One of the topics in Oral Communication in Context

1. Communicative Competence
Strategies In Various Speech
Situations
Prepared by:
MARIAN A. HABLA
BNHS

2.  Work in groups of eight and read the following scenes.
• Scene 1: Someone making an announcement to the public
• Scene 2: Two small groups of people discussing something
separately
• Scene 3: One person talking to himself
• Scene 4: Two people speaking with each other on the phone
• Scene 5: A reporter appearing live on screen
 Weave the scenes together into a story. You are free to interchange
the order of the scenes.
 Act out your story and present it to the class within five minutes.
Let’s Converse!

3. Intrapersonal
This refers to communication that
centers on one person where the speaker
acts both as the sender and the receiver of
message.
Types of Speech Context

4. Interpersonal
This refers to communication between
and among people and establishes personal
relationship between and among them.
Types of Speech Context

5. Dyad Communication - communication that
occurs between two people.
Types of Interpersonal Comm.

6. Small Group - communication that involves at least three
but not more than twelve people engaging in a face-to-
face interaction to achieve a desired goal. In this type of
communication, all participants can freely share ideas in
a loose and open discussion.
Types of Interpersonal Comm.

7. Types of Interpersonal Comm.
Public – communication that requires you to
deliver or send the message before or in front of
a group. The message can be driven by
informational or persuasive purposes.

8. Types of Interpersonal Comm.
Mass Communication – communication that
takes place through television, radio,
newspapers, magazines, books, billboards,
internet, and other types of media.

9.  According to Joos (1968), there are five speech
styles. Each style dictates what appropriate
language or vocabulary should be used or
observed.
Types of Speech Style

10. This style is private, which occurs between or
among close family members or individuals. The
language used in this style may not be shared in
public.
Intimate

11. This style is common among peers and friends.
Jargon, slang, or the vernacular language are
used.
Casual

12. This style is the standard one. Professional or
mutually acceptable language is a must in this
style.
Consultative

13. This style is used in formal settings. Unlike the
consultative style, this is one-way.
Formal

14. This style is “frozen” in time and remains
unchanged. It mostly occurs in ceremonies.
Common examples are the Preamble to the
Constitution, Lord’s Prayer, and Allegiance to
country or flag.
Frozen

15. A speech act is an utterance that a speaker makes to
achieve an intended effect. Some of the functions which
are carried out using speech acts are offering an
apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation,
compliment, or refusal. A speech act might contain just
one word or several words or sentences.
Definition of Speech Acts

16. According to J. L. Austin (1962), a philosopher of
language and the developer of the Speech Act
Theory, there are three types of acts in every
utterance, given the right circumstances or
context. These are:
Three Types of Speech Act

17.  Locutionary act is the actual act of uttering.
“Please do the dishes.”
 Illocutionary act is the social function of what is said.
By uttering the locution “Please do the dishes,” the
speaker requests theaddressee to wash the dishes.
 Perlocutionary act is the resulting act of what is said. This effect
is based on the particular context in which the speech act was
mentioned.
“Please do the dishes” would lead to the addressee
washing the dishes.
Three Types of Speech Act

18. There are also indirect speech acts which occur when there is no
direct connection between the form of the utterance and the
intended meaning. They are different in force (i.e., intention) from
the inferred speech act.
For example, read the following utterance.
 “Can you pass the rice?”
 Inferred speech act: Do you have the ability to hand over the rice?
 Indirect speech act: Please pass the rice.
So while the utterance literally asks the addressee if he or she has
the ability to hand a plate of rice, it actually indirectly requests the
addressee to pass the rice to the speaker.

19. Austin also introduced the concept of performative
utterances: statements which enable the speaker to
perform something just by stating it. In this manner,
verbs that execute the speech act that they intend to
effect are called performatives. A performative
utterance said by the right person under the right
circumstances results in a change in the world. Note
that certain conditions have to be met when making a
performative utterance.
Performatives

20. As a response to Austin’s Speech Act Theory,
John Searle (1976), a professor from the
University of California, Berkeley, classified
illocutionary acts into five distinct categories.
Searle’s Classifications of
Speech Act

21. Assertive – a type of illocutionary act in which
the speaker expresses belief about the truth of
a proposition. Some examples of an assertive act
are suggesting, putting forward, swearing,
boasting, and concluding.
Example:
No one makes better pancakes than I do.
Searle’s Classifications of
Speech Act

22. Directive – a type of illocutionary act in which the
speaker tries to make the addressee perform an
action. Some examples of a directive act are
asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising,
and begging.
Example:
Please close the door.
Searle’s Classifications of
Speech Act

23. Commissive – a type of illocutionary act which
commits the speaker to doing something in the
future. Examples of a commissive act are
promising, planning, vowing, and betting.
Example:
From now on, I will participate in our group
activity.
Searle’s Classifications of
Speech Act

24. Expressive – a type of illocutionary act in which
the speaker expresses his/her feelings or
emotional reactions. Some examples of an
expressive act are thanking, apologizing,
welcoming, and deploring.
Example:
I am so sorry for not helping out in our group
projects and letting you do all the work.
Searle’s Classifications of
Speech Act

25. Declaration – a type of illocutionary act which brings a change
in the external situation. Simply put, declarations bring into
existence or cause the state of affairs which they refer to.
Some examples of declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing,
bidding, passing a sentence, and excommunicating.
Example:
You are fired!
By saying that someone is fired, an employer causes or brings
about the person’s
unemployment, thus changing his external situation.
Searle’s Classifications of
Speech Act