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4. CANCER OF THE BREAST
A PAPER PRESENTEDTO HANDMIADS HOLY CHILD
JUNIORTAE , AMUMARA EZINIHITTE
ON
THE 5TH OCTOBER, 2022
BY
GRACE AKUNNA JOHN-EMEZI, HHCJ

6. INTRODUCTION
Cancer refers to any one of a large
number of diseases characterized by the
development of abnormal cells that divide
uncontrollably and have the ability to
infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue

7. Worldwide, breast cancer is the leading type of cancer
in woman, accounting for 25% of all cases. In 2020,
there were 2.3 million women diagnosed with breast
cancer and 685,000 deaths globally.
As of the end of 2020, there were 7.8 million women
alive who were diagnosed with breast cancer in the
past 5 years, making it the world’s most prevalent
cancer.
. It is more common in developed countries and is
more than 100 times more common in women than in
men which is 1%.

8. Cancer can start almost anywhere in the
human body, which is made up of trillions
of cells. Normally, human cells grow and
divide to form new cells as the body needs
them. When cells grow old or become
damaged, they die, and new cells take
their place.

9. • When cancer develops, however, this orderly process
breaks down. As cells become more and more
abnormal, old or damaged cells survive when they
should die, and new cells form when they are not
needed. These extra cells can divide without stopping
and may form growths called tumours.

10. • Breast cancer, the most common cancer in women
worldwide, in Nigeria with population of about 187 million
people and it represents about 12%of all new cancer cases
and 25% of all cancers in women.
• In Nigeria, breast cancer cases were historically low but are
now increasing as a result of urbanisation and lifestyle
changes. It is the leading cause of cancer deaths currently,
representing about 23% of all cancer cases and approximately
18% percent of deaths are attributed to it in the country

12. TYPES OF TUMOURS
A: Malignant;
Cancerous tumours are malignant, which
means they can spread into, or invade,
nearby tissues. In addition, as these
tumours grow, some cancer cells can break
off and travel to distant places in the body
through the blood or the lymph system and
form new tumours far from the original
tumour.

13. B:Benign
Unlike malignant tumours, benign tumours
do not spread into, or invade, nearby
tissues. Benign tumours can sometimes be
quite large, however. When removed, they
usually don’t grow back, whereas
malignant tumours sometimes do. Unlike
most benign tumours elsewhere in the
body, benign brain tumours can be life
threatening.

14. MALIGNANT BENIGN
They spread into
nearby
tissues(metastasis)
They don’t spread into
tissue
Cancerous Not cancerous
No contact inhibiting Contact inhibiting
Can thrive in low
Oxygen
Cannot thrive in low
oxygen
Can develop new blood
vessels
Cannot develop new
blood vessels
Not capsulated Capsulated

16. Tumours can also use the immune system
to stay alive and grow. For example, with
the help of certain immune system cells
that normally prevent a runaway immune
response, cancer cells can actually keep
the immune system from killing cancer
cells.

17. WHAT CAUSES CANCER OF THE
BREAST?
Experts are not sure what causes breast cancer. It
is hard to say why one person develops the
disease while another does not.
Researchers have identified two genes known as
BRCA1 and BRCA2.About one woman in 200
carries the genes. Having one of them
predisposes a women to breast cancer but does
not ensure that she will get it.
We know that some risk factors can impact on a
woman’s likelihood of developing breast
cancer:

18. Hormone replacement therapy
Scans may raise a woman’s risk of
developing breast cancer slightly
Cosmetic implants

20. Getting older 80% of all female breast cancer
occurs among woman aged 50+(after the
menopause)
Genetics-family history of cancer
A history breast cancer
Having had certain types of breast lump
Estrogens exposure-women who started having
their period’s earlier or entered menopause later
than usual have a higher risk of developing
breast cancer.

21. • This is because their bodies have been exposed to
estrogens for long. Estrogens exposure begins when
periods start and drops dramatically during the
menopause. Estrogens tell cells to divide; the more the
cells divide, the more likely they are to be abnormal in
some way, possibly becoming cancerous

22. Obesity: post menopausal obese and
overweight women may have a higher risk
of developing breast cancer. Experts say
that there are higher levels of Estrogens in
obese menopausal women, which may be
the cause of the higher risk.
Height: taller than average women have a
slightly greater likelihood of developing
breast cancer than shorter than average
women. Experts are not sure why.

23. Alcohol consumption: the more alcohol a woman
regularly drinks, the higher her risk of developing
breast cancer
Radiation exposure: undergoing X-rays and CT scan

25. WHAT ARE THE SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS OF BREAST CANCER?
symptoms.
Breast lump. The majority of lumps are not
cancerous; .
The first noticeable symptom of breast cancer
is typically a lump that feels different from
the rest of the breast tissue.
More than 80% of breast cancer cases are
discovered when the woman feels a lump.

26. The earliest breast cancers are detected by a
mammogram.
Lumps found in lymph nodes located in the armpits can
also indicate breast cancer.

27. Women who dictate any of the following signs
and symptoms should tell their doctor.
A lump in the breast. Lumps found in lymph
nodes located in the armpits can also indicate
breast cancer.
A pain in the armpit or breast that does not
seem to be related to the woman’s menstrual
period
Pitting or redness of the skin of the breast, like
the skin of an orange(peau d’orange)
A rash around(or on)one of the nipples

28. A swelling(lump) in one of the armpits
An area of thickened tissue in the breast
One of the nipples has a discharge;
sometimes it may contain blood
The nipple changes in appearance
;sometimes it may become sunken or
inverted
The size or the shape of the breast changes
The nipple -skin or breast-skin may have
started to peel, scale or flake

32. DIAGNOSIS
• MANDATORY??????
• Regular self breast examination
• Yearly Mammography from 40years
(A stitch in time saves nine)
Women should have a clinical breast
examination(CBE) as part of regular health
exam by a health care professional about
every three years for women in their 20’s and
30’s and every year for women in their 40’s of
age and above.

33. TREATMENT
Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy (chemoprevention)
Hormone: This therapy is often used to
help reduce the risk of cancer
reoccurrence after surgery.

34. Targeted Therapy: As we are learning
more about gene changes and their
involvement in causing cancer, drugs are
being developed that specifically target the
cancer cells. They have fewer side effects
than chemotherapy.
Outcomes of breast cancer depend on
the cancer type,
extent and disease,
and person’s age.

35. • Survival rates in the developed world are high, with
between 80% and 90% of those in England and the
United States alive for at least five years. In
developing world survival rates are poorer.

49. PREVENTION
• Chemoprevention- Tamoxifen and Raloxifene
(postmenopausal women only)
• Prophylactic surgery
• Self beast examination and Clinical breast examination
• Mammography
• MRI
• Digital Breast Tomosynthesis
• Continuous awareness campaign

50. SOCIETY AND CULTURE
Before the 20th century, breast cancer was
feared and discussed in hushed tones; as if
it were shameful .As little could be safely
done with primitive surgical techniques,
women tended to suffer silently rather than
seeking care. When surgery advanced, and
long –term survival rates improved, women
began raising awareness of the diseases and
the possibility of successful treatment.

51. The breast cancer movement of the 1980s
and 1990s developed out of the larger feminist
movements and women’s health movement of
the 20th century. This series of political and
educational campaigns, partly inspired by the
politically and socially and socially effective
AIDS awareness campaigns, resulted in
widespread acceptance of second opinions
before surgery, less invasive surgical
procedures, support groups ,and other
advances in patient care.

53. A pink ribbon is the most prominent
symbol of breast cancer awareness. Pink
ribbons may be worn to honour those who
have been diagnosed with breast cancer. It
is focused on the emotional appealing
ultimate of a cure for breast cancer.

57. CONCLUSION
Screening tests can help find cancer at an early
stage, before symptoms appear. When
abnormal tissue or cancer is found early, it may
be easier to treat or cure. By the time symptoms
appear, the cancer may have grown and spread.
This can make the cancer harder to treat or
cure.
It is important to remember that when your
doctor suggests a screening test, it does not
always mean he or she thinks you have cancer.
Screening tests are done when you have no
cancer symptoms.

58. Endeavour to do self breast examination
at the end of your period every month to
rule out lump.
STEPS IN DOING SELF BREAST EXAMINATION

61. Raise your arms and look for the same
changes.
While you're at the mirror, gently
squeeze each nipple between your finger
and thumb and check for nipple discharge
(this could be a milky or yellow fluid or
blood).

63. Feel your breasts while lying down,
using your right hand to feel your left
breast and then your left hand to feel your
right breast. Use a firm, smooth touch
with the first few fingers of your hand,
keeping the fingers flat and together.
Cover the entire breast from top to
bottom, side to side—from your
collarbone to the top of your abdomen,
and from your armpit to your cleavage.

65.  Finally, feel your breasts while you are
standing or sitting. Many women find that
the easiest way to feel their breasts is
when their skin is wet and slippery, so
they like to do this step in the shower.
Cover your entire breast, using the same
hand movements.

70. INVOKE ST AGATHA PATRONOF BREAST CANCER

73. THANK YOU
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