don't work together on research
and development, and when industry and government fail to set
priorities and agendas. When companies,
universities, and governments work together, however, they can
build world-class opportunities. For instance,
34. Germany successfully cultivated a booming synthetic dye
industry by bringing together companies' resources,
universities' research, and the government's money.
Similarly, Silicon Valley in California became a world-class
center for technology by bringing together
academics from Stanford and Berkley, including tech firms from
the Valley, and gaining government support
from nearby municipalities. The city of Tel Aviv, Israel, sought
to replicate the Silicon Valley model by
combining government support, educational resources, and
business forces to create a tech hub. The
government requires all men and women to join the Israeli army
and puts the brightest in high-tech
intelligence units such as its famous Unit 8200, where it trains
them on cutting-edge technologies and
encourages them to pursue tech opportunities after their two-
year military service. The businesses of the
country also spend the most per capita on research and
development. Finally, universities in Israel provide
world-class programs, particularly in engineering and
information technology. The combination of these forces
has resulted in an abundance of tech start-ups that have created
significant economic growth.
On the other hand, where governments, industries, or
educational institutions are not supportive and do not
work together, businesses are forced to develop or find
resources on their own, narrowing the margins for
success.
One of the key organizations that can bring firms, universities,
and governments together is a “business
incubator.” A business incubator is a company that helps found
and grow new businesses. It provides new
companies with space, tools, and leadership skills to help
35. accelerate their early growth. For instance, MIT has
created an organization called the Global Startup Lab (GSL),
which provides resources to undergraduate
students from emerging markets. In addition to providing
resources directly to students, the GSL partners with
institutions such as governments, businesses, and universities in
emerging markets, with the goal of helping
students develop commercial opportunities.
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
Concept Check 11.3 ! "
Question 1 of 3 NEXT NEXT
Question 1
36. Digital technology infrastructure includes:
Global companies spend over $130 billion a year on corporate
training—nearly double the estimated $70
billion spent on public education in the U.S. alone. This
training is designed to develop a range of skills such
as leadership, negotiation, and sales. Many global companies
have formal leadership development programs
that recruit employees into two- to four-year rotational
programs with opportunities to learn different facets of
the company. MetLife, GE, IBM, and many others offer such
programs across a host of functional areas,
including global human resources, global supply chain, global
leadership, and global marketing.
In addition to these longer formal programs, most global
companies offer skill-based training, much of which
takes advantage of new technologies by moving online. New
companies such as edX, Coursera, and
Udemy offer classes for people around the globe. The use of
virtual technologies has shifted corporate
training closer to employees and has made it more hands-on.
In addition to providing internal corporate training, some
companies partner with employers and employees to
identify the skills lacking in the labor market and then develop
those skills, working directly with individuals to
build them. For instance, LabourNet is a service in India with a
mission to provide training and skill
development to workers who are not in formal jobs, with a goal
of providing vocational training to 1 million
workers.
Industry, Education, and Government
The quality of the human capital infrastructure is influenced not
37. only by the level of education and training
available in countries but also by the level of collaboration and
coordination among companies, educational
institutions, and government agencies. Global industries
struggle when companies don't work with universities
to determine current and future needs, when universities and
governments don't work together on research
and development, and when industry and government fail to set
priorities and agendas. When companies,
universities, and governments work together, however, they can
build world-class opportunities. For instance,
Germany successfully cultivated a booming synthetic dye
industry by bringing together companies' resources,
universities' research, and the government's money.
Similarly, Silicon Valley in California became a world-class
center for technology by bringing together
academics from Stanford and Berkley, including tech firms from
the Valley, and gaining government support
from nearby municipalities. The city of Tel Aviv, Israel, sought
to replicate the Silicon Valley model by
combining government support, educational resources, and
business forces to create a tech hub. The
government requires all men and women to join the Israeli army
and puts the brightest in high-tech
intelligence units such as its famous Unit 8200, where it trains
them on cutting-edge technologies and
encourages them to pursue tech opportunities after their two-
year military service. The businesses of the
country also spend the most per capita on research and
development. Finally, universities in Israel provide
world-class programs, particularly in engineering and
information technology. The combination of these forces
has resulted in an abundance of tech start-ups that have created
significant economic growth.
38. On the other hand, where governments, industries, or
educational institutions are not supportive and do not
work together, businesses are forced to develop or find
resources on their own, narrowing the margins for
success.
One of the key organizations that can bring firms, universities,
and governments together is a “business
incubator.” A business incubator is a company that helps found
and grow new businesses. It provides new
companies with space, tools, and leadership skills to help
accelerate their early growth. For instance, MIT has
created an organization called the Global Startup Lab (GSL),
which provides resources to undergraduate
students from emerging markets. In addition to providing
resources directly to students, the GSL partners with
institutions such as governments, businesses, and universities in
emerging markets, with the goal of helping
students develop commercial opportunities.
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
40. Question Attempts: 0 of 1 used CHECK ANSWER
Communication technologies
Internet technologies
All of these
Data technologies
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17;38
第 4 ⻚⻚(共 4 ⻚⻚)
Morris, International Business, 1e
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CHAPTER RESOURCES
Reading Content
Introduction
11.1 Technology as
Physical Infrastructure
11.2 Technology of
Information
Infrastructure
11.3 Technology of
Human Infrastructure
11.4 Technology Trends
in International Business
Summary and Case
ORION: Build your
41. Proficiency
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APPENDIX
Animation: Technology InfrastructureAnimation: Technology
Infrastructure
11.2 Technology of Information Infrastructure
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Identify the way information infrastructure creates business
opportunities.
UPS estimates that it saves nearly 1 million gallons of gas each
year across North America just by using mapping technology
that
minimizes left turns (drivers turning left risk being delayed by
oncoming traffic). The mapping system has also eliminated
millions of miles
of travel by matching packages, delivery times, and truck
42. locations in order to optimize routes and maximize delivery
densities.
tracking this data in real time and running complex analytics,
the firm is able to improve efficiency, thereby saving time and
money. Digital
technologies make this possible (see Figure 11.7).
FIGURE 11.7 Assessing the level of information infrastructure
in
countries The information infrastructure consists of
communication
technologies and information technologies such as data storage
and
processing.
In a similar way, the country Estonia uses digital technology to
run many government operations. Estonia began the process of
digitizing
its operations in 1997. The system now enables citizens to
register vehicles, file health insurance claims, and even vote, all
through an
electronic platform called X-Road. The system is so successful
that over 900 agencies—some global, including energy,
telecom, and
banking—offer services through the site. Because of the boost
in efficiency, the platform saves an estimated five days a year
per citizen
by eliminating trips to government offices by both citizens and
businesses, which can access information such as land deeds.
The
efficiency of the system adds 7 million workdays to the
Estonian economy. For instance, in Estonia taxes can be filed
in five minutes
using prefilled, auto-generated reports; by contrast, most
Germans hire tax consultants to help them fill out tax forms and
spend hours on
43. the process.
Digital infrastructure like the Internet can also help
international businesses improve their communication networks,
data storage, and
information processing, as we'll see next.
Communication Technologies
Changes in communication technologies can dramatically affect
international business opportunities. For example, even in
Brazil's
41
42
DOWNLOADABLE eTEXTBOOK PRINTER VERSION
CHAPTER RESOURCES
Reading Content
Introduction
11.1 Technology as
Physical Infrastructure
11.2 Technology of
Information
Infrastructure
11.3 Technology of
Human Infrastructure
11.4 Technology Trends
in International Business
Summary and Case
ORION: Build your
Proficiency
Videos
Animations
44. Multimedia Study Tools
Business Hot Topics
COURSE RESOURCES
Career Center
Business Hot Topics
Videos
Animations
PRACTICE
Chapter 11 Reading Quiz
APPENDIX
Animation: Technology InfrastructureAnimation: Technology
Infrastructure
11.2 Technology of Information Infrastructure
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Identify the way information infrastructure creates business
opportunities.
UPS estimates that it saves nearly 1 million gallons of gas each
year across North America just by using mapping technology
that
minimizes left turns (drivers turning left risk being delayed by
oncoming traffic). The mapping system has also eliminated
millions of miles
of travel by matching packages, delivery times, and truck
locations in order to optimize routes and maximize delivery
densities.
tracking this data in real time and running complex analytics,
the firm is able to improve efficiency, thereby saving time and
45. money. Digital
technologies make this possible (see Figure 11.7).
FIGURE 11.7 Assessing the level of information infrastructure
in
countries The information infrastructure consists of
communication
technologies and information technologies such as data storage
and
processing.
In a similar way, the country Estonia uses digital technology to
run many government operations. Estonia began the process of
digitizing
its operations in 1997. The system now enables citizens to
register vehicles, file health insurance claims, and even vote, all
through an
electronic platform called X-Road. The system is so successful
that over 900 agencies—some global, including energy,
telecom, and
banking—offer services through the site. Because of the boost
in efficiency, the platform saves an estimated five days a year
per citizen
by eliminating trips to government offices by both citizens and
businesses, which can access information such as land deeds.
The
efficiency of the system adds 7 million workdays to the
Estonian economy. For instance, in Estonia taxes can be filed
in five minutes
using prefilled, auto-generated reports; by contrast, most
Germans hire tax consultants to help them fill out tax forms and
spend hours on
the process.
Digital infrastructure like the Internet can also help
international businesses improve their communication networks,
46. data storage, and
information processing, as we'll see next.
Communication Technologies
Changes in communication technologies can dramatically affect
international business opportunities. For example, even in
Brazil's
41
42
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17;38
第 1 ⻚⻚(共 6 ⻚⻚)
Changes in communication technologies can dramatically affect
international business opportunities. For example, even in
Brazil's
poorest favelas (slums), satellite TV and even Internet access
are nearly ubiquitous (Figure 11.8). Because nearly all
consumers have
access to media, international companies like Samsung, LG, and
Apple can market their electronics to global customers.
Companies can
launch products in new markets more quickly and efficiently
when they can harness global media.
FIGURE 11.8 Satellite TV antennae on the houses of
Brazil's poorest neighborhoods
Nearly 43 percent of people on the planet have access to the
Internet. In the OECD countries, mobile broadband is used by
more than
47. 95% of the population. This is 1.27 billion people with access to
the Internet. Japan has the highest level of access to the Internet
of any
country in the world, with close to 150 mobile broadband
subscriptions per 100 people. In other words, almost half of the
Japanese
people have more than one broadband subscription. The
numbers are almost as high in Finland as well (see Figure 11.9
States primarily relies on DSL and cable, whereas in Japan,
fiber-optic networks dominate the country. There are now more
than 7 billion
cellular subscriptions worldwide—that is almost one for every
man, woman, and child alive today—and 95 percent of the
world's
population is covered by a cellular network.
FIGURE 11.9 Mobile Broadband, by country, 2016 Source:
Andrew Burger, February 2017, “OECD Mobile Broadband
Penetration Rises to 95%, Now Reaches 1.2 Billion,”
Telecompetitor. http://www.telecompetitor.com/oecd-mobile-
broadband-penetration-rises-to-95-percent-now-reaches-1-2-
billion/
This statistic highlights the need for international business
managers to understand how such nearly universal connectivity
affects them.
In rural fishing villages in India, for instance, economists
recorded the market price that fishermen received for their daily
catch before
and after the introduction of phones in three separate markets.
Look at Figure 11.10; you can see on the left side of each chart
that the
price of the daily catch varied significantly up and down in each
market. Once phones were introduced in these markets,
fishermen were
48. 43
44
Changes in communication technologies can dramatically affect
international business opportunities. For example, even in
Brazil's
poorest favelas (slums), satellite TV and even Internet access
are nearly ubiquitous (Figure 11.8). Because nearly all
consumers have
access to media, international companies like Samsung, LG, and
Apple can market their electronics to global customers.
Companies can
launch products in new markets more quickly and efficiently
when they can harness global media.
FIGURE 11.8 Satellite TV antennae on the houses of
Brazil's poorest neighborhoods
Nearly 43 percent of people on the planet have access to the
Internet. In the OECD countries, mobile broadband is used by
more than
95% of the population. This is 1.27 billion people with access to
the Internet. Japan has the highest level of access to the Internet
of any
country in the world, with close to 150 mobile broadband
subscriptions per 100 people. In other words, almost half of the
Japanese
people have more than one broadband subscription. The
numbers are almost as high in Finland as well (see Figure 11.9
States primarily relies on DSL and cable, whereas in Japan,
fiber-optic networks dominate the country. There are now more
than 7 billion
cellular subscriptions worldwide—that is almost one for every
man, woman, and child alive today—and 95 percent of the
world's
49. population is covered by a cellular network.
FIGURE 11.9 Mobile Broadband, by country, 2016 Source:
Andrew Burger, February 2017, “OECD Mobile Broadband
Penetration Rises to 95%, Now Reaches 1.2 Billion,”
Telecompetitor. http://www.telecompetitor.com/oecd-mobile-
broadband-penetration-rises-to-95-percent-now-reaches-1-2-
billion/
This statistic highlights the need for international business
managers to understand how such nearly universal connectivity
affects them.
In rural fishing villages in India, for instance, economists
recorded the market price that fishermen received for their daily
catch before
and after the introduction of phones in three separate markets.
Look at Figure 11.10; you can see on the left side of each chart
that the
price of the daily catch varied significantly up and down in each
market. Once phones were introduced in these markets,
fishermen were
43
44
https://edugen.wileyplus.com/edugen/lti/main.uni 2020/6/10
17;38
第 2 ⻚⻚(共 6 ⻚⻚)
price of the daily catch varied significantly up and down in each
market. Once phones were introduced in these markets,
fishermen were
able to compare prices efficiently with other fishermen, and
50. prices quickly converged (notice the large price discrepancies
on the left side
of each chart). That is, prices now varied within a much smaller
range than before, because fishermen were able to verify the
actual
market price. The power of connectivity helped the fishermen
better understand their markets, price their catch properly, and
earn more
money. This study demonstrates an effect that has been
witnessed around the world: when more communication is
available, information
flows more freely, and producers and consumers all benefit.
FIGURE 11.10 The price of fish in rural India before and after
cell phones were
introduced Source: Robert Jensen, “The Digital Provide:
Information (Technology), Market
Performance and Welfare in the South Indian Fisheries Sector,”
Quarterly Journal of Economics 122, no.
3 (2007): 879–924.
Speed of the Internet
Not only is global access to the Internet increasing, but the
speed of the Internet itself is also increasing. As Figure 11.11
the global Internet runs on average at 5.6 Mbps, but in Korea—
which boasts the world's fastest Internet—the average speed is
21.1
Mbps. By contrast, much of Africa has Internet speeds less than
2 Mbps. This discrepancy means that a web page will load ten
times
faster in Korea than in most parts of Africa.
45
46
51. 47
price of the daily catch varied significantly up and down in each
market. Once phones were introduced in these markets,
fishermen were
able to compare prices efficiently with other fishermen, and
prices quickly converged (notice the large price discrepancies
on the left side
of each chart). That is, prices now varied within a much smaller
range than before, because fishermen were able to verify the
actual
market price. The power of connectivity helped the fishermen
better understand their markets, price their catch properly, and
earn more
money. This study demonstrates an effect that has been
witnessed around the world: when more communication is
available, information
flows more freely, and producers and consumers all benefit.
FIGURE 11.10 The price of fish in rural India before and after
cell phones were
introduced Source: Robert Jensen, “The Digital Provide:
Information (Technology), Market
Performance and Welfare in the South Indian Fisheries Sector,”
Quarterly Journal of Economics 122, no.
3 (2007): 879–924.
Speed of the Internet
Not only is global access to the Internet increasing, but the
speed of the Internet itself is also increasing. As Figure 11.11
the global Internet runs on average at 5.6 Mbps, but in Korea—
which boasts the world's fastest Internet—the average speed is
21.1
Mbps. By contrast, much of Africa has Internet speeds less than
2 Mbps. This discrepancy means that a web page will load ten
times
52. faster in Korea than in most parts of Africa.
45
46
47
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17;38
第 3 ⻚⻚(共 6 ⻚⻚)
FIGURE 11.11 The speed of the Internet in each country in
2015 Source: “Internet Speeds by Country (Mbps),” Fastmetrics
www.fastmetrics.com/internet-connection-speed-by-country.php
(accessed July 18, 2017).
The implications of Internet speed are more than simple
inconvenience for people who have slower access. Companies
operating in
global markets need to consider the local Internet speed when
designing content for their Internet presence. For example,
embedding a
video testimonial on a website might be effective in Japan,
where download speeds are high, but less effective in India,
where speeds are
slow.
Peer-to-Peer and the Shared Economy
Another significant change stemming from the rise of the digital
infrastructure is the emergence of peer-to-peer (P2P)
transactions in a
virtual marketplace that is sometimes referred to as the “shared
economy.” A shared economy, also called collaborative
53. consumption or
the peer economy, is a system in which owners rent to strangers
something they are not using, such as a room, a car, or even a
service,
using peer-to-peer services. Constant connectivity and access
saturation have enabled people, especially in industrialized
nations, to
rent their goods and services directly to other people. Hotels,
car rental agencies, and even banks have experienced some
unexpected
competition from the shared economy. For instance, the world's
largest renter of rooms is not technically a hotel; it's the
lodgings broker
Airbnb, which matches individuals willing to rent out space in
their own homes to people who want to rent that space. Airbnb's
online
market for lodgings in private residences boasts over 1.5
million listings around the globe. The average Airbnb host in
New York City
earned more than $5,000 in 2016. But in some markets such as
San Francisco and New York City, the company faces laws that
make
renting out rooms illegal unless the renters register with the
city.
Similarly, Turo, a car-sharing service, enables individuals in the
United States and Canada to rent their cars to others. The
service
matches car owners with prospective renters. Turo then offers
insurance to protect the car owner and detailed reviews to
protect the
renter.
People can even “share” their money now. Those who need
money go to the appropriate P2P site, enter the amount they
would like to
54. borrow, name the terms, and include details of their
employment, location, and other personal information. Lenders
from around the
globe agree to loan the money at a certain rate. If both parties
agree, the deal is completed and the P2P lender, such as
Bitbond,
Prosper, Upstart, or SoFi, receives a fee between 1 and 5
percent of the loan. The loans can be used to consolidate debt,
buy a car, or
remodel a house.
The P2P phenomenon is not limited to developed markets.
Taobao is a Chinese global market platform similar to eBay,
bringing buyers
and sellers together in both an auction and a fixed-priced model.
The company's site is one of the world's most visited and has
over 7
million sellers posting over a billion products. Taobao is so
large that it represents over 80 percent of online commerce in
China and is
growing quickly abroad. Similarly, Yu'ebau is changing China's
financial industry by paying interest on money left in people's
Taobao
Alipay accounts. Alipay is Taobao's payment system, similar to
PayPal. With a simple click of a button, users can transfer
money from
their online account to an attached savings account, where they
can earn interest. In just 3 years, the service has accumulated
over $60
billion.
Data Storage and Processing Technologies
48
49
55. 50
51
52
53
FIGURE 11.11 The speed of the Internet in each country in
2015 Source: “Internet Speeds by Country (Mbps),” Fastmetrics
www.fastmetrics.com/internet-connection-speed-by-country.php
(accessed July 18, 2017).
The implications of Internet speed are more than simple
inconvenience for people who have slower access. Companies
operating in
global markets need to consider the local Internet speed when
designing content for their Internet presence. For example,
embedding a
video testimonial on a website might be effective in Japan,
where download speeds are high, but less effective in India,
where speeds are
slow.
Peer-to-Peer and the Shared Economy
Another significant change stemming from the rise of the digital
infrastructure is the emergence of peer-to-peer (P2P)
transactions in a
virtual marketplace that is sometimes referred to as the “shared
economy.” A shared economy, also called collaborative
consumption or
the peer economy, is a system in which owners rent to strangers
something they are not using, such as a room, a car, or even a
service,
using peer-to-peer services. Constant connectivity and access
56. saturation have enabled people, especially in industrialized
nations, to
rent their goods and services directly to other people. Hotels,
car rental agencies, and even banks have experienced some
unexpected
competition from the shared economy. For instance, the world's
largest renter of rooms is not technically a hotel; it's the
lodgings broker
Airbnb, which matches individuals willing to rent out space in
their own homes to people who want to rent that space. Airbnb's
online
market for lodgings in private residences boasts over 1.5
million listings around the globe. The average Airbnb host in
New York City
earned more than $5,000 in 2016. But in some markets such as
San Francisco and New York City, the company faces laws that
make
renting out rooms illegal unless the renters register with the
city.
Similarly, Turo, a car-sharing service, enables individuals in the
United States and Canada to rent their cars to others. The
service
matches car owners with prospective renters. Turo then offers
insurance to protect the car owner and detailed reviews to
protect the
renter.
People can even “share” their money now. Those who need
money go to the appropriate P2P site, enter the amount they
would like to
borrow, name the terms, and include details of their
employment, location, and other personal information. Lenders
from around the
globe agree to loan the money at a certain rate. If both parties
agree, the deal is completed and the P2P lender, such as
57. Bitbond,
Prosper, Upstart, or SoFi, receives a fee between 1 and 5
percent of the loan. The loans can be used to consolidate debt,
buy a car, or
remodel a house.
The P2P phenomenon is not limited to developed markets.
Taobao is a Chinese global market platform similar to eBay,
bringing buyers
and sellers together in both an auction and a fixed-priced model.
The company's site is one of the world's most visited and has
over 7
million sellers posting over a billion products. Taobao is so
large that it represents over 80 percent of online commerce in
China and is
growing quickly abroad. Similarly, Yu'ebau is changing China's
financial industry by paying interest on money left in people's
Taobao
Alipay accounts. Alipay is Taobao's payment system, similar to
PayPal. With a simple click of a button, users can transfer
money from
their online account to an attached savings account, where they
can earn interest. In just 3 years, the service has accumulated
over $60
billion.
Data Storage and Processing Technologies
48
49
50
51
58. 52
53
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第 4 ⻚⻚(共 6 ⻚⻚)
Data Storage
The Rise of Global Data Centers
Increased Processing Power
Access to Data
Data Storage and Processing Technologies
In addition to the explosion of information that is dramatically
affecting international business opportunities, the cost of
gathering and
using information has decreased dramatically. As a result, the
store of global data has increased exponentially.
Thirty years ago, computer systems like the Atari 1040ST
helped bring about the personal computing revolution. The
Atari was a wonder of its time and could store up to 360
kilobytes of data. Today, most users don't even know how much
storage their
computers have—the amount is so large it is almost irrelevant.
Such large data stores are the result of the cost of data storage
decreasing exponentially over the past sixty years. In 1960, one
megabyte of data storage, enough to store about 870 pages of
plain
text, costed about $4,000. In 1994 the cost had fallen to $1, and
59. by 2010 it was a mere thousandth of a cent.
For international businesses, this means that data about
customers, inventory, suppliers, and everything else can and
does grow at an
exponential rate. The BBC estimates that about 2.5 exabytes, or
2.5 billion gigabytes, are created every day; that's the
equivalent of 960
trillion pages of plain text. Experts estimate that 40 zettabytes
(40 trillion gigabytes) of data will have been created by 2020.
Companies are bursting with data, and many are using it to
improve operations and interactions. For instance, Shell Oil
Company now
integrates millions of observations obtained when its crews are
looking for oil and gas to determine how much is present and
how easy
recovering it will likely be.
However, this explosion of information has challenges of its
own. As economist Herbert Simon predicted over fifty years
ago, global
leaders today face a hard limit on their ability to use all
available data. Simon noted, “In an information-rich world, the
wealth of
information means a dearth of something else: a scarcity of
whatever it is that information consumes. What information
consumes is
rather obvious: it consumes the attention of its recipients.
Hence, a wealth of information creates a poverty of attention
and a need to
allocate that attention efficiently among the overabundance of
information sources that might consume it.” This information
explosion
has global leaders feeling overloaded in a flood of information.
Indeed this problem affects not only leaders of organizations; a
2015
60. study by Fortune found that 65–76 percent of companies
struggle with employees who feel overwhelmed.
With the creation of so much data, global companies have
emerged to help companies securely
store their data either on-site, in remote data centers, or in
“cloud-based” storage options. For instance, Interxion is a pan-
European data
storage company with 42 data centers in 12 countries. Its
nondescript London location is tucked away in the remains of an
old brewery.
But inside is a state-of-the-art, high-security data center
conveniently close to London's financial companies. These
firms could save
money by using a center outside London rather than one right in
the heart of the city, but the milliseconds required to send and
retrieve
the data from a more distant location would slow the time-
sensitive trades they make. As the pace of business increases,
even the
smallest fraction of a second can mean the creation or loss of a
fortune.
As the cost of data storage has been reduced, the importance of
the ability to process data has
increased. In 1965, Gordon Moore, a cofounder of Intel,
suggested that processing power—measured by the number of
transistors that
amplify or switch signals and electrical power on a microchip—
would double every 24 months. This prediction has become
known as
Moore's law, and so far it has proven to be largely true.
Processing power has increased by 3,500 times over the past
fifty years, even
as the cost has come down.
61. Energy use in microchips is 90,000 times more efficient today
than in 1965, and the price per transistor has decreased by a
factor of
60,000 over the same period. While these improvements have
fueled many innovations—such as smartphones and tablets—
some
argue that the trend predicted by Moore's law has reached its
limit. Horst Simon, the deputy director of Lawrence Berkeley
National
Laboratory, is among those who say our need for computing
power may have plateaued. As a result, while Intel has led the
pack in
driving innovation, companies in Taiwan, Korea, and China are
capturing an increasingly large share of the memory chip market
by
producing chips that are cheaper because they are sufficient for
most purposes.
Another major hurdle for international business today is
ensuring access to critical data. In the past, companies kept
their own data on site in order to maintain integrity and
security. However, keeping data in-house makes it more
difficult for an
increasingly mobile workforce to access. For that reason,
companies are moving to cloud-based solutions.
In the United States, Amazon, Google, Microsoft, and others
offer cloud-based hosting for data from hundreds of global
companies via
remote data centers with more than a million servers to handle
the flow of the data. Spotify, the Swedish music streaming
company,
uses Google to host its music streaming services. Netflix uses
Amazon's twelve regions to stream films to global markets.
important advantage for global business is that cloud-based
solutions enable companies to quickly take their electronic
62. content global.
For instance, Amazon has existing infrastructure in the United
States, Canada, Brazil, the European Union, India, Singapore,
Australia,
China, Korea, and Japan. The company's services span thirty-
five of the world's thirty-eight time zones. Thanks to cloud-
based
applications, Amazon's data centers in India can host the same
business processes as those in the United States.
Despite the availability of data, a persistent challenge faced by
global firms is sharing knowledge across country boundaries.
Global
54
55
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
63. 66
67
69
Data Storage
The Rise of Global Data Centers
Increased Processing Power
Access to Data
Data Storage and Processing Technologies
In addition to the explosion of information that is dramatically
affecting international business opportunities, the cost of
gathering and
using information has decreased dramatically. As a result, the
store of global data has increased exponentially.
Thirty years ago, computer systems like the Atari 1040ST
helped bring about the personal computing revolution. The
Atari was a wonder of its time and could store up to 360
kilobytes of data. Today, most users don't even know how much
storage their
computers have—the amount is so large it is almost irrelevant.
Such large data stores are the result of the cost of data storage
decreasing exponentially over the past sixty years. In 1960, one
megabyte of data storage, enough to store about 870 pages of
plain
text, costed about $4,000. In 1994 the cost had fallen to $1, and
by 2010 it was a mere thousandth of a cent.
For international businesses, this means that data about
customers, inventory, suppliers, and everything else can and
64. does grow at an
exponential rate. The BBC estimates that about 2.5 exabytes, or
2.5 billion gigabytes, are created every day; that's the
equivalent of 960
trillion pages of plain text. Experts estimate that 40 zettabytes
(40 trillion gigabytes) of data will have been created by 2020.
Companies are bursting with data, and many are using it to
improve operations and interactions. For instance, Shell Oil
Company now
integrates millions of observations obtained when its crews are
looking for oil and gas to determine how much is present and
how easy
recovering it will likely be.
However, this explosion of information has challenges of its
own. As economist Herbert Simon predicted over fifty years
ago, global
leaders today face a hard limit on their ability to use all
available data. Simon noted, “In an information-rich world, the
wealth of
information means a dearth of something else: a scarcity of
whatever it is that information consumes. What information
consumes is
rather obvious: it consumes the attention of its recipients.
Hence, a wealth of information creates a poverty of attention
and a need to
allocate that …
Morris, International Business, 1e
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DOWNLOADABLE eTEXTBOOK
CHAPTER RESOURCES
65. Reading Content
Introduction
11.1 Technology as
Physical Infrastructure
11.2 Technology of
Information
Infrastructure
11.3 Technology of
Human Infrastructure
11.4 Technology Trends
in International Business
Summary and Case
ORION: Build your
Proficiency
Videos
Animations
Multimedia Study Tools
Business Hot Topics
COURSE RESOURCES
Career Center
Business Hot Topics
Videos
Animations
PRACTICE
Chapter 11 Reading Quiz
APPENDIX
11.1 Technology as Physical Infrastructure
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
66. Assess the impact of physical infrastructure on international
business opportunities
Beginning with the inventions of the wheel, irrigation, and
writing, technological improvements have been responsible for
countless changes to the
way we live and trade. For global business leaders, knowing
how to understand, evaluate, and harness technological trends at
the global and country
levels is an increasingly important skill. In this chapter, we
introduce a framework to help you understand the impact of
technology and technological
changes on the global enterprise and how global leaders can
capitalize on these opportunities. This framework consists of
physical infrastructure,
information infrastructure, and human infrastructure (see Figure
11.1).
FIGURE 11.1 Assessing the level of physical
infrastructure Physical Infrastructure includes raw materials,
manufacturing equipment, transportation networks, and energy
resources.
International businesses must consider an important factor: the
level of physical infrastructure present in a given country.
Countries with low levels of
physical infrastructure may be less attractive to international
businesses because producing and distributing goods and
services are often difficult.
Countries with high levels of physical infrastructure, however,
present fewer challenges for international businesses.
The physical infrastructure includes elements such as the
availability of raw materials like plastics, metals, and minerals;
the availability of machinery
and equipment like weaving looms for textiles, precision
67. weighing and mixing equipment for pharmaceuticals, and metal
stamping and welding
equipment for automobiles; transportation networks that enable
goods to move between producers and customers; and the
energy resources that
provide power to producers and consumers alike. Key questions
for assessing the physical infrastructure are shown in Figure
For instance, when Hindustan Unilever—a global seller of
soaps, shampoos, and lotions—sought to move from urban cities
to rural towns in India, it
quickly recognized a problem. Competition was fierce in urban
India, but while the country had over a billion potential
customers, getting products to
the half who lived in rural villages would be exceptionally
challenging because of the country's undeveloped physical
infrastructure. The lack of roads
made transportation burdensome, the very small number of large
retail stores made distribution channels difficult to establish,
and a general lack of
information made monitoring the distribution process nearly
impossible.
In assessing the physical infrastructure of a market, global
leaders need to consider a host of factors, including access to
raw materials,
manufacturing capabilities and techniques, transportation
networks, and energy resources.
Raw Materials
4
DOWNLOADABLE eTEXTBOOK
CHAPTER RESOURCES
68. Reading Content
Introduction
11.1 Technology as
Physical Infrastructure
11.2 Technology of
Information
Infrastructure
11.3 Technology of
Human Infrastructure
11.4 Technology Trends
in International Business
Summary and Case
ORION: Build your
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PRACTICE
Chapter 11 Reading Quiz
APPENDIX
11.1 Technology as Physical Infrastructure
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
69. Assess the impact of physical infrastructure on international
business opportunities
Beginning with the inventions of the wheel, irrigation, and
writing, technological improvements have been responsible for
countless changes to the
way we live and trade. For global business leaders, knowing
how to understand, evaluate, and harness technological trends at
the global and country
levels is an increasingly important skill. In this chapter, we
introduce a framework to help you understand the impact of
technology and technological
changes on the global enterprise and how global leaders can
capitalize on these opportunities. This framework consists of
physical infrastructure,
information infrastructure, and human infrastructure (see Figure
11.1).
FIGURE 11.1 Assessing the level of physical
infrastructure Physical Infrastructure includes raw materials,
manufacturing equipment, transportation networks, and energy
resources.
International businesses must consider an important factor: the
level of physical infrastructure present in a given country.
Countries with low levels of
physical infrastructure may be less attractive to international
businesses because producing and distributing goods and
services are often difficult.
Countries with high levels of physical infrastructure, however,
present fewer challenges for international businesses.
The physical infrastructure includes elements such as the
availability of raw materials like plastics, metals, and minerals;
the availability of machinery
and equipment like weaving looms for textiles, precision
70. weighing and mixing equipment for pharmaceuticals, and metal
stamping and welding
equipment for automobiles; transportation networks that enable
goods to move between producers and customers; and the
energy resources that
provide power to producers and consumers alike. Key questions
for assessing the physical infrastructure are shown in Figure
For instance, when Hindustan Unilever—a global seller of
soaps, shampoos, and lotions—sought to move from urban cities
to rural towns in India, it
quickly recognized a problem. Competition was fierce in urban
India, but while the country had over a billion potential
customers, getting products to
the half who lived in rural villages would be exceptionally
challenging because of the country's undeveloped physical
infrastructure. The lack of roads
made transportation burdensome, the very small number of large
retail stores made distribution channels difficult to establish,
and a general lack of
information made monitoring the distribution process nearly
impossible.
In assessing the physical infrastructure of a market, global
leaders need to consider a host of factors, including access to
raw materials,
manufacturing capabilities and techniques, transportation
networks, and energy resources.
Raw Materials
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71. Ships
Raw Materials
Raw materials are the basic materials from which goods and
components of goods are made. While many raw materials are
abundant around the
globe—such as the elements oxygen, silicone, aluminum, and
iron—others are rare enough that companies' needs for them can
influence global
business decisions. For instance, many of today's batteries are
lithium-ion batteries. Bolivia and Chile control nearly half the
world's supply of lithium.
This means foreign companies may struggle to gain access to an
ample supply. They may not need to move to Chile or Bolivia,
but managers of
international companies should certainly build healthy trade
relationships with Chilean and Bolivian suppliers and
governmental officials.
Often, governments will use access to raw materials as a source
of advantage for their domestic companies. For instance, a
RAND Corporation
report suggests that China, which controls nearly 90 percent of
the world's rare earth elements, charges global electronics firms
much higher prices
than what domestic Chinese competitors pay for rare earth
elements such as lanthanum and cerium, which are often used in
electronics (see
11.1). As a result, Chinese electronics firms may have a
significant cost advantage in addition to preferred access to
critical elements. In addition,
China's near monopoly has forced other countries to develop
alternative approaches that work around the requirements for
72. some elements. For
instance, when China cut off sales of rare earth elements to
Japan in 2010 during a spat over the fate of Chinese fishermen
who were caught fishing
in Japanese waters, Japan, among other nations, began seriously
investing in finding alternative materials that could substitute
for rare earth metals.
TA B L E 11 . 1 China's Two-Tiered Pricing of Rare Earth
Elements
Material International Prices (USD/kg) Chinese Domestic Prices
(USD/kg)
Lanthanum 66.46 18.28
Cerium 59.31 20.65
Neodymium 244.23 122.76
Praseodymium 209.62 106.94
Samarium 95.31 14.48
Dysprosium 2032.31 1085.35
Europium 3800.00 2228.38
Terbium 2973.85 1767.93
Source: Richard Silberglitt et al., “Critical Materials: Present
Danger to U.S. Manufacturing,” RAND National Defense
Research Institute,
www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR100/
RR133/RAND_RR133.pdf.
73. Manufacturing Equipment
In the past decade, the advances of new manufacturing
equipment and techniques have changed many global industries.
For instance, horizontal
drilling allows vertical wells to twist and turn horizontally for
over a mile underground. Coupled with hydraulic fracturing (in
which a high-pressure
solution is pumped into a well to crack the rock and release
nearby pockets of hydrocarbons), this technique has increased
production of natural gas
from shale gas to more than eight times the rate of any earlier
technologies. This capability reduces the bargaining power of
OPEC producers,
significantly altering the global oil and gas industry. This is just
one example of how new technologies can overturn commonly
held beliefs in any
sector, even manufacturing.
Another manufacturing innovation with a dramatic impact on
global business is the creation of global manufacturing clusters,
suppliers and producers of a given industry in the same
geographic location. This proximity facilitates the free flow of
ideas, people, and resources
between firms and for well-designed hubs often results in global
dominance. For instance, in Silicon Valley, tech firms cluster
together, attracting
talent, investors, and ideas from around the world. Similarly,
Italy is the world's center for leather craft and high-end
automobiles.
center of the fashion industry. South Africa is the center of the
world's mining industries. China is the center of the world's
garment industry.
rules exist that require new businesses to locate near the
existing ones in their industry, but new entrants are still likely
to benefit from proximity to
them.
74. Transportation Networks
Transportation technologies play a vital role in the success of
international businesses. Transportation, whether between
production facilities or from
supplier to customer, relies on a network that links shipping,
air, rail, and road; in the not-too-distant future it may even
include delivery drones.
Perhaps the most important technological advancement in the
transportation industry in the past twenty years has been the
invention of the
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7
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11
12 13
Ships
Raw Materials
Raw materials are the basic materials from which goods and
components of goods are made. While many raw materials are
abundant around the
globe—such as the elements oxygen, silicone, aluminum, and
iron—others are rare enough that companies' needs for them can
influence global
business decisions. For instance, many of today's batteries are
lithium-ion batteries. Bolivia and Chile control nearly half the
world's supply of lithium.
This means foreign companies may struggle to gain access to an
75. ample supply. They may not need to move to Chile or Bolivia,
but managers of
international companies should certainly build healthy trade
relationships with Chilean and Bolivian suppliers and
governmental officials.
Often, governments will use access to raw materials as a source
of advantage for their domestic companies. For instance, a
RAND Corporation
report suggests that China, which controls nearly 90 percent of
the world's rare earth elements, charges global electronics firms
much higher prices
than what domestic Chinese competitors pay for rare earth
elements such as lanthanum and cerium, which are often used in
electronics (see
11.1). As a result, Chinese electronics firms may have a
significant cost advantage in addition to preferred access to
critical elements. In addition,
China's near monopoly has forced other countries to develop
alternative approaches that work around the requirements for
some elements. For
instance, when China cut off sales of rare earth elements to
Japan in 2010 during a spat over the fate of Chinese fishermen
who were caught fishing
in Japanese waters, Japan, among other nations, began seriously
investing in finding alternative materials that could substitute
for rare earth metals.
TA B L E 11 . 1 China's Two-Tiered Pricing of Rare Earth
Elements
Material International Prices (USD/kg) Chinese Domestic Prices
(USD/kg)
Lanthanum 66.46 18.28
76. Cerium 59.31 20.65
Neodymium 244.23 122.76
Praseodymium 209.62 106.94
Samarium 95.31 14.48
Dysprosium 2032.31 1085.35
Europium 3800.00 2228.38
Terbium 2973.85 1767.93
Source: Richard Silberglitt et al., “Critical Materials: Present
Danger to U.S. Manufacturing,” RAND National Defense
Research Institute,
www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR100/
RR133/RAND_RR133.pdf.
Manufacturing Equipment
In the past decade, the advances of new manufacturing
equipment and techniques have changed many global industries.
For instance, horizontal
drilling allows vertical wells to twist and turn horizontally for
over a mile underground. Coupled with hydraulic fracturing (in
which a high-pressure
solution is pumped into a well to crack the rock and release
nearby pockets of hydrocarbons), this technique has increased
production of natural gas
from shale gas to more than eight times the rate of any earlier
technologies. This capability reduces the bargaining power of
OPEC producers,
significantly altering the global oil and gas industry. This is just
one example of how new technologies can overturn commonly
held beliefs in any
77. sector, even manufacturing.
Another manufacturing innovation with a dramatic impact on
global business is the creation of global manufacturing clusters,
suppliers and producers of a given industry in the same
geographic location. This proximity facilitates the free flow of
ideas, people, and resources
between firms and for well-designed hubs often results in global
dominance. For instance, in Silicon Valley, tech firms cluster
together, attracting
talent, investors, and ideas from around the world. Similarly,
Italy is the world's center for leather craft and high-end
automobiles.
center of the fashion industry. South Africa is the center of the
world's mining industries. China is the center of the world's
garment industry.
rules exist that require new businesses to locate near the
existing ones in their industry, but new entrants are still likely
to benefit from proximity to
them.
Transportation Networks
Transportation technologies play a vital role in the success of
international businesses. Transportation, whether between
production facilities or from
supplier to customer, relies on a network that links shipping,
air, rail, and road; in the not-too-distant future it may even
include delivery drones.
Perhaps the most important technological advancement in the
transportation industry in the past twenty years has been the
invention of the
6
7
78. 9
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Sea Ports and Canals.
Ships
Air Transport
Perhaps the most important technological advancement in the
transportation industry in the past twenty years has been the
invention of the
standardized shipping container. With ports, shippers, and
transportation companies all agreeing to standard twenty-foot
and forty-foot designs,
ships, trains, and trucks can be loaded and unloaded quickly
using standardized equipment.
Maersk Line is the world's largest transporter of shipping
containers today. It ships goods to and from 115 countries using
600 container vessels. That
may not seem like much, but container ships are huge. In 2014,
the company introduced the Triple-E (Figure 11.2), the world's
largest container
ship, which carries 18,000 shipping containers. To put that in
perspective, if those containers were lined up end to end, they
79. would stretch for sixty
miles. Standardization of shipping containers has enabled this
kind of specialized ship, which in turn has increased efficiency
and reduced costs in
the shipping industry.
FIGURE 11.2 Maersk's Triple-E The world's largest container
ship boasts improved fuel efficiency, reduced emissions, and
enormous size.
Source: Vitron Trading Ltd. 2017. www.vesseltracking.net/wp-
content/uploads/2015/12/final_maersk.jpg
Like ships, ports have grown dramatically to keep pace with the
demands of global shipping. Shanghai, China, is the
world's busiest port, handling the equivalent of more than 15
million forty-foot containers per year. China exports so many
goods that it is responsible
for six of the ten busiest ports in the world. What does this
mean for international businesses? China's investment in
transportation makes it relatively
easy for global firms to manufacture in China and ship to other
markets and for Chinese businesses to export their products
abroad.
Major technological changes have increased the safety and
efficiency of air transportation and air travel; these changes
have led to
reductions in their cost. The World Bank estimates that the
number of air passengers worldwide has increased from around
300,000 per year in
1970 to over 3.4 billion per year in 2015, equating to more than
6 billion passenger-kilometers, or the number of kilometers
flown multiplied by the
number of passengers on the planes. The relative ease of travel
has increased foreign business travel and foreign vacations, but
perhaps more
80. important, it has also increased the ease of shipping goods as air
cargo (see Figure 11.3). With the rise of several global e-
commerce sites like
Alibaba.com and Amazon.com, international air cargo is set to
grow quickly because nearly a third of all e-commerce is from
foreign customers who
buy goods abroad and have them shipped to their home market.
16
17
18
19
20
22
23
24
25
Sea Ports and Canals.
Ships
Air Transport
Perhaps the most important technological advancement in the
transportation industry in the past twenty years has been the
invention of the
standardized shipping container. With ports, shippers, and
81. transportation companies all agreeing to standard twenty-foot
and forty-foot designs,
ships, trains, and trucks can be loaded and unloaded quickly
using standardized equipment.
Maersk Line is the world's largest transporter of shipping
containers today. It ships goods to and from 115 countries using
600 container vessels. That
may not seem like much, but container ships are huge. In 2014,
the company introduced the Triple-E (Figure 11.2), the world's
largest container
ship, which carries 18,000 shipping containers. To put that in
perspective, if those containers were lined up end to end, they
would stretch for sixty
miles. Standardization of shipping containers has enabled this
kind of specialized ship, which in turn has increased efficiency
and reduced costs in
the shipping industry.
FIGURE 11.2 Maersk's Triple-E The world's largest container
ship boasts improved fuel efficiency, reduced emissions, and
enormous size.
Source: Vitron Trading Ltd. 2017. www.vesseltracking.net/wp-
content/uploads/2015/12/final_maersk.jpg
Like ships, ports have grown dramatically to keep pace with the
demands of global shipping. Shanghai, China, is the
world's busiest port, handling the equivalent of more than 15
million forty-foot containers per year. China exports so many
goods that it is responsible
for six of the ten busiest ports in the world. What does this
mean for international businesses? China's investment in
transportation makes it relatively
easy for global firms to manufacture in China and ship to other
markets and for Chinese businesses to export their products
abroad.
82. Major technological changes have increased the safety and
efficiency of air transportation and air travel; these changes
have led to
reductions in their cost. The World Bank estimates that the
number of air passengers worldwide has increased from around
300,000 per year in
1970 to over 3.4 billion per year in 2015, equating to more than
6 billion passenger-kilometers, or the number of kilometers
flown multiplied by the
number of passengers on the planes. The relative ease of travel
has increased foreign business travel and foreign vacations, but
perhaps more
important, it has also increased the ease of shipping goods as air
cargo (see Figure 11.3). With the rise of several global e-
commerce sites like
Alibaba.com and Amazon.com, international air cargo is set to
grow quickly because nearly a third of all e-commerce is from
foreign customers who
buy goods abroad and have them shipped to their home market.
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19
20
22
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24
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Rail and Roads
FIGURE 11.3 The rapid growth of air travel and air cargo from
1975 to 2014 Source:
Franziska Kupfer et al., “The Underlying Drivers and Future
Development of Air Cargo,”
Journal of Air Transport Management 61 (June 2017): 6–14,
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969699715301678.
Shipping by sea is cheap but slow and limited to coastal ports.
Air freight is fast but expensive and limited to regions with
established airports. Ground transportation bridges the gap
between the two: trucks and trains take the containers shipped
over the oceans and
move them inland, where much of the world's population lives.
In addition, many overland routes exist between countries like
Mexico and the United
States or Germany and Turkey, and these are best traveled by
truck and/or train.
Overall, the combination of improvements in shipping, ports,
air, rail, and roads has made much of the world more easily and
quickly accessible. As
Figure 11.4 shows, a few areas are still remote—like the Arctic
tundra, the Amazon basin, the Sahara, the Tibetan plateau,
Antarctica, and Siberia—
but thanks to advanced physical infrastructure, it is fairly easy