This document discusses antibiotic resistance and provides guidance on appropriate antibiotic use. It explains that most respiratory infections are caused by viruses and antibiotics will not help. Overusing antibiotics reduces their effectiveness and allows resistant bacteria to develop. It recommends only taking antibiotics as directed by a doctor and not expecting them for colds or the flu. The document provides treatment guidelines for common conditions like strep throat, ear infections, and sinusitis. It emphasizes the importance of patient and provider education to curb unnecessary antibiotic prescribing.
Diphtheria :- acute bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriaeAbhinav S
Diphtheria is an acute bacterial infection caused by *Corynebacterium diphtheriae*. It primarily affects the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, particularly the throat and nose, but can also affect the skin. The hallmark of respiratory diphtheria is the formation of a thick, gray pseudomembrane covering the throat and tonsils, which can cause breathing difficulties and swallowing problems. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, swollen glands, and general malaise.
The bacteria produce a toxin that can lead to severe complications such as myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), neuropathy, and airway obstruction. Diphtheria is highly contagious, spreading through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing.
Prevention is primarily through vaccination with the diphtheria toxoid, which is part of the DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis) vaccine series given in childhood. Treatment includes administration of diphtheria antitoxin to neutralize the toxin, and antibiotics (such as penicillin or erythromycin) to eradicate the bacteria.
Prompt medical attention is crucial to manage diphtheria effectively and prevent severe complications or death.
UPPER RESIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN , ACUE PHARYGITIS , COMMON COLD , ACUTE SINUSITIS , ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA , APPROACH TO PATIENT WITH URTI , MANAGEMENT OF URTI IN CHILDREN
A female patient of age 9 yrs was admitted in VBGH at ENT male ward with chief complaints of :
Difficulty in swallowing
Pain during swallowing since few days and is diagnosed as Chronic tonsillitis
Diphtheria :- acute bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriaeAbhinav S
Diphtheria is an acute bacterial infection caused by *Corynebacterium diphtheriae*. It primarily affects the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, particularly the throat and nose, but can also affect the skin. The hallmark of respiratory diphtheria is the formation of a thick, gray pseudomembrane covering the throat and tonsils, which can cause breathing difficulties and swallowing problems. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, swollen glands, and general malaise.
The bacteria produce a toxin that can lead to severe complications such as myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), neuropathy, and airway obstruction. Diphtheria is highly contagious, spreading through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing.
Prevention is primarily through vaccination with the diphtheria toxoid, which is part of the DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis) vaccine series given in childhood. Treatment includes administration of diphtheria antitoxin to neutralize the toxin, and antibiotics (such as penicillin or erythromycin) to eradicate the bacteria.
Prompt medical attention is crucial to manage diphtheria effectively and prevent severe complications or death.
UPPER RESIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN , ACUE PHARYGITIS , COMMON COLD , ACUTE SINUSITIS , ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA , APPROACH TO PATIENT WITH URTI , MANAGEMENT OF URTI IN CHILDREN
A female patient of age 9 yrs was admitted in VBGH at ENT male ward with chief complaints of :
Difficulty in swallowing
Pain during swallowing since few days and is diagnosed as Chronic tonsillitis
Your tonsils and adenoids are part of your lymphatic system. Your tonsils are in the back of your throat and your adenoids are higher up, behind your nose. They help protect you from infection by trapping germs coming in through your mouth and nose. Sometimes your tonsils and adenoids become infected themselves. Tonsillitis makes your tonsils sore and swollen. Enlarged adenoids can be sore, make it hard to breathe and cause ear problems.
The first treatment for infected tonsils and adenoids is antibiotics. If you have frequent infections or trouble breathing, you may need surgery. Surgery to remove the tonsils is tonsillectomy. Surgery to remove adenoids is adenoidectomy.
Top most "Winter diseases" with solution by Sagheer AhmedSagheer Ahmed
-Introduction
-Winter Season
-Earth rotation and winter
-What emotion are in winter...?
-What is the 7 elements of weather...?
-Heart diseases increase in winter...
- Winter season and kidney problems
-General problem according to winter...
- Colds
-RSV
-Norovirus
-Influenza
-Pneumonia
-Acute ear infection
-Stomach flu
-Strep Throat
-Air pollution in winter
-Tips for dealing with winter illnesses
-in a nutshell
Otitis media is a group of inflammatory diseases of the middle ear. The two main types are acute otitis media (AOM) and otitis media with effusion (OME). AOM is an infection of rapid onset that usually presents with ear pain.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
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Similar to community antibiotic resistance at our community
Your tonsils and adenoids are part of your lymphatic system. Your tonsils are in the back of your throat and your adenoids are higher up, behind your nose. They help protect you from infection by trapping germs coming in through your mouth and nose. Sometimes your tonsils and adenoids become infected themselves. Tonsillitis makes your tonsils sore and swollen. Enlarged adenoids can be sore, make it hard to breathe and cause ear problems.
The first treatment for infected tonsils and adenoids is antibiotics. If you have frequent infections or trouble breathing, you may need surgery. Surgery to remove the tonsils is tonsillectomy. Surgery to remove adenoids is adenoidectomy.
Top most "Winter diseases" with solution by Sagheer AhmedSagheer Ahmed
-Introduction
-Winter Season
-Earth rotation and winter
-What emotion are in winter...?
-What is the 7 elements of weather...?
-Heart diseases increase in winter...
- Winter season and kidney problems
-General problem according to winter...
- Colds
-RSV
-Norovirus
-Influenza
-Pneumonia
-Acute ear infection
-Stomach flu
-Strep Throat
-Air pollution in winter
-Tips for dealing with winter illnesses
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that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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2. What We’ll Cover
• What is antibiotic resistance?
• Why should I be concerned?
• How can we keep our families safe?
• Green mucus and other exciting topics
• Your questions
3. Digression #1:
“Upper Respiratory Infection”
A viral or bacterial invasion of the:
• Nose (sinusitis)
• Throat (pharyngitis)
• Chest/bronchial tubes (bronchitis)
• Ear (otitis media)
4. Digression #2: “-itis”
1. “-itis” means inflammation.
2. Inflammation of the upper respiratory
tract can have many causes:
• Viruses, allergies, environmental
exposures, bacteria
3. “-itis” does not imply bacteria
or bacterial infection.
5. “Strep” throat (scarlet & rheumatic fever)
Chronic sinus infections
Pneumonia
Bladder infections
Chlamydia, syphilis & gonorrhea
They treat many bacterial
illnesses, including:
The Good News:
Antibiotics Kill Bacteria
6. (Adapted from Levin BR, Clin Infect Dis 2001)
Antibiotics Kill Bacteria
Viruses
Bacteria
No effect
Antibiotics
X
Break down cell walls
Stop replication
7. (Adapted from Levin BR, Clin Infect Dis 2001)
Antibiotics Need Time
to Work
Antibiotics
prescribed
Day 5
X X
X
X
Medication taken for full
course of treatment
X
X
X
X
X X
X
Infection
cured!
Day 1
Day 10
8. Most upper respiratory
infections are caused by
viruses.
Antibiotics have no effect
against colds and the flu.
Antibiotics Don’t Help
Colds or the Flu
9. When we take
antibiotics to treat colds
and the flu, they lose
their effectiveness
against bacteria.
This phenomenon is known
as antibiotic resistance.
Overusing Antibiotics Makes them
Ineffective Against Bacteria
10. Antibiotic Resistance
Over time, bacteria develop the
ability to survive treatment with
drugs that used to kill them.
Causes of resistance:
– Unnecessary use for viral infections
– Quitting treatment too soon
– Unnecessary use of broad-spectrum
medications
11. Scenario #1
Jane has a sore throat. Without testing, her
health care provider prescribes penicillin “just
in case” it’s strep.
Jane’s symptoms are
caused by a virus, but
she also has bacteria in
her sinuses.
13. The resistant survivors
multiply. R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Treatment with penicillin
has no effect. X
Resistant Bacteria Can
Multiply and Spread
Jane is now a carrier of
penicillin-resistant bacteria.
14. Scenario #2
Ashley comes home from school with a sore
throat and fever.
After a positive strep test, her pediatrician
prescribes penicillin.
15. Her parents decide it’s OK to stop.
Ashley takes her medicine for
three days.
Ashley feels fine.
Scenario #2
16. (Adapted from Levin BR, Clin Infect Dis 2001)
Incomplete Treatment
Causes Resistance
X
X
X
X
X Day 3
Symptoms improved,
treatment stopped
Day 0
Antibiotics
prescribed
Day 10
Resistant
infection
Meanwhile, the
survivors multiply.
17. Resistant Infections
Require Special Treatment
Longer
treatment
Higher
dosage
More
expensive
medication
Intravenous (IV)
medication,
hospitalization
18. Resistant Infections are Dangerous
• Medication toxicity (side effects)
• Contagious
• Can pass resistance to other
organisms
Worst Case Scenario: The infection may become
resistant to all medications (untreatable).
19. Why We Overuse Antibiotics
Patients:
• Think green nasal discharge
= bacterial infection
• Need to return to
work/school
• Expect antibiotics if they’ve
been given them before
Physicians
• Think patients expect antibiotics
• Concerned about patient
satisfaction
• Diagnosis is difficult
• Time pressure
(Clin Pediatr.
1998;37:665-672)
Antibiotic Prescription
20. What Can Parents Do?
• Ask your health care provider to explain the
diagnosis.
• Don’t insist on antibiotics.
• Remember:
• Most respiratory symptoms are caused by viruses
• Antibiotics probably won’t make you better any faster
• Green or yellow mucus doesn’t mean bacterial infection
• Wash your hands!
21. The Green Mucus Myth
Stott BMJ 1976;2:556
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Days of illness
Patients recording yellow sputum
Antibiotics
Sugar Pill
22. • Don’t ask for a particular brand.
When Your Child
Takes Antibiotics:
• Take every dose, unless you’re specifically
directed otherwise.
• NEVER save antibiotics for later illnesses.
• NEVER share antibiotics between family
members.
23. Be Realistic: It Takes Time
to Get Over a Virus!
Gwaltney JAMA 1967;202:158
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
day of illness
% of patients with symptom
fever
sore throat
cough
Runny nose
24. What Can Health Care
Providers Do?
• Take time to explain the diagnosis and
suggest ways to feel better.
• Ask patients about their expectations.
• Stick to established treatment
guidelines.
• Treat conservatively if possible.
25. Sore Throat
Rapid Strep Test if more than one of the following are
present:
• Discharge from tonsils
• Swollen/sore lymph nodes
• Fever
• No cough
Antibiotic of choice for confirmed strep:
Penicillin
90% of sore throats are caused by viruses!
26. Ear Infections
Buildup of fluid in the middle ear is very common in
infants and toddlers
Treatment: If mild, uncomplicated, no perforated
eardrum and >24 mos old, consider “wait-and-see”
for 72 hours
Antibiotic of choice: amoxicillin
No treatment is required unless the following are
present: Ear pain, fever, irritability, bulging
yellow/red eardrum
27. Sinusitis
If nasal discharge > 10 days OR severe symptoms:
• High/persistent fever, apparent illness
• Facial pain on one side
• Postnasal drip
• Swelling around the eye area
Antibiotic of choice: amoxicillin
Yellow/green mucus does not mean bacterial
infection!
28. Cough Illness
Treat only confirmed pertussis (whooping
cough) or pneumonia with antibiotics.
Most coughs in children are caused by viruses,
and may last for 2-3 weeks.
Antibiotic treatment will not prevent pneumonia.
Yellow/green mucus does not mean bacterial
infection.
29. A Community Approach to Appropriate
Antibiotic Use
Improve diagnosis (train providers and students)
Collect information on resistance patterns
Work with health plans to monitor
prescribing habits
Educate medical professionals and the public
about appropriate use
30. Help Oregon AWARE
Spread the Word!
• Tell your friends and family about
antibiotic resistance
• Help distribute information at work,
in schools and day care centers
• Join our coalition