Women face several common health issues and risks. Their reproductive systems make them prone to infections, fibroids, cysts, and cancers. The top five health problems for women are heart disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, osteoporosis, depression, and cancer. Heart disease risks include obesity, stress, and inactivity. PCOS causes cysts on the ovaries and related issues. Osteoporosis weakens bones over time. Depression is linked to hormonal and lifestyle factors. Cancers like breast and cervical cancer are also major risks. Screening, lifestyle changes, and awareness can help reduce risks.
CURRENT CHALLENGES IN WOMEN'S HEALTH,W
OMENS DISEASES,HOW TO MAKE WOMEN HEALTHY,WOMEN EDUCATION AND EMPOWERMENT,EMPLOYMENT,ENVIORMENT,STRATERGIES FOR IMPROVING WOMEN'S HEALTH
Being a man or a woman has a significant impact on health, as a result of both biological and gender-related differences.
Some of the sociocultural factors that prevent women and girls to benefit from quality health services and attaining the best possible level of health include:
Unequal power relationships between men and women;
Social norms that decrease education and paid employment opportunities;
An exclusive focus on women’s reproductive roles; and
Potential or actual experience of physical, sexual and emotional violence.
While poverty is an important barrier to positive health outcomes for both men and women, poverty tends to yield a higher burden on women and girls’ health due to, for example, feeding practices (malnutrition) and use of unsafe cooking fuels (COPD).
Malnutrition
Nutrition plays a major role in and individual’s overall health, psychological and physical health status is often dramatically impacted by the presence of malnutrition.
India has one of the highest rates of malnourished women among developing countries.
Maternal malnutrition has been associated with an increased risk of maternal mortality and also child birth defects.
Lack of maternal health
The lack of maternal health contributes to the economic disparities of mothers and their children.
Poor maternal health not only affects a child’s health in adverse ways but also decreases a woman’s ability to participate in economic activities. Therefore, national health programs such as the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and the Family Welfare Program have been created to address the maternal health care needs of women across India.
India contributes to nearly 20 percent of all maternal deaths worldwide between 1992 and 2006.
For those states where there is higher literacy and growth rates tend to have greater maternal health and also lower infant mortality.
Suicide
Suicide is a major problem in India. The suicide rate in India is five times higher than that of the developed world. Furthermore, the rate of suicide has been found to be higher in women as compared to men in India.
The most common reasons for women's suicide is directly related to Depression.
Anxiety
Gender discrimination
Domestic Violence
Domestic violence is a major issues in India. Domestic violence is defined as acts of physical, psychological, and sexual violence against women is found across the world and is currently viewed as a hidden epidemic by the World Health Organization.
As per reports of India National Family Health Survey III (2005-2006), 31 percent of all women reported having been the victims of physical violence in the last 12 months. The study found that the poorest women faired worst among middle and high-income women.
Gynecological signs and symptoms that may require medical attention. Gynecology is a branch of medicine that specializes in the treatment of women - specifically, the treatment of diseases and problems.
CURRENT CHALLENGES IN WOMEN'S HEALTH,W
OMENS DISEASES,HOW TO MAKE WOMEN HEALTHY,WOMEN EDUCATION AND EMPOWERMENT,EMPLOYMENT,ENVIORMENT,STRATERGIES FOR IMPROVING WOMEN'S HEALTH
Being a man or a woman has a significant impact on health, as a result of both biological and gender-related differences.
Some of the sociocultural factors that prevent women and girls to benefit from quality health services and attaining the best possible level of health include:
Unequal power relationships between men and women;
Social norms that decrease education and paid employment opportunities;
An exclusive focus on women’s reproductive roles; and
Potential or actual experience of physical, sexual and emotional violence.
While poverty is an important barrier to positive health outcomes for both men and women, poverty tends to yield a higher burden on women and girls’ health due to, for example, feeding practices (malnutrition) and use of unsafe cooking fuels (COPD).
Malnutrition
Nutrition plays a major role in and individual’s overall health, psychological and physical health status is often dramatically impacted by the presence of malnutrition.
India has one of the highest rates of malnourished women among developing countries.
Maternal malnutrition has been associated with an increased risk of maternal mortality and also child birth defects.
Lack of maternal health
The lack of maternal health contributes to the economic disparities of mothers and their children.
Poor maternal health not only affects a child’s health in adverse ways but also decreases a woman’s ability to participate in economic activities. Therefore, national health programs such as the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and the Family Welfare Program have been created to address the maternal health care needs of women across India.
India contributes to nearly 20 percent of all maternal deaths worldwide between 1992 and 2006.
For those states where there is higher literacy and growth rates tend to have greater maternal health and also lower infant mortality.
Suicide
Suicide is a major problem in India. The suicide rate in India is five times higher than that of the developed world. Furthermore, the rate of suicide has been found to be higher in women as compared to men in India.
The most common reasons for women's suicide is directly related to Depression.
Anxiety
Gender discrimination
Domestic Violence
Domestic violence is a major issues in India. Domestic violence is defined as acts of physical, psychological, and sexual violence against women is found across the world and is currently viewed as a hidden epidemic by the World Health Organization.
As per reports of India National Family Health Survey III (2005-2006), 31 percent of all women reported having been the victims of physical violence in the last 12 months. The study found that the poorest women faired worst among middle and high-income women.
Gynecological signs and symptoms that may require medical attention. Gynecology is a branch of medicine that specializes in the treatment of women - specifically, the treatment of diseases and problems.
https://docs.google.com/document/edit?id=1jnhQnFIQuMOgJdMGDoZFhVo1e5ByfOzkG6mjduTq5pY&hl=en#; Look for the text in another presentation by same author, same title
It is important to take care of your health, and that starts with understanding your health risks and recommended screenings at each stage of your life. With the guidelines constantly changing and varying opinions, it can be tricky to keep track! Annual exams and testing can save your life whether you are 21 or 65.
Learn more about your risks and tests needed at each stage of your life to keep your health in check in one simple list.
https://docs.google.com/document/edit?id=1jnhQnFIQuMOgJdMGDoZFhVo1e5ByfOzkG6mjduTq5pY&hl=en#; Look for the text in another presentation by same author, same title
It is important to take care of your health, and that starts with understanding your health risks and recommended screenings at each stage of your life. With the guidelines constantly changing and varying opinions, it can be tricky to keep track! Annual exams and testing can save your life whether you are 21 or 65.
Learn more about your risks and tests needed at each stage of your life to keep your health in check in one simple list.
Breast cancer is the most important medical challenge that we are facing in present time. I want to focus on the breast cancer after taking about normal anatomy and development of the breast. I will concern about: 1. what is the breast cancer! 2. Clinical features 3. How to detect 4. Management and prognosis.
I want to work and keep researching on Breast cancer to find the remedy to save lives.
Breast Cancer for public awareness by Dr RubzDr. Rubz
A presentation prepared for Charity Dinner with Fun Charity. All the profits of the event will go to FReHA (a NGO which supports women's and reproductive health.)
Awareness session on breast cancer awareness on 21st oct 2021 at Mehran university, Jamshoro organized by American institute of Chemical engineering society AIChE MUET chapter
Criteria I – Introduction (4 points)1. Describe the common comCruzIbarra161
Criteria I – Introduction (4 points)
1. Describe the common complaint/problem selected- breast cancer
2. Discuss the pathophysiology of the common complaint/problem.
3. Detail the necessary review of systems and what would be seen on physical examination for this complaint/problem.
4. Provide rationale from the literature to support your work.
In the United State, breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among female. Breast cancer ranks second (after lung cancer) as a cause of cancer death in women. In 2016, around 245, 229 new cases of female breast cases reported, and 41,487 women died of this disease (CDC, 2019). In 2018, approximately 63,960 cases of in situ disease and 266,120 cases of invasive disease were diagnosed.1 About 40,920 breast cancer-related deaths occurred in 2018, which represents 6.7% of all cancer-related deaths.2 Female breast cancer is most common in middle-aged and older women; median age at diagnosis is 62 years.2 In 2016, more than 3.5 mil- lion women were breast cancer survivors.3 The lifetime risk of developing breast cancer in the United States is 12.4% (1 in 8 women ). (ACS, 2019)
Breast cancer mortality was 41% higher among black women (29.2 deaths per 100,000 population) than white women (20.6 deaths per 100,000 population). Breast cancer death rates decreased during 2010–2014 among both blacks and whites, although differences in trends by race and age were found. Overall, breast cancer death rates decreased faster among white women (-1.9% per year) compared with black women (-1.5% per year). Among women aged <50 years, breast cancer death rates decreased at the same pace among black and white women, whereas white women aged ≥50 years had significantly larger decreases. The largest difference by race was observed among women aged 60–69 years: breast cancer death rates decreased 2.0% per year among white women compared with 1.0% among black women. Death rates from breast cancer have been declining since about 1990, in part due to better screening and early detection, increased awareness, and continually improving treatment options, decline in prescriptive hormone replacement therapy after menopause. (ACS, 2019).
Breast cancer is a disease in which cells in the breast grow out of control. The majority of breast cancers (95%) are sporadic; only a small proportion, particularly those diagnosed in young women, are due to a highly penetrant autosomal-dominant trait. Over the past 5 years there has been consider- able progress in the identification and localization of the genes responsible for hereditary breast cancer. Two in particular have grabbed the headlines; these are BRCA1 and BRCA2. Subtypes of breast cancer include those driven by specific hormones, such as estrogen, progestogen or the protein HER2. Sixty percent of breast cancers are estrogen positive. Twenty percent of breast cancers are HER2-positive. Another 20 percent are triple-negative breast cancers, a type of breast cancer that tes ...
Breast Cancer – Types, Causes, Symptoms and PreventionHashmi Healthcares
It is the fact that, due to the breast cancer thousands of women die around the world. To be specific, The American Cancer Society estimates, 40,920 women will die, 266,120 new cases of invasive breast cancer and 63,960 Non-invasive will be diagnosed alone in America in 2018. Now, you can know how dangerous breast cancer is and how important to diagnose and prevent it before it overcomes you.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
2. Women's lives have changed over the
centuries. life was particularly difficult for
most women. Aside from the numerous
dangers and diseases, women became
wives and mothers often when they were
just emerging from their own childhood.
Many women had a large number of
pregnancies which may or may not have
been wanted.
3. In the past, childbirth itself was risky
and not infrequently, led to the death
of the mother. Most women in the
past did not live long enough.
It is important that every woman has
access to knowledge related to the
spectrum of women's health issues,
not only about her reproductive
system, but about all aspects of her
body.
4. A woman's reproductive
system includes her uterus,
Fallopian tubes, ovaries,
cervix, and external
genitalia. The breasts can
also be included, even
though, technically
speaking, they are not part
of the reproductive system.
The breasts do play a major
role in pregnancy and
5. primary function of the reproductive
system is to conceive and bear
children, a female's reproductive
system makes a major contribution to
her being a woman. Due to the
complexity of her reproductive
system, she can experience a number
of problems ranging from yeast
infections of the vagina to fibroids of
the uterus or cysts of the ovary.
7. this condition is responsible for about 29
percent of deaths in women That's largely
because signs and symptoms of the
disease go misdiagnosed in female
patients
What puts a woman at risk?
Obesity, stress, diabetes, high blood
pressure, high cholesterol, and inactivity.
Left untreated, the disease can lead to
8. Affecting 10 percent of women of reproductive
age, this condition causes small cysts to form
on the ovaries during ovulation. These cysts
may be causing side pains possibly damaging a
woman's uterus and, thereby, her fertility.
Women with PCOS are also more prone to
weight gain, abnormal periods, acne, and
excess hair growth.
9. While this disease can affect both men and
women, it disproportionately threatens the
health of females. Largely preventable, it affects
the strength and resiliency of the bones, which
can lead to fractures and bone breaks later on
in life. Other risk factors include age, eating a
diet that's low in calcium or vitamin D, smoking,
and excessive alcohol use.
10. This disease affects women about
50 percent more than men, largely
because of hormonal changes (for
example, postpartum depression that
develops post-pregnancy), or lifestyle
factors (feeling disconnected from loved
ones, a family history of the disease, or
substance abuse). It also can be triggered
by a stressful life event, a history of
childhood abuse, or neglect.
11.
12. WHAT IS CANCER?
Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in any
part of the body.
Generally due to
1. chemicals (e.g. From smoking )
2. radiation
3. micro-organisms (e.g. Bacteria, viruses)
13.
14. INTRODUCTION
Breast cancer, the second-leading cause
of cancer deaths in women, is the disease
women fear most.
Breast cancer can also occur in men, but
it's far less common.
In the last 30 years, doctors have made
great strides in early diagnosis and
treatment of the disease and in reducing
breast cancer deaths.
15. 80% of breast cancers occur in women
older than age 50. In 30s, have a one in
233 chance of developing breast cancer.
By age 85, chance is one in eight.
In 1975, a diagnosis of breast cancer
usually meant radical mastectomy –
removal of the entire breast along with
underarm lymph nodes and muscles
underneath the breast.
16. HOW IS THE BREAST DESIGNED?
1. Chest wall.
2. Pectoral muscles.
3. Lobules (glands that
make milk).
4. Nipple surface.
5. Areola.
6. Lactiferous duct tube
that carries milk to the
nipple
7. Fatty tissue.
17.
18. THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Lymphatic System which consists of vessels and
organs plays two vital roles in our lives:
1) The vessels essentially maintain interstitial
fluid levels by carrying excess fluids as well as
any plasma proteins, back into the CVS.
2) The organs, house critical immune cells such
as
lymphocytes which carry out our body defense
against infection.
19. Most of the lymph vessels of the breast
drain into:
Lymph nodes under the arm (auxiliary
nodes).
Lymph nodes around the collar bone
(supraclavicular and infraclavicular lymph
nodes)
Lymph nodes inside the chest near the
breast bone (internal mammary lymph
nodes)
20.
21. TYPES OF BREAST CANCER
DUCTAL
CARCINOMA
INFLAMMATORY
BREAST CANCER
(IBC)
LOBULAR
CARCINOMA
INVASIVE LOBULAR
CARCINOMA
INVASIVE DUCTAL
CARCINOMA
DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN
SITU (DCIS)
LOBULAR CARCINOMA
IN SITU(LCIS)
25. FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTES TO
BREAST CANCER
1. Gender
2. Age
3. Genetic risk factors
4. Family history
5. Personal history of breast cancer
26. CONT…
Race/ethnic background
Dense breasts tissue
Certain benign (not cancer) breast
problems
Menstrual periods
Breast radiation early in life
27. CONT…
Gender: more prevalent in women.
Age: The chance of getting breast
cancer goes up
as a woman gets older.
Over 80% of all female breast
cancers occur among women aged
50+ years
28.
29. GENETIC RISK FACTOR:
Women Who Carry The BRCA1 And BRCA2 Genes
Have A Considerably Higher Risk Of Developing
Breast Cancer.
30.
31. Family history:
Breast cancer risk is higher among
women whose close blood relatives
have this disease.
Personal history of breast cancer:
A woman with cancer in one breast
has a greater chance of getting a new
cancer in the other breast or in
another part of the same
32. Race/Ethnic background
Overall, white women are slightly more
likely
to get breast cancer than African-
American
women.
African-American women, though, are
more
likely to die of breast cancer.
Asian, Hispanic, and Native-American
women
33. Dense breast tissue: Dense breast
tissue means
there is more gland tissue and less
fatty tissue.
Certain benign (not cancer) breast
problems:
Women who have certain benign
breast
changes may have an increased risk
of breast cancer.
34. Menstrual period: Women who began
having
periods early (before age 12) or who went
through the change of life (menopause)
after
the age of 55 have a slightly increased risk
of
breast cancer.
Breast radiation early in life: Women
who
have had radiation treatment to the chest
35. Not having children or having them
later in life.
Certain kinds of birth control
Using hormone therapy after
menopause
Not breastfeeding
Alcohol
Being overweight or obese
36. Tobacco smoke: Smoking may
increase the risk of breast cancer.
Night work: A few studies have
suggested that women who work at
night have a higher risk of breast
cancer.
37. The veteran beauty was
diagnosed with breast cancer
in 2002, when she was 54-
years-old. 6 chemotherapies
and 35 radiations later, she
managed to hold and was
quoted telling bangalore
times: "I don't give up easily.
Even death will have to fight
me." She followed a tight
regime to get back in shape
and can still turn heads with
her charm.
39. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF BREAST
CANCER
A lump in a breast.
A pain in the armpits or breast that
does not seem to be related to the
woman's menstrual period.
Pitting or redness of the skin of the
breast; like the skin of an orange.
A rash around (or on) one of the
nipples
40. A swelling (lump) in one of the
armpits.
An area of thickened tissue in a
breast.
One of the nipples has a discharge;
sometimes it may contain blood
41. The nipple changes in appearance;
it may become sunken or inverted.
The size or the shape of the breast
changes.
The nipple-skin or breast-skin may
have started to peel, scale or flake.
42.
43. STAGING OF BREAST CANCER
The TNM staging system
This system takes into account:
a) the tumor size and spread (T),
b) whether the cancer has spread to
lymph nodes (N) And
c) whether it has spread to distant
organs (M) for metastasis
44. STAGING OF BREAST CANCER
1. Stage 0
2. Stage I
3. Stage II
4. Stage III
5. Stage IV
45. Stage 0 : Non – Invasive breast cancer.
Has not spread to breast tissues.
Stage I : ≤ 2cm and has not spread to
lymph nodes.
Stage II
Stage IIA: ≤ 2 cm and has spread to
lymph nodes or 2-5 cm and has spread
to lymph nodes.
Stage IIB: 2-5 cm and has spread to
lymph nodes or > 5 cm and has not
spread to lymph nodes.
46. Stage III
Stage IIIA: ≤ 5cm and spread to lymph
nodes forming clumps or >5 cm and
spread to lymph nodes without forming
clumps.
Stage IIIB: Any size and spread to the
skin or
chest wall. Swelling.
Stage IIIC: Any size , spread to lymph
nodes, skin and chest wall.
Stage IV: Metastasized
47. THE MAIN BREAST CANCER
TREATMENT OPTIONS MAY INCLUDE
A. Surgery
B. Radiation therapy
C. Biological therapy (targeted
drug therapy)
D. Hormone therapy
E. Chemotherapy
49. CERVICAL CANCER
It is a cancer of the female
reproductive tract
It is the most common cause of
cancer death in the world where Pap
tests are not available
It is the easiest gynecologic cancer to
prevent through screening and early
vaccination
50. WHAT IS THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
TRACT?
1.Vulva
2.Vagina
3. Cervix
4. Uterus
5.Fallopian tubes
6.Ovaries
51. WHAT IS THE CERVIX?
Opening of the uterus
(womb) into the vagina
1.Two cell types present
(squamous and glandular)
2.Cervical cancer tends to
occur where the two cell
types meet
52. WHO IS AT RISK?
Women who have ever had sex
Women who have had more than one
partner
Women whose partner (s) has had
more than one sexual partner
Women who have had a sexually-
transmitted disease
53. CONT…
Women who do not have Pap tests
1. Women with immune problems including
those
who:
-Use steroid medications on a regular basis
-Have organ transplant
- Are undergoing chemotherapy
-Are infected with HIV
2. Women who smoke-smoking all by itself
increases the risk of HPV infection and
cervical
54. HOW DO I LOWER MY RISK?
1. Delay onset of sexual activity or remain
abstinent
2. Know your sexual partner
3. Do not smoke
4. Maintain a healthy diet and lifestyle
5. Practice safe sex. Condoms decrease the
chance of HPV exposure.
6. If eligible, consider getting the vaccine that
prevents most cervical cancers.
7.Get your Pap test and HPV testing as
recommended by your health care provider.
55. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
• Bleeding that occurs between regular
menstrual periods
• Bleeding after sexual intercourse, douching,
or a pelvic exam
• Menstrual periods that last longer and are
heavier than before
• Bleeding after going through menopause
• Increased vaginal discharge
• Pelvic pain
56. STAGES OF CERVICAL CANCER
1. Stage I. Cancer is confined to the
cervix.
2. Stage II. Cancer at this stage includes
the cervix and uterus, but hasn't
spread to the pelvic wall or the lower
portion of the vagina.
57. 3. Stage III. Cancer at this stage has
moved
beyond the cervix and uterus to the pelvic
wall or the lower portion of the vagina.
4. Stage IV. At this stage, cancer has
spread
to nearby organs, such as the bladder or
rectum, or it has spread to other areas of
the body, such as the lungs, liver or
bones.
59. Ovarian cancer
on 29th november 2012, it
was reported that manisha
had been diagnosed with
ovarian cancer and
underwent surgery on 10th
december. The surgery was
successful. The bollywood
star gave the performance
of her lifetime by battling
cancer and coming out on
top. She has been cancer
free for almost 2 years
now.
60. Lets fight against cancer
…..join hands……
…..take preventive measures…….
…..update yourself…..
…..take care…..