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Commemorating International Youth Day: Reproductive Health of Youth in Sub-Saharan Africa
- 1. Commemorating International Youth Day Reproductive Health of Youth in Sub-Saharan Africa POPULATION REFERENCE BUREAU | www.prb.org August 2011
- 2. Women Ages 20-24 Who Had Sex or Married Before Age 18 Source: PRB, Improving the Reproductive Health of Sub-Saharan Africa’s Youth: A Route to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals . Percent
- 3. Percent of Births Unintended Among Women Ages 15-19 Source: PRB, Improving the Reproductive Health of Sub-Saharan Africa’s Youth: A Route to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals .
- 4. Unmet Need for Contraception Among Currently Married Women Ages 15-19 and 30-34 Source: PRB, Improving the Reproductive Health of Sub-Saharan Africa’s Youth: A Route to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals .
- 5. Percentage of Women Ages 15-19 Who Have Experienced Physical or Sexual Violence Source: PRB, Improving the Reproductive Health of Sub-Saharan Africa’s Youth: A Route to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals .
Editor's Notes
- In sub-Saharan Africa, young women tend to become sexually active at a young age, often within or shortly before marriage. Although most countries have passed laws declaring 18 as the minimum legal age for marriage, often, the laws are not enforced and girls are married at much younger ages due to social, economic, and cultural realities. This figure—which shows the percentage of women who were ages 20 to 23 at the time of the survey who had sex or were married before age 18—illustrates that in five of the nine countries profiled, at least 60 percent of women had their first sexual experience before age 18. In Mali, Senegal, and Ethiopia, sex was nearly entirely initiated within marriage. Meanwhile, in certain countries, child marriage is especially common. For example, in Mali, 70 percent of women were married before age 18. In some countries, such as Liberia, the gap between first sex and marriage is wide, indicating that women are initiating sex well before marriage and are at risk of an unintended pregnancy outside of marriage for some time. The time between sexual debut and marriage has implications for the health of young people, as youth have a greater need for family planning and reproductive health information and services as the interval between first sex and marriage becomes longer.
- Unintended and mistimed pregnancies are common among adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa. In fact globally, unintended pregnancies are highest in Africa, especially in East Africa. This figure illustrates the percentage of births that were unintended (either unwanted or mistimed) among women ages 15 to 19. The figure shows that many adolescents are becoming mothers sooner or more frequently than they intended. For example, more than 40 percent of births to adolescents in Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia, and more than 30 percent in the DRC and Ethiopia were reported as unintended. This evidence suggests that these young women have an unmet need for contraception to space or postpone their next pregnancy.
- Unmet need for family planning—or the percentage of women who do not want any more children or want to postpone their next birth by at least two years but are not using a method of contraception—is high among married women ages 15 to 19 and 30 to 34. In many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, there is greater unmet need among married women ages 15 to 19; for example, unmet need is higher among younger married women in Ethiopia, Mali, and Ghana, than it is among older married women. Unmet need among adolescents is often fueled by their lack of information and fear of social disapproval, by opposition from their husbands, and from concern about contraceptive side effects of effects on health.
- This figure shows that both physical and sexual violence are commonly experienced by young women in the six countries profiled. More than half of young women had experienced physical violence in Uganda and DRC, and more than one in five young women had experienced sexual violence. Violence during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight and other risk factors for poor birth and health outcomes. Women are especially at risk of violence during an unintended pregnancy.