The document discusses a holistic approach to reforestation that balances rural livelihoods, biodiversity conservation, and agricultural production, emphasizing community engagement as essential for success. Key factors for successful community-based reforestation include appropriate project design, strong local leadership, and support for sustainable livelihoods. Lessons from the Asia-Pacific region highlight the importance of institutional arrangements, land tenure security, and the roles of various stakeholders, including women, in achieving reforestation goals.

1. FLR is different to past
reforestation approaches
• Holistic approach that addresses the need to balance multiple objectives,
including improving rural livelihoods, conserving biodiversity, increasing
agricultural production, promoting carbon storage, and increasing
provision of multiple ecosystem services
• Livelihoods and community engagement are fundamental to success –
people first
• Need to develop best practices and guidelines to enable diverse and
improved modes of reforestation to be applied at a landscape scale
(social and natural sciences as well as practical issues)
• best practices and guidelines critical for encouraging secure investments
in restoration.
• Many lessons to be learnt from the Asia-Pacific

2. Bloc
k 1
Bloc
k 2
Protection
zone 1A
(3.5
ha)
Production
zone 1A
(4.9h
a)
Protection zone
1B
(1.6h
a)
Protection zone
2A
(1.6
ha)
Production
zone 2A
(6.3
ha)
Protection zone
2B
(3.3
ha)
Agroforestry
zone
(5.3
ha)
Layout of pilot ‘best practice’ reforestation plantings in Biliran, Philippines.
Food security and livelihood opportunities are integral components of the
design

3. Some lessons
Keys to promoting the success of community-
based reforestation program
1. Appropriate project design
2. Adequate social preparation
3. Strong and honest PO leadership
4. Transparency in handling funds
5. Sustainable livelihood and food security
measures
6. Adequate institutional arrangements and
supportive policy environment
7. Security of land tenure
8. Support from extension workers
9. Major role of women in community forestry
program
PO member harvesting cassa
planted along the fireline

4. Monitoring and evaluation critical
Le et al.
2012
Journal of
Rural
Studies

5. Understanding and
managing secondary
tropical forests
• Context: About 65% of tropical
forest has been disturbed in some
way, and many millions of people
dependant on them for food
security and other goods and
services
• Information needed about the
characteristics of secondary
forests and recovery pathways
and how these are best managed
• Long term plots, many established
as part of sustainable logging
research, are huge resource
Kuranda satinash (Syzygium
Kuranda) in a regenerating logged
rainforest in NQ.

6. EXP-78,
Plot-1
EXP-78,
Plot-2
Experiment 78 – established 1948. Treated
vs untreated plots.

7. 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Blepharocarya involucrigera
Syzygium canicortex
Cardwellia sublimis
Syzygium wesa
Xanthophyllum octandrum
Flindersia bourjotiana
Acacia aulacocarpa
Flindersia bourjotiana
Placospermum coriaceum
Ceratopetalum succirubrum
Syzygium endophloium
Cryptocarya grandis
Ceratopetalum succirubrum
Syzygium luehmannii
Polyscias australiana
Austromyrtus
Syzygium endophloium
Alphitonia whitei
Garcinia sp. aff. G. hunsteinii

8. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1967 1974 1981 1988 1995
Changes of species numbers
from 1967 to 1997
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8
8

9. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1967 1974 1981 1988 1995
Changes of species numbers
from 1967 to 1997
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8
9

10. The keys to successful
community-based reforestation
Much more than planting trees
Kawayanon Farmers Association involved in implementing best practice in
community forestry as part of USC led project in the Philippines

11. CFG
success
Social stratification
Capacity building
Socio-economic and
gender inequality
Project timeframe
+
Benefits
+
Land and forest
productivity
+
+
Cohesion
Conflict Motivation
Material assistance
Government
support
Patronage Corruption
Intra-CFG
governance
Property
rights
Extra-legal tenure
mechanisms
Tree tenure
Land tenure
+
--
-- +
+
--
--
Extra-CFG
governance
++
--
+
+
+
+
+
Legislative support
Practical
assistance
+
+
--
+
+
+
Bonding social
capital
Bridging social
capital
Participation
+
--
+
+
Harvest rights
+
+
+
+
Bonding social
capital
Bonding social
capital
Bonding social
capital
Community dynamics, policy, social capital and
livelihood issues
Baynes, J., Herbohn, J., Smith, C., Fisher,
R., and Bray, D. (2015). Key Drivers
Affecting the Success of Community
Forestry in Developing Countries,
Global Environmental Change
Technology
+

12. Fig. 1. Conceptual model used for assessing reforestation success on Leyte Island, the
Philippines (Source: Le, Smith, Herbohn, Harrison 2012 Journal of Rural Studies)

13. Drivers of success
• Short term survival of trees
– Weed control done (++)
– Grazing control (++)
– Good road access (+)
• Achievement of planting target
– Funding source (101, 158, 102, Private)
(+++)
– Soil depth (++)
– Agroforestry/livelihood component (+++)
– Sealed road to project (+++)
– Short term survival of trees (++)
• % area remaining (long term survival)
– Project site distance from town (---)
– Economic component - profit sharing (++)
– Degree to which target area achieved (+)
Source: Le, H.D., Smith, C and Herbohn, J.L. (2013).
Well managed mahogany tree
farm

14. Drivers of success
• Biodiversity
– Revegetation method (mixed > mono) (+++)
– Rock type (basalt/meta > limestone (+++)
– Seedling source (government nursery > private (++)
– Tree size diversity (+++)
• Improved food security
– Aspect – SE/SW (+++)
– Agroforestry component (++)
– Change in market access (++)
• Change in market access
– Municipality classification (1st
class – 5th
class) (---)
– Timber harvested from project site (++)
• Improved cash income after project
– Province (Leyte > So Leyte) (++)
– Dependence of local people on forests for subsistence (++)
– Number of jobs provided by reforestation project (++)
– Increase in market access (++)
– Education, information or awareness building campaign done (++)
Source: Le, H.D., Smith, C and Herbohn, J.L. (2013). What