Promoting Economic Rent / Resource Rents as the moral & legitimate source of all public revenue, including the Rent accruing to debt-money credit-creation by private banks that masquerades as Interest. Presented to a meeting of Humanists at Newcastle upon Tyne, UK - 16 July 2009.
This document summarizes a presentation on land value taxation given by Gary Flomenhoft at Vermont Law School on July 16, 2004. It discusses the classical economists' views on land as a factor of production and how land became treated as a commodity that could be bought and sold. It also outlines the history of the land value tax concept from Henry George and others and reviews some modern applications of the land value tax, including in parts of Australia, New Zealand, and Pennsylvania.
The land dollar : a national land backed currencyDeirdre Kent
Poverty is caused because we don't believe the earth belongs to all so fail to collect the rent from land and its resources. It also exists because we allow the privatisation of money creation. Together these two parasites suck the life out of our habitat and our population. This proposal tackles them together and adds a basic income.
Talk on the issue of land grabbing for biofuel production in Africa and whether or not it can be sustainable.
Organised by the University of Sheffield African Affairs Network.
Speakers:
Lionel Cliffe
Emeritus Professor – University of Leeds
Founding editor of the Review of African Political Economy.
'Distinguished Africanist Award' from UK African Studies Association 2002
Dr Elisa Greco,
Research Associate , Institute for Development Policy and Management University of Manchester
The document discusses key aspects of market systems including specialization of labor, private property rights, competition, and the role of self-interest. It provides Adam Smith's example of a pin factory where output increased dramatically from 2,000 pins per day to 48,000 pins per day through division and specialization of labor. Smith described how individuals pursuing their own self-interest can promote the greater social good through an "invisible hand" mechanism in a market economy.
This document provides an overview of key figures and ideas in the history of economic thought. It discusses thinkers from early philosophers like Plato and Aristotle to more modern economists like Adam Smith, Karl Marx, John Maynard Keynes, and Milton Friedman. The document also outlines exam questions related to different levels and time periods that have assessed knowledge of economic thought.
This document outlines a talk about natural limits to economic growth. It introduces key concepts like exponential growth curves and logistic growth curves. It then provides a whistle-stop tour of economic history from hunter-gatherers to modern consumerism. It notes that past civilizations collapsed due to environmental degradation. The current situation involves ecological crisis, energy issues, agricultural problems, and climate change. Our civilization is complex and not immune to collapse. The document considers what can be done, like adopting a powerdown approach globally and transitioning to more sustainable local economies.
This document outlines Nick Watts' presentation on the relationship between economic growth and natural limits. Watts introduces two key concepts - exponential growth and logistic growth curves - to illustrate how economic growth relies on finite resources that will inevitably peak and decline. He then provides a historical overview of economic systems and how the industrial revolution and consumer culture fueled unprecedented growth. However, Watts argues that population growth, ecological crises, peak oil and debt mean continued economic growth is no longer possible or desirable given finite planetary boundaries. The system is approaching collapse without systemic change, though there is little hope of such change occurring.
This document summarizes a presentation on land value taxation given by Gary Flomenhoft at Vermont Law School on July 16, 2004. It discusses the classical economists' views on land as a factor of production and how land became treated as a commodity that could be bought and sold. It also outlines the history of the land value tax concept from Henry George and others and reviews some modern applications of the land value tax, including in parts of Australia, New Zealand, and Pennsylvania.
The land dollar : a national land backed currencyDeirdre Kent
Poverty is caused because we don't believe the earth belongs to all so fail to collect the rent from land and its resources. It also exists because we allow the privatisation of money creation. Together these two parasites suck the life out of our habitat and our population. This proposal tackles them together and adds a basic income.
Talk on the issue of land grabbing for biofuel production in Africa and whether or not it can be sustainable.
Organised by the University of Sheffield African Affairs Network.
Speakers:
Lionel Cliffe
Emeritus Professor – University of Leeds
Founding editor of the Review of African Political Economy.
'Distinguished Africanist Award' from UK African Studies Association 2002
Dr Elisa Greco,
Research Associate , Institute for Development Policy and Management University of Manchester
The document discusses key aspects of market systems including specialization of labor, private property rights, competition, and the role of self-interest. It provides Adam Smith's example of a pin factory where output increased dramatically from 2,000 pins per day to 48,000 pins per day through division and specialization of labor. Smith described how individuals pursuing their own self-interest can promote the greater social good through an "invisible hand" mechanism in a market economy.
This document provides an overview of key figures and ideas in the history of economic thought. It discusses thinkers from early philosophers like Plato and Aristotle to more modern economists like Adam Smith, Karl Marx, John Maynard Keynes, and Milton Friedman. The document also outlines exam questions related to different levels and time periods that have assessed knowledge of economic thought.
This document outlines a talk about natural limits to economic growth. It introduces key concepts like exponential growth curves and logistic growth curves. It then provides a whistle-stop tour of economic history from hunter-gatherers to modern consumerism. It notes that past civilizations collapsed due to environmental degradation. The current situation involves ecological crisis, energy issues, agricultural problems, and climate change. Our civilization is complex and not immune to collapse. The document considers what can be done, like adopting a powerdown approach globally and transitioning to more sustainable local economies.
This document outlines Nick Watts' presentation on the relationship between economic growth and natural limits. Watts introduces two key concepts - exponential growth and logistic growth curves - to illustrate how economic growth relies on finite resources that will inevitably peak and decline. He then provides a historical overview of economic systems and how the industrial revolution and consumer culture fueled unprecedented growth. However, Watts argues that population growth, ecological crises, peak oil and debt mean continued economic growth is no longer possible or desirable given finite planetary boundaries. The system is approaching collapse without systemic change, though there is little hope of such change occurring.
The Industrial Revolution transformed Britain from a largely agricultural society to an industrialized one between the late 18th and early 19th centuries. New technologies like the steam engine and mechanized textile manufacturing led people to move from rural areas to cities where factories were located. This rapid urbanization strained city infrastructure and living conditions, with overcrowded slums and poor sanitation. While factory owners profited, workers faced long hours, dangerous conditions, low pay, and few rights. The Revolution also brought new ideas about economics, politics, and society that still influence the modern world.
Between 1870-1914, the United States experienced rapid urbanization as industrial cities grew in size and population. Millions of immigrants arrived from other countries, attracted by opportunities in the cities. During this period, cities transformed American society and culture. Large industrial cities developed new infrastructure like bridges and skyscrapers. However, urban living also brought problems like overcrowded tenement housing and the rise of political machines. Reformers worked to address social issues and improve conditions in cities. By the early 20th century, cities had become centers of industry, immigration, and middle class life as well as hubs of culture, education and entertainment.
The Industrial Revolution transformed Britain from a largely agricultural society to an industrialized one between 1750-1850. New technologies like the steam engine and mechanized textile manufacturing enabled a shift from domestic production to factory production. This increased agricultural productivity led to a population boom, providing a large workforce for the new factories. While industrialization brought economic growth and innovations, it also resulted in poor working conditions, urbanization, and social/economic inequality that sparked labor reforms and ideological movements such as socialism and communism.
Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, and Karl Marx were influential classical economists. Adam Smith introduced concepts like the division of labor and free trade. David Ricardo developed the labor theory of value and the theory of rent. Thomas Malthus believed population growth could outpace food supply increases. Karl Marx viewed history through the lens of class struggle and believed capitalism would be overtaken by socialism and communism.
This document provides summaries of 5 famous economists: Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, John Maynard Keynes, Arthur Laffer. It outlines their main economic theories and models, accomplishments, famous writings, and key quotes. Adam Smith is known for his theory of the invisible hand and laissez-faire economics. Thomas Malthus theorized about population growth outstripping food supply. John Maynard Keynes advocated for government intervention to manage demand. Arthur Laffer introduced the Laffer curve about tax rates and government revenue.
The Great Depression and the New Deal.pdfDave Phillips
The document provides background information on Herbert Hoover, the Great Depression, and conditions in the United States prior to Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal. It summarizes Hoover's response to the Depression, FDR's inaugural address and vision for relief, recovery, and reform. It then outlines many of the major programs and agencies of the New Deal, including the CCC, WPA, AAA, SEC, FDIC, and SSA. It also discusses critics of FDR like Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and Francis Townsend as well as FDR's reelection in 1936.
The document summarizes life in America in 1900 compared to 2008, highlighting changes such as population growth, average age, wages, and technology. It discusses trends like increasing divorces, decreasing farms, and rising costs of basic goods. Americans in 1900 lived with fewer modern conveniences but earned comparable incomes to Europeans due to lower taxes. The Progressive Era aimed to reform politics, business, and social issues through government intervention.
Scramble for Africa & Berlin Conference aheathcock
The document discusses European imperialism in Africa from 1884-1914. Some key points:
1. European powers met in Berlin, Germany in 1884-1885 to divide up Africa among themselves, without any African representatives present. They agreed territories could be claimed if a power established effective occupation and economic development.
2. This led to the colonization of almost all of Africa and the elimination of independent African states, with the exception of Ethiopia. Colonial powers controlled politics and economies and exploited resources and labor.
3. The Berlin Conference had long lasting negative impacts on Africa, including arbitrary borders splitting ethnic groups, loss of self-governance, and economic dependency on Europe that continues to this day.
The document provides an agenda for a class on industrial philosophies during the Industrial Revolution. It includes definitions and key facts about various philosophies like classical liberalism, utilitarianism, modern liberalism, socialism, and communism. It also presents excerpts and ideas from influential thinkers like Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx, and Frederick Engels. Students are given discussion prompts to debate different philosophies and perspectives on issues like class conflict, the role of government, and economic systems.
1) Adam Smith was a key figure of the Scottish Enlightenment who is best known for his 1776 work The Wealth of Nations, which is considered a foundation of modern economics. It used the early economy of the Industrial Revolution as a starting point to discuss topics like division of labor, productivity, and free markets.
2) The document discusses many influential economic thinkers from the 18th-19th centuries like David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx, and John Maynard Keynes and summarizes some of their major works and contributions to fields like macroeconomics, political economy, and theories of value and capital.
3) It also outlines economic concepts discussed by these thinkers like supply and
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain around 1750 and spread throughout Europe and America by the early 19th century. Key factors that enabled the Industrial Revolution included the accumulation of capital from trade and agriculture, new inventions like the steam engine, and a growing population. New technologies like the spinning jenny and water frame mechanized textile production and the factory system replaced the domestic system of hand production. The Industrial Revolution transformed society from an agricultural to an industrial economy and led to the rise of new social classes.
1) Europeans began to develop strong national identities in the 1800s, seeing themselves as part of unique nations rather than just regions.
2) Nationalism increased competition between countries and states promoted nationalism to gain citizens' loyalty.
3) The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and spread to other countries, transforming economies from agricultural to factory-based production and spurring rapid urbanization and population growth.
The 1920s in America saw rapid social, economic, and cultural changes as the country transitioned from a largely rural society into an urban consumer culture. New technologies like the automobile and mass production techniques fueled economic growth and created a booming consumer economy. However, this period also saw clashes between traditional and modern values as lifestyles became more urban and leisure-oriented. The prosperity of the era was unevenly distributed and did not benefit all Americans.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on the contradictions between economic growth and natural limits. The presentation introduces two key concepts - the exponential growth curve and the logistic growth curve - to illustrate how limits to growth arise. It then summarizes economic history from hunter-gatherers to modern consumerism and globalization. The presentation notes that we have reached peaks in population, resources, and debt, and that continued economic growth is unsustainable. It concludes that grassroots action is needed to build local sustainable economies while larger systems unravel.
This presentation is focused to analysis how the largest economy in the world by 2013 has been achieved their giant development through many admirable successful contribution as a democratic nation in the world.
The document discusses the key economic concepts of the free enterprise system and the Industrial Revolution. It provides background on Adam Smith and his seminal work The Wealth of Nations, in which he advocated for laissez-faire economic policies and explained how the invisible hand of the free market benefits the economy through supply and demand. The Industrial Revolution led to major changes in how people lived and worked as economic activity shifted away from the home and into factories.
The document provides an overview of the PESTEL framework for analyzing a business's external environment. It discusses the various factors under each letter of PESTEL - Political (government and politics), Economic, Socio-cultural (demographics, social issues, culture), Technological, Ecological (natural environment), and Legal. For each factor, it outlines key concepts and provides examples to illustrate how that external factor can influence business operations and decision-making.
The document provides an overview of the PESTEL framework for analyzing a business's external environment. It discusses the various factors under each letter of PESTEL - Political (government and politics), Economic, Socio-cultural (demographics, social issues, culture), Technological, Ecological (natural environment), and Legal. For each factor, it outlines key concepts and provides examples to illustrate how that external factor can influence business operations and decision-making.
Accelerating the Industrial Revolution, 1800-1850More steel- s.docxannetnash8266
Accelerating the Industrial Revolution, 1800-1850
More steel- steam
engine and smelting
Railroads- First RR was
built in 1823 to connect
Manchester with the
nearby port of Liverpool
Repeal of the Corn Laws,
Poor Laws, 1832-1846
Stockton-Darlington locomotive, 1825
American locomotive, 1850
Iron and railroads led to steel bridges and road improvements
Chemicals:
Gas lights, fueled by gas extracted from coal, were installed in London, 1812-1820
Sulfuric Acid and Bleach for the textile industry were developed in between 1790-1830
Portland cement, and improvement over traditional concrete, was developed in 1824
SS Royal William, the first ship to cross the Atlantic under steam-power, from Nova Scotia to Liverpool, 1833
Pollution
Great Stink, 1858
Discontent and Organized Labor
Luddites, Manchester, 1811-12, led a series of riots protesting the use of steam engines in textile mills and the resulting unemployment.
Workers’ Unions were illegal in the UK until 1824.
The Chartist movement of the 1830s and 1840s represented the first real effort to build a labor union, and organized the first wide-spread labor strike in 1846.
In 1844, Frederick Engels, the son of a textile factory owner, published his Condition of the Working Class in England, one of the founding works of Socialism.
Reform of Working Conditions
Factory Acts of 1802, 1833-
1)Children under 8 can’t work
2)Children 8-13 can only work 8 hours per day, but only from 6AM to 9PM (max work week of 58 hours)
3)Children 13-18 can work twelve hours per day (max work week of 70 hours)
4) The employers of child-labor must send them to school at least once per week for the first four years of their employment (this was expanded to two hours per day).
Factory Act of 1844-
Women and children (13-18) not allowed to work beyond 58 hours per week.
Factory Act of 1847- The ten hour work day
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Great fan of reforming industrial labor conditions
Ran his own mill town of New Lanark, Scotland, as an example of how fair treatment and investment in the lives and education of workers could alleviate the social problems of capitalism.
Believed poverty could be solved
by the creation of new villages
for the poor based on the
old principle of commonly-held
lands.
Edwin Chadwick
Member of Poor Laws Commission, but bitterly rejected the reform of the Poor Laws in 1832
Published The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population in 1842, complaining about working and living conditions in London and other cities.
Made commissioner of the Metropolitan Sewer District, which built London’s modern sewage system
Ireland and Enclosures
During the eighteenth century, English and Irish-protestant landlords pursued a policy of increasing cash rents or enclosures for sheep farming, dispossessing large swaths of the Irish peasantry.
Many moved to England,
looking for employment in
the cities.
Ireland under British Liberalism
Agricultural Revolut.
Vicinity Jobs’ data includes more than three million 2023 OJPs and thousands of skills. Most skills appear in less than 0.02% of job postings, so most postings rely on a small subset of commonly used terms, like teamwork.
Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
The Industrial Revolution transformed Britain from a largely agricultural society to an industrialized one between the late 18th and early 19th centuries. New technologies like the steam engine and mechanized textile manufacturing led people to move from rural areas to cities where factories were located. This rapid urbanization strained city infrastructure and living conditions, with overcrowded slums and poor sanitation. While factory owners profited, workers faced long hours, dangerous conditions, low pay, and few rights. The Revolution also brought new ideas about economics, politics, and society that still influence the modern world.
Between 1870-1914, the United States experienced rapid urbanization as industrial cities grew in size and population. Millions of immigrants arrived from other countries, attracted by opportunities in the cities. During this period, cities transformed American society and culture. Large industrial cities developed new infrastructure like bridges and skyscrapers. However, urban living also brought problems like overcrowded tenement housing and the rise of political machines. Reformers worked to address social issues and improve conditions in cities. By the early 20th century, cities had become centers of industry, immigration, and middle class life as well as hubs of culture, education and entertainment.
The Industrial Revolution transformed Britain from a largely agricultural society to an industrialized one between 1750-1850. New technologies like the steam engine and mechanized textile manufacturing enabled a shift from domestic production to factory production. This increased agricultural productivity led to a population boom, providing a large workforce for the new factories. While industrialization brought economic growth and innovations, it also resulted in poor working conditions, urbanization, and social/economic inequality that sparked labor reforms and ideological movements such as socialism and communism.
Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, and Karl Marx were influential classical economists. Adam Smith introduced concepts like the division of labor and free trade. David Ricardo developed the labor theory of value and the theory of rent. Thomas Malthus believed population growth could outpace food supply increases. Karl Marx viewed history through the lens of class struggle and believed capitalism would be overtaken by socialism and communism.
This document provides summaries of 5 famous economists: Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, John Maynard Keynes, Arthur Laffer. It outlines their main economic theories and models, accomplishments, famous writings, and key quotes. Adam Smith is known for his theory of the invisible hand and laissez-faire economics. Thomas Malthus theorized about population growth outstripping food supply. John Maynard Keynes advocated for government intervention to manage demand. Arthur Laffer introduced the Laffer curve about tax rates and government revenue.
The Great Depression and the New Deal.pdfDave Phillips
The document provides background information on Herbert Hoover, the Great Depression, and conditions in the United States prior to Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal. It summarizes Hoover's response to the Depression, FDR's inaugural address and vision for relief, recovery, and reform. It then outlines many of the major programs and agencies of the New Deal, including the CCC, WPA, AAA, SEC, FDIC, and SSA. It also discusses critics of FDR like Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and Francis Townsend as well as FDR's reelection in 1936.
The document summarizes life in America in 1900 compared to 2008, highlighting changes such as population growth, average age, wages, and technology. It discusses trends like increasing divorces, decreasing farms, and rising costs of basic goods. Americans in 1900 lived with fewer modern conveniences but earned comparable incomes to Europeans due to lower taxes. The Progressive Era aimed to reform politics, business, and social issues through government intervention.
Scramble for Africa & Berlin Conference aheathcock
The document discusses European imperialism in Africa from 1884-1914. Some key points:
1. European powers met in Berlin, Germany in 1884-1885 to divide up Africa among themselves, without any African representatives present. They agreed territories could be claimed if a power established effective occupation and economic development.
2. This led to the colonization of almost all of Africa and the elimination of independent African states, with the exception of Ethiopia. Colonial powers controlled politics and economies and exploited resources and labor.
3. The Berlin Conference had long lasting negative impacts on Africa, including arbitrary borders splitting ethnic groups, loss of self-governance, and economic dependency on Europe that continues to this day.
The document provides an agenda for a class on industrial philosophies during the Industrial Revolution. It includes definitions and key facts about various philosophies like classical liberalism, utilitarianism, modern liberalism, socialism, and communism. It also presents excerpts and ideas from influential thinkers like Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx, and Frederick Engels. Students are given discussion prompts to debate different philosophies and perspectives on issues like class conflict, the role of government, and economic systems.
1) Adam Smith was a key figure of the Scottish Enlightenment who is best known for his 1776 work The Wealth of Nations, which is considered a foundation of modern economics. It used the early economy of the Industrial Revolution as a starting point to discuss topics like division of labor, productivity, and free markets.
2) The document discusses many influential economic thinkers from the 18th-19th centuries like David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx, and John Maynard Keynes and summarizes some of their major works and contributions to fields like macroeconomics, political economy, and theories of value and capital.
3) It also outlines economic concepts discussed by these thinkers like supply and
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain around 1750 and spread throughout Europe and America by the early 19th century. Key factors that enabled the Industrial Revolution included the accumulation of capital from trade and agriculture, new inventions like the steam engine, and a growing population. New technologies like the spinning jenny and water frame mechanized textile production and the factory system replaced the domestic system of hand production. The Industrial Revolution transformed society from an agricultural to an industrial economy and led to the rise of new social classes.
1) Europeans began to develop strong national identities in the 1800s, seeing themselves as part of unique nations rather than just regions.
2) Nationalism increased competition between countries and states promoted nationalism to gain citizens' loyalty.
3) The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and spread to other countries, transforming economies from agricultural to factory-based production and spurring rapid urbanization and population growth.
The 1920s in America saw rapid social, economic, and cultural changes as the country transitioned from a largely rural society into an urban consumer culture. New technologies like the automobile and mass production techniques fueled economic growth and created a booming consumer economy. However, this period also saw clashes between traditional and modern values as lifestyles became more urban and leisure-oriented. The prosperity of the era was unevenly distributed and did not benefit all Americans.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on the contradictions between economic growth and natural limits. The presentation introduces two key concepts - the exponential growth curve and the logistic growth curve - to illustrate how limits to growth arise. It then summarizes economic history from hunter-gatherers to modern consumerism and globalization. The presentation notes that we have reached peaks in population, resources, and debt, and that continued economic growth is unsustainable. It concludes that grassroots action is needed to build local sustainable economies while larger systems unravel.
This presentation is focused to analysis how the largest economy in the world by 2013 has been achieved their giant development through many admirable successful contribution as a democratic nation in the world.
The document discusses the key economic concepts of the free enterprise system and the Industrial Revolution. It provides background on Adam Smith and his seminal work The Wealth of Nations, in which he advocated for laissez-faire economic policies and explained how the invisible hand of the free market benefits the economy through supply and demand. The Industrial Revolution led to major changes in how people lived and worked as economic activity shifted away from the home and into factories.
The document provides an overview of the PESTEL framework for analyzing a business's external environment. It discusses the various factors under each letter of PESTEL - Political (government and politics), Economic, Socio-cultural (demographics, social issues, culture), Technological, Ecological (natural environment), and Legal. For each factor, it outlines key concepts and provides examples to illustrate how that external factor can influence business operations and decision-making.
The document provides an overview of the PESTEL framework for analyzing a business's external environment. It discusses the various factors under each letter of PESTEL - Political (government and politics), Economic, Socio-cultural (demographics, social issues, culture), Technological, Ecological (natural environment), and Legal. For each factor, it outlines key concepts and provides examples to illustrate how that external factor can influence business operations and decision-making.
Accelerating the Industrial Revolution, 1800-1850More steel- s.docxannetnash8266
Accelerating the Industrial Revolution, 1800-1850
More steel- steam
engine and smelting
Railroads- First RR was
built in 1823 to connect
Manchester with the
nearby port of Liverpool
Repeal of the Corn Laws,
Poor Laws, 1832-1846
Stockton-Darlington locomotive, 1825
American locomotive, 1850
Iron and railroads led to steel bridges and road improvements
Chemicals:
Gas lights, fueled by gas extracted from coal, were installed in London, 1812-1820
Sulfuric Acid and Bleach for the textile industry were developed in between 1790-1830
Portland cement, and improvement over traditional concrete, was developed in 1824
SS Royal William, the first ship to cross the Atlantic under steam-power, from Nova Scotia to Liverpool, 1833
Pollution
Great Stink, 1858
Discontent and Organized Labor
Luddites, Manchester, 1811-12, led a series of riots protesting the use of steam engines in textile mills and the resulting unemployment.
Workers’ Unions were illegal in the UK until 1824.
The Chartist movement of the 1830s and 1840s represented the first real effort to build a labor union, and organized the first wide-spread labor strike in 1846.
In 1844, Frederick Engels, the son of a textile factory owner, published his Condition of the Working Class in England, one of the founding works of Socialism.
Reform of Working Conditions
Factory Acts of 1802, 1833-
1)Children under 8 can’t work
2)Children 8-13 can only work 8 hours per day, but only from 6AM to 9PM (max work week of 58 hours)
3)Children 13-18 can work twelve hours per day (max work week of 70 hours)
4) The employers of child-labor must send them to school at least once per week for the first four years of their employment (this was expanded to two hours per day).
Factory Act of 1844-
Women and children (13-18) not allowed to work beyond 58 hours per week.
Factory Act of 1847- The ten hour work day
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Great fan of reforming industrial labor conditions
Ran his own mill town of New Lanark, Scotland, as an example of how fair treatment and investment in the lives and education of workers could alleviate the social problems of capitalism.
Believed poverty could be solved
by the creation of new villages
for the poor based on the
old principle of commonly-held
lands.
Edwin Chadwick
Member of Poor Laws Commission, but bitterly rejected the reform of the Poor Laws in 1832
Published The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population in 1842, complaining about working and living conditions in London and other cities.
Made commissioner of the Metropolitan Sewer District, which built London’s modern sewage system
Ireland and Enclosures
During the eighteenth century, English and Irish-protestant landlords pursued a policy of increasing cash rents or enclosures for sheep farming, dispossessing large swaths of the Irish peasantry.
Many moved to England,
looking for employment in
the cities.
Ireland under British Liberalism
Agricultural Revolut.
Vicinity Jobs’ data includes more than three million 2023 OJPs and thousands of skills. Most skills appear in less than 0.02% of job postings, so most postings rely on a small subset of commonly used terms, like teamwork.
Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcriptynfqplhm
办理美国SDSU毕业证书制作南达科他州立大学假文凭定制Q微168899991做SDSU留信网教留服认证海牙认证改SDSU成绩单GPA做SDSU假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请南达科他州立大学South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Fabular Frames and the Four Ratio ProblemMajid Iqbal
Digital, interactive art showing the struggle of a society in providing for its present population while also saving planetary resources for future generations. Spread across several frames, the art is actually the rendering of real and speculative data. The stereographic projections change shape in response to prompts and provocations. Visitors interact with the model through speculative statements about how to increase savings across communities, regions, ecosystems and environments. Their fabulations combined with random noise, i.e. factors beyond control, have a dramatic effect on the societal transition. Things get better. Things get worse. The aim is to give visitors a new grasp and feel of the ongoing struggles in democracies around the world.
Stunning art in the small multiples format brings out the spatiotemporal nature of societal transitions, against backdrop issues such as energy, housing, waste, farmland and forest. In each frame we see hopeful and frightful interplays between spending and saving. Problems emerge when one of the two parts of the existential anaglyph rapidly shrinks like Arctic ice, as factors cross thresholds. Ecological wealth and intergenerational equity areFour at stake. Not enough spending could mean economic stress, social unrest and political conflict. Not enough saving and there will be climate breakdown and ‘bankruptcy’. So where does speculative design start and the gambling and betting end? Behind each fabular frame is a four ratio problem. Each ratio reflects the level of sacrifice and self-restraint a society is willing to accept, against promises of prosperity and freedom. Some values seem to stabilise a frame while others cause collapse. Get the ratios right and we can have it all. Get them wrong and things get more desperate.
Discover the Future of Dogecoin with Our Comprehensive Guidance36 Crypto
Learn in-depth about Dogecoin's trajectory and stay informed with 36crypto's essential and up-to-date information about the crypto space.
Our presentation delves into Dogecoin's potential future, exploring whether it's destined to skyrocket to the moon or face a downward spiral. In addition, it highlights invaluable insights. Don't miss out on this opportunity to enhance your crypto understanding!
https://36crypto.com/the-future-of-dogecoin-how-high-can-this-cryptocurrency-reach/
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby...Donc Test
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]
Common Wealth!
1. COMMON
WEALTH!
An Economic Credo for Humanists
Andrew Duffield
North East Humanists
July 2009
2. Life’s 2 Certainties
• TAXATION
• DEATH BY POWERPOINT !
(NB - in the event of death,
inheritance tax applies.)
3. Semantics… ‘Credo’
• We have beliefs too!
• Founded on reason and
scientific evidence
• Science is underpinned
by immutable laws
4. ‘Economics’
• Also has immutable laws
- ‘oikos’+‘nomos’=‘house-law’
• Called ‘the dismal’* science
- *due to semantic obfuscation?!
• A man-made system – yet
more chaotic than the weather!
5. Some Definitions…
• ‘The use of finite resources to
satisfy needs and wants.’
• ‘The study of choice,
as affected by wealth.’
• ‘The production and
exchange of wealth.’
6. ‘Common Wealth’
• Aftermath of English civil war?
• Ironic, post-imperial epithet?
• “Economics of plenty”
- recovering ‘community-created value’
- fair shares in Earth’s resources
- justice, welfare, posterity
- freedom / choice
7. Humanist Beliefs
• “…freedom compatible with the
rights of others…”
• “…duty of care to all…including
future generations.”
• “application of…science…to the
problems of human welfare.”
- Amsterdam Declaration (2002)
8. NEH
‘Values & Actions’
• “…development of social, economic
and political systems capable of
delivering [equal rights].”
• “…trade which could lift millions…
out of poverty.”
9. Poverty of Religion
• “The poor will never cease to be in
the land” (Deuteronomy 15:11)
• “You always have the poor with you”
(John 12:8)
• “For you will always have the
destitute with you” (Matthew 26:11)
• "For you always have the poor with
you, and whenever you wish you
can do good to them”! (Mark 14:7)
15. The ‘Wealth Gap’
• Earned Wealth • Unearned Wealth
-Rewards human -Rewards privilege of
ingenuity, planning, ‘natural monopoly’,
endeavour & risk. needing no active input
-Has production cost -Has no production cost
(being socially created)
-Heavily taxed,
directly & indirectly -Hardly taxed at all
• Moral? -‘Blessed are the rent seekers…’?!
16. T’was Always So!
When the goose was stolen from the common,
They hanged the man and flogged the woman;
But they let the greater thief go loose,
Who stole the common from the goose.
- circa Great Enclosures (1760-1820)
17. The Rent Penny Drops
• Tom Paine (1737-1809)
“It is the value of improvement only, and not
the earth itself, that is individual property.”
• John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
“The increase in the value of land, arising as it
does from the efforts of an entire community,
should belong to the community and not to the
individual who might hold title.”
18. Local Hero
• Thomas Spence
– Born Newcastle 1750
– Supporter of Paine
– Advocated “common
ownership of land”
– Banned from Newcastle
Philosophical Society!
– Oft imprisoned, d.1814
19.
20. National Hero
“Roads are made…services improved …while the
landlord sits still.Every one of these improvements
is effected by the labour & cost of other people… To
not one of these improvements does the land
monopolist contribute… He renders no service to
the community, he contributes nothing to the
process from which his own enrichment is derived.”
- Winston Churchill, 1909
21. Brain teaser
• What is the
world’s biggest
selling and most
translated non-
fiction book
ever published,
which is still in
print today?
22. Brain teaser
• What is the
world’s biggest
selling and
most translated
non-fiction book
ever published,
which is still in
print today?
23. ‘Progress & Poverty’
• Seminal work
(1879) of American
Henry George
(1839-1897)
• “There is, in nature,
no reason for
poverty.”
24. By George!
• ‘Economic Rent’ is the natural fund
for public services & infrastructure
• Taxing Rent helps properly value &
conserve finite natural resources
• Every dollar recycled from Resource
Rents means one less from labour
• Removing labour & capital tax frees
workers & stimulates creative growth
25. ‘Land Value Tax’
• Charge on the economic rent of land
• Owners use their natural monopoly
as they choose, & pay for the privilege
NATIONALISATION
NOT NECESSARY !
26. Advocates
• Alfred Russel Wallace
– “The most remarkable and important book
of the present century."
• HG Wells & George Bernard Shaw
– Cited Henry George as main reason they
became Socialists (though George wasn’t).
• Leo Tolstoy
– “Solving the land question means the
solving of all social questions.”
27. Chequered History
• Lloyd George’s 1909 People’s Budget
– Defeated by Lords, leading to Parliament Act
• Labour’s 1931 Budget
– Overturned by Tory government in 1934
• Small scale municipal taxation
– Pennsylvania, Denmark, Australia
• Hong Kong…
28. Other supporters
• Albert Einstein
• Sun Yat-Sen
• Milton Friedman
• William Vickery
(1996 Nobel prize
winning economist)
29. Detractors
• Landowners !
• Anyone landowners
could pay to smear
George & his ideas
– Economists
– Politicians
– Speculators / Bankers
• A rival author…
30. Marx’s Muddle
• “Abolition of property in land and
application of all rents of land to public
purposes.” - Communist Manifesto (1847)
• Discounted all non-man made value
to ‘prove’ labour the measure of value
- Das Kapital, Vol 1 (1867)
• Called George’s Land Value Tax idea
“the last ditch of the capitalist.”
35. Why Land isn’t Capital
• Land • Capital
– Natural resources – Always man-made
– Tends not to – Tends to depreciate
depreciate (unless maintained)
– Non-portable – Ultimately portable
– Finite supply – Variable supply
– Value unrelated to – Value largely linked
size/quantity to size/quantity
– No production costs – Production costs
36. What ‘Land’ IS
• Locational / Site Values
• The Radio Spectrum
• The Atmosphere
• Mineral Wealth
• Fresh Water
• Forests & Fisheries
• Any natural monopoly
• Community-created values…
37. Radio Spectrum
• 3rd Generation mobile
phone bandwidth
auction in 2000
raised £22 bn
• In 2025
government can
auction value again
…and again and again
38. Airport Slots
• Take off & landing
slots at UK airports
• Single slot-pair sold
in 2004 for £10m
• Potential revenue c.
£5 bn per year
39. Emissions Permits
• Used to ‘cap & trade’ pollution rights
• EU gave away its permits in 2004,
effectively privatising atmosphere!
• 60% permit auction from 2013?
• Potential to replace VAT, EU-wide
40. Jubilee !
• 1999 Jubliee Line Extension
• Total cost £3.5bn (5% private)
• Residential land uplift c.£9bn*
• Commercial land not assessed,
but c.£2bn just for Canary Warf
* Transport for London report
41. 4 Canons of Taxation
• That it bear as lightly as possible
upon production [enabling growth]
• That it be easily & cheaply collected
[efficient, with direct incidence on payer]
• That it be certain [minimising opportunity
for corruption and/or evasion – i.e. effective]
• That it bear equally [giving no advantage
or disadvantage, so being equitable to all].
- Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations (1776)
42. UK Tax Assessment
F AI
• Enabling? L
– Income Tax, NI, VAT, Stamp Duty etc - all
‘deadweight taxes’ on productive activity
F AI
• Efficient? L
– Direct taxation collection costs fall on firms
F AI
• Effective? L
– The richest avoid a lot of taxes completely
• Equitable? F AI
L
– The poorest people pay the most!
43. Bad Tax Outcomes
• Productive work penalised
welfare dependency, poverty traps, crime
social breakdown, increased welfare costs
more tax/borrowing, debt, disease, death
• Rent seeking rewarded
land/resource speculation, price bubbles
housing shortages, unaffordable homes
inequality, instability, boom-bust, war
44. Bad in Principle…
• Income Tax / National Insurance
– Paid by firms on behalf of employees
– Business costs, passed on in higher prices
– Ultimately paid by end consumers
– Disproportionately higher impact on poor!
• VAT
– Penalises ‘added value’ on goods & services
– Regressive, like ‘direct’ employment taxes.
45. ..& Practice Alan Bob
Gross salary £15,000.00 £150,000.00
Gross increase after
pension reduction £100.00 £90.00
Employers NI £12.80 £0
Total employer costs £112.80 £100.00
Employees NI £11.00 £0.90
Income Tax £20.00 £36.00
Total wages taxation £43.80 £36.90
% of wages taxes paid 38.8% 36.9%
46.
47. “The Best Tax…*
• Land Value Taxation
– Encourages best use of the ultimate resource
– Increases land supply for new housing
– Encourages empty properties back into use
– Lowers rent and rates (if ‘revenue neutral’)
– Can’t be avoided, since land can’t be hidden!
– Can’t be passed on, so landowner must pay
– Reduces speculation – and boom-bust
*…we never had.” – Victor Keegan, Guardian
48. Global benefits
“Land Value Taxation
is the appropriate
instrument for the
urgent fight against
global inequality and
poverty…”
- UN-HABITAT/UNICEF
report (2006)
49. Economic Morality
• The linked crises of environmental
degradation and the destitution of a
third of humanity are not failures of
economics, or of markets, but of
governments permitting the private
appropriation of Economic Rent,
which is morally owed to the people
from whom its value derives.
56. BIG MONEY
• £744,000,000,000 (£744bn)
= UK’s net national debt at March 2009
• £84,000,000 = Daily interest on this debt
(£118m/day by 2010-11 or £43bn/year)
• £1,460,000,000,000 (£1.46 trillion)
= Total UK personal debt at March 2009
• £232,000,000,000 (£232bn)
= Total personal lending for last 12 months
57. small change
• £21,580 = Average UK household debt
(excluding mortgages).
• £30,471 = Average owed by every UK adult
(including mortgages).
• £1,200,000 = Increase in UK personal debt
per hour during March 2009.
• 17.6% = Current average UK credit card
interest rate (17.1% above base rate).
58. Human Costs
• 23,000 = Current average number of UK
redundancies, per week.
• 7,241 = New CAB debt problems, per day.
• 10 = Current average number of minutes
between UK home repossessions.
• 4.5 = Current average number of minutes
between UK personal bankruptcies.
64. Two Types of Money
• Legal Tender
of ly and sold
3 % up p
– Notes & coins issued by government
<for onward circulation,
to banks at face value ey S
free of debt M on
• Credit of
7% pply
– Issued by private banks 9 interest-bearing
> as Su
ney
debt and deposited into customers’ accounts
Mo
under ‘fractional reserve banking’
65. ‘Fractional Reserve’
• Formalised by charter establishing
Bank of England in 1664
• In practice <10% of depositors likely
to withdraw gold at any one time
• ‘Promise to pay’ notes safely* issued
at many times gold reserves held
(*excepting a ‘run’ on the Bank!)
66. Banking Alchemy
• ‘Credit’ is thus created
from absolutely nothing
• Almost all money now
loaned into existence as
interest-bearing debt
• Reserves are now ‘gilts’
(Govt. promises to pay)
77. Summary for us lot:
“Bankers own the earth; take it away from
them but leave them the power to create
deposits, and with the flick of a pen they will
create enough deposits to buy it back again…
…if you wish to remain the slaves of Bankers
and to pay the cost (1880-1941), Governor of the
- Sir Josiah Stamp of your own slavery, let
Bank of England prior to the Great Depression and
them continue torichest man in Britain at the time
the second create deposits."
98. Government response
• Multi-billion bailouts
• Trillions worldwide!
• Hope: banking liquidity
• Use: re-capitalisation!
• Cost: the mortgage* of
future generations to
mass, unsustainable tax
that, under the current
system can only be paid
by taking on more debt!
*“Death-Grip”!
99. The single most…
…important step
that Governments
should have taken
was to make any
bailout conditional
on writing down
the value of loans
to reflect the real
value of property.
100. Quantitative Easing
• How Central Banks
deal with liquidity
(shortage of money)
without waiting for
a bank recovery.
• They issue it direct!
– Ideally by spending it
straight into circulation
through capital projects
101. Debt-free money!
• Issuing money free of interest-bearing
debt is what governments should do.
• Governments do not need to borrow
their own currencies from private banks!
• Inflation is NOT caused by “too much
money chasing too few goods”, but by
too much DEBT-MONEY issued by banks
(and in hyper-inflation cases, by devaluation
caused by massive currency speculation etc).
102. 3 possible policies
• Nationalise UK Banks
• Introduce a ‘Credit Creation Charge’
– Banks taxed on sterling issued over and
above what they attract in deposits
• All sterling issued by Bank of England
– Private banks buy sterling credit at base rate
for onward lending and/or investment
103. Policy isn’t critical
• The Principle IS
– Sterling belongs to all UK citizens. Our
acceptance & use of sterling gives it value.
– Banks have no moral right to add ‘interest’
to sterling they haven’t taken in deposits.
This is unearned wealth, i.e. Economic Rent.
– Economic Rent is the one source of wealth
that belongs to all of us; “Common Wealth”.
104. So…
• To stop housing
being used as
an investment
vehicle rather
than as homes…
105. …and…
• To kill the
poverty caused
by speculative
& inflationary
bubbles…
111. Economic Morality
• The linked crises of environmental
degradation and the destitution of a
third of humanity are not failures of
economics, or of markets, but of
governments permitting the private
appropriation of Economic Rent,
which is morally owed to the people
from whom its value derives.
112. ‘Golden’ Economics
• “Satisfy others’ needs & wants
as you would want yours satisfied.”
(command economy?)
‘Platinum’ Economics
• “Satisfy others’ needs & wants
as they would want theirs satisfied.”
(market economy?)