The internship focused on studying the efficiency impacts of combustion turbine technology related to GHG permitting. The analysis found that:
1) Simple cycle BACT limits in permits averaged 1317 lbs CO2/MWh compared to an average ISO limit of 1222 lbs, a 7.2% difference.
2) Combined cycle BACT limits in permits averaged 915 lbs CO2/MWh compared to an average ISO limit of 748 lbs at 8760 hours, a 10.7% difference.
3) High ambient temperatures had the biggest impact on power output and heat rate for all turbines, while elevation had a smaller effect.
The Impacts of Uprating and Derating on Wind Turbine ReliabilitySentient Science
How can you know the impact of uprating and derating wind turbines?
Today, most OEMs offer uprating packages (GE PowerUp, Vestas PowerPlus, etc.) that allow for existing wind turbines to realize higher annual power production. The impact on reliability through derating or uprating is unknown through industry standard techniques. This has led to well under 20 year life of current wind turbine gearboxes.
Investigating the Impacts of Uprating or Derating for the GE 1.5MWSentient Science
Many wind turbine operators that own GE 1.5MW turbines are considering to either uprate (using e.g. GE PowerUp) or derate their GE turbine fleet. Unfortunately, the impact on reliability, especially on the gearbox, through uprating or derating is unknown using standard industry techniques. This results in uncertainties that do not allow the operators to estimate the financial impact of uprating or derating correctly.
GE조선해양 비지니스를 소개합니다. 한국에는 GE의 Global Offshore & Marine 본부가 위치하여, 조선해양 비지니스를 선도하고 있습니다.
GE코리아 뉴스레터를 구독하세요! http://goo.gl/IE8WS8
GE코리아 YouTube 채널을 구독하세요! http://goo.gl/M2gc8m
상상을 현실로 만듭니다. Imagination at work.
GE가 꿈꾸는 가치입니다. 아니, GE는 단지 꿈만 꾸고 있는 것이 아닙니다. 상상을 현실로 만들기 위해, 불가능했던 것을 가능하게 만들기 위해 쉬지 않고 움직이고 있습니다. GE는 에너지, 의료, 항공, 수송, 금융 등의 여러 분야에서 고객과 인류사회의 진보를 위해 더 편리하고 빠르며 친환경적인 솔루션을 찾아냅니다.
Connect with GE Online:
GE코리아 웹사이트: http://www.ge.com/kr/
GE리포트코리아: http://www.gereports.kr/
GE코리아 페이스북 페이지: hhttps://www.facebook.com/GEKorea
GE코리아 슬라이드쉐어: http://www.slideshare.net/GEKorea
This is a unique webinar designed specifically for our customers that want to know more about the validation of our model. We put together this slide deck and discussion together to solely review our validations in the wind industry.
The Impacts of Uprating and Derating on Wind Turbine ReliabilitySentient Science
How can you know the impact of uprating and derating wind turbines?
Today, most OEMs offer uprating packages (GE PowerUp, Vestas PowerPlus, etc.) that allow for existing wind turbines to realize higher annual power production. The impact on reliability through derating or uprating is unknown through industry standard techniques. This has led to well under 20 year life of current wind turbine gearboxes.
Investigating the Impacts of Uprating or Derating for the GE 1.5MWSentient Science
Many wind turbine operators that own GE 1.5MW turbines are considering to either uprate (using e.g. GE PowerUp) or derate their GE turbine fleet. Unfortunately, the impact on reliability, especially on the gearbox, through uprating or derating is unknown using standard industry techniques. This results in uncertainties that do not allow the operators to estimate the financial impact of uprating or derating correctly.
GE조선해양 비지니스를 소개합니다. 한국에는 GE의 Global Offshore & Marine 본부가 위치하여, 조선해양 비지니스를 선도하고 있습니다.
GE코리아 뉴스레터를 구독하세요! http://goo.gl/IE8WS8
GE코리아 YouTube 채널을 구독하세요! http://goo.gl/M2gc8m
상상을 현실로 만듭니다. Imagination at work.
GE가 꿈꾸는 가치입니다. 아니, GE는 단지 꿈만 꾸고 있는 것이 아닙니다. 상상을 현실로 만들기 위해, 불가능했던 것을 가능하게 만들기 위해 쉬지 않고 움직이고 있습니다. GE는 에너지, 의료, 항공, 수송, 금융 등의 여러 분야에서 고객과 인류사회의 진보를 위해 더 편리하고 빠르며 친환경적인 솔루션을 찾아냅니다.
Connect with GE Online:
GE코리아 웹사이트: http://www.ge.com/kr/
GE리포트코리아: http://www.gereports.kr/
GE코리아 페이스북 페이지: hhttps://www.facebook.com/GEKorea
GE코리아 슬라이드쉐어: http://www.slideshare.net/GEKorea
This is a unique webinar designed specifically for our customers that want to know more about the validation of our model. We put together this slide deck and discussion together to solely review our validations in the wind industry.
Comparing Replacement Components to Extend the Life of GearboxesSentient Science
Making the right decisions on the sub-component gears and bearings in your gearbox bill of materials is critical to maximize life. However, operators, OEMs, and suppliers face uncertainty of the life extension benefits of one component versus another without heavy investment into hardware testing. This presentation will outline how Virtual Supplier Qualification can help determine the best cost/benefit between suppliers for gearbox component replacements by leveraging High Performance Computing, multi-physics prognostic models, and simulations and data analytics.
Developing a new generation of energy efficiency products for reciprocating e...Bowman Power
Learn how a new energy efficiency product gets made, from opportunity to concept, design, validation and production, with this free presentation from the 73rd Indonesia National Electricity Day & POWER-GEN Asia. #PGASIA
Evaluation of Electric-Turbo-Compounding Technology applied to Marine Diesel-...Bowman Power
Bowman Power and University College London (UCL) presented a new engine efficiency technology at the 14th International Naval Engineering Conference and Exhibition (INEC 2018).
This presentation looks at the rationale behind using ETC technology for shipping and shows the potential uplift that could be achieved when paring a marine engine with the ETC system. This includes improvements in mechanical power and electric power output.
Bowman Power Innovation Showcase - Cleantech Forum Asia 19Bowman Power
Paul Dowman-Tucker, the CEO of Bowman Power explains how electrification of engine turbomachinery will play a key role in enabling the world to transition towards a net zero future.
This presentation shows how Bowman Power is using e-machines to improve efficiency and reduce emissions in the power generation and transport sectors.
It also focuses on the company’s growth strategy, forthcoming product developments and funding requirements to achieve their ambitious goals in Asia and worldwide.
Stationary/Transportation Heat-to-Power Applications with CN300 ORC TechnololgyKeith D. Patch
ASME Turbo Expo 2014
Exhibitor Presentation Stage
CCD Congress Center | Düsseldorf, Germany
Keith D. Patch | ORC Product Manager
Concepts NREC (CN)
Tuesday, June 17, 2014, 3:15 PM CET
28% of the world’s total energy use is wasted but Is potentially recoverable
Can recover 144 GWe of electrical power from this waste heat, worth US$359B (at US$2,500/kWe)
World geothermal potential is 148 GWe
World biomass potential is 25 GWe
World solar thermal potential is 25 GWe
Natural energy + waste heat markets: 342 GWe or US$854B
An Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) heat-to-power system is best suited for making electricity from these low-grade heat sources, using an organic fluid to match the fluid’s properties with the temperature of the heat source.
Comparing Replacement Components to Extend the Life of GearboxesSentient Science
Making the right decisions on the sub-component gears and bearings in your gearbox bill of materials is critical to maximize life. However, operators, OEMs, and suppliers face uncertainty of the life extension benefits of one component versus another without heavy investment into hardware testing. This presentation will outline how Virtual Supplier Qualification can help determine the best cost/benefit between suppliers for gearbox component replacements by leveraging High Performance Computing, multi-physics prognostic models, and simulations and data analytics.
Developing a new generation of energy efficiency products for reciprocating e...Bowman Power
Learn how a new energy efficiency product gets made, from opportunity to concept, design, validation and production, with this free presentation from the 73rd Indonesia National Electricity Day & POWER-GEN Asia. #PGASIA
Evaluation of Electric-Turbo-Compounding Technology applied to Marine Diesel-...Bowman Power
Bowman Power and University College London (UCL) presented a new engine efficiency technology at the 14th International Naval Engineering Conference and Exhibition (INEC 2018).
This presentation looks at the rationale behind using ETC technology for shipping and shows the potential uplift that could be achieved when paring a marine engine with the ETC system. This includes improvements in mechanical power and electric power output.
Bowman Power Innovation Showcase - Cleantech Forum Asia 19Bowman Power
Paul Dowman-Tucker, the CEO of Bowman Power explains how electrification of engine turbomachinery will play a key role in enabling the world to transition towards a net zero future.
This presentation shows how Bowman Power is using e-machines to improve efficiency and reduce emissions in the power generation and transport sectors.
It also focuses on the company’s growth strategy, forthcoming product developments and funding requirements to achieve their ambitious goals in Asia and worldwide.
Stationary/Transportation Heat-to-Power Applications with CN300 ORC TechnololgyKeith D. Patch
ASME Turbo Expo 2014
Exhibitor Presentation Stage
CCD Congress Center | Düsseldorf, Germany
Keith D. Patch | ORC Product Manager
Concepts NREC (CN)
Tuesday, June 17, 2014, 3:15 PM CET
28% of the world’s total energy use is wasted but Is potentially recoverable
Can recover 144 GWe of electrical power from this waste heat, worth US$359B (at US$2,500/kWe)
World geothermal potential is 148 GWe
World biomass potential is 25 GWe
World solar thermal potential is 25 GWe
Natural energy + waste heat markets: 342 GWe or US$854B
An Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) heat-to-power system is best suited for making electricity from these low-grade heat sources, using an organic fluid to match the fluid’s properties with the temperature of the heat source.
Nodal Insights for Generation Owners and Modeling with AURORAxmpEPIS Inc
Managing consultant and power industry veteran, Bill Babcock, presented on "Nodal Insights for Generation Owners" at the 2014 EMFC and discusses why both local and interregional transmission constraints matter. He outlines what constitutes nodal hub prices vs. zonal prices, and discusses the role shift factors, congestion, and marginal losses have on prices. Based on work he has done modeling PJM with AURORAxmp’s Nodal Capability, including its LMP contributions output report, Bill shows how to identify those constraints that drive congestion-based LMP differences. Visit http://epis.com/xmp_in_action/real_examples.php for more real examples of AURORAxmp in action or visit http://epis.com/aurora_xmp/nodal_analysis.php to see more about Nodal Insights.
#تواصل_تطوير
المحاضرة رقم 179
الدكتور / علي المراكبي
استشاري الهندسة الميكانيكية وخبير ترشيد الطاقة
بعنوان
"اقتصاديات إنتاج الكهرباء بالتكنولوجيات المختلفة"
يوم الإثنين 24 أكتوبر 2022
الثامنة مساء توقيت القاهرة
التاسعة مساء توقيت مكة المكرمة
و الحضور عبر تطبيق زووم
https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZUoc-quqTorGtB0hRPR6oljN7DKOanGdx1f
علما ان هناك بث مباشر للمحاضرة على القنوات الخاصة بجمعية المهندسين المصريين
ونأمل أن نوفق في تقديم ما ينفع المهندس ومهمة الهندسة في عالمنا العربي
والله الموفق
للتواصل مع إدارة المبادرة عبر قناة التليجرام
https://t.me/EEAKSA
ومتابعة المبادرة والبث المباشر عبر نوافذنا المختلفة
رابط اللينكدان والمكتبة الالكترونية
https://www.linkedin.com/company/eeaksa-egyptian-engineers-association/
رابط قناة التويتر
https://twitter.com/eeaksa
رابط قناة الفيسبوك
https://www.facebook.com/EEAKSA
رابط قناة اليوتيوب
https://www.youtube.com/user/EEAchannal
رابط التسجيل العام للمحاضرات
https://forms.gle/vVmw7L187tiATRPw9
ملحوظة : توجد شهادات حضور مجانية لمن يسجل فى رابط التقيم اخر المحاضرة.
2. EPA GRO FELLOWSHIP
The GRO Fellowship Program is administered by the National
Center for Environmental Research (NCER) in EPA’s Office of
Research & Development (ORD)
The Fellowship supports students during their junior and senior
years of undergraduate study and includes support for an
internship at an EPA facility during the summer of their junior year.
3. GOALS OF INTERNSHIP
Gain familiarity with the CAA Prevention of Significant
Deterioration permitting program for GHG emissions
Gain experience with a variety of EPA air pollution permit
technical programs and in how air pollution is generated and
controlled
Study the efficiency impacts for combustion turbine technology
related to GHG permitting to provide a comparative analysis of
EPAs BACT determinations and ISO conditions for electric
generation projects located in Texas
5. SIMPLE CYCLE RULES OF THUMB
Ambient Temperature: 0.4% reduction in power output per 1°F
increase in ambient temperature above 59°F, and a
proportionate increase in heat rate. The opposite holds true for
decreasing temperatures.
Site elevation: 3.3% reduction in power output per every 1,000-ft
increase in site elevation above sea level. Heat rate is
unaffected.
6. COMBINED CYCLE RULES OF THUMB
Ambient temperature: 2.5% reduction in power output per 10°F
increase in ambient temperature above 59°F, and a
corresponding increase with decreasing temperatures. 0.5%
impact on heat rate (up and down, respectively) per 10°F
change in air temperature from 59°F.
Site elevation: 3.3% reduction in power output per every 1,000-ft
increase in site elevation above sea level. Heat rate is
unaffected.
7. CO2 EMISSION CALCULATIONS
The equation for estimating CO2 emissions as specified in 40 CFR
75.10(3)(ii) is:
𝑊 𝐶𝑂2
=𝐹𝑐 ×𝑈𝑓 ×𝑀𝑊 𝐶𝑂2
Where:
WCO2
= CO2 emitted from combustion, tons/hour
MWCO2
= molecular weight of CO2, 44.0 lbs/mole
Fc = Carbon-based Fc-Factor, 1040 scf/MMBtu for natural gas or
site-specific Fc factor
Uf = 1/385 scf CO2/lb-mole
8. CO2 EMISSIONS CALCULATIONS (CONT)
𝐶𝑂2 TPY = [(CTHC*CTO) + (STHC*STO)] *𝑊𝐶𝑂2 )/2,000
Where:
WCO2
= CO2 emitted from combustion, tons/hour
CTHC = CT Heat Consumption, MMBtu/hr
CTO = CT Operation, hrs/yr
STHC = ST Heat Consumption, MMBtu/hr
STO = ST Operation, hrs/yr
10. DATA COLLECTION - Snapshot
Company Name City County Turbine Model
Temp Max
(F)
Temp Min
(F)
Temp Mean
(F)
Elevation
(m)
CT
hrs/yr
ST
hrs/yr
Duct
burning?
CT heat consump
MMBTU/KWH
ST heat consump
MMBTU/KWH
CT
Power Output
MW
ST
Power Output
MW
BACT Limit
lb CO2/MWH
Tenaska Roans Prairie Partners, LLC Shiro Grimes
GE 7FA.05, 7FA.04,
or S GT6-5000F(5) 79.8 54.4 67.1 107 2920 n/a No
Option 1 (Siem): 2441
Option 2 (GE(5)): 2378
Option 3 (GE(4)): 2198 n/a
Option 1 (Siem): 231
Option 2 (GE(5)): 212
Option 3 (GE(4)): 176 n/a
Option 1 (Siem): 1334
Option 2 (GE(5)):1310
Option 3 (GE(4)):1321
Southern Power Company Cushing Nacogdoches Siemens F(5) 76.9 54.1 65.5 125 2500 n/a No 2146 n/a 232 n/a pending
Indeck Wharton, LLC Danevang Wharton
GE 7FA.05
or Siemens SGT-5000F(5) 79.95 58.93 69.45 21 2500 n/a No 2054 n/a 216.6666667 n/a
Option 1 (GE): 1276
Option 2 (Siem): 1337
Invenergy Thermal Development LLC Goldsmith Ector GE 7FA.03 78.18 51.1 64.65 957 2500 n/a No 1611.48 n/a 165 n/a 1393
NRG Tx Pwr LLC (PH Robinson Sta) Bacliff Galveston GE 7E 76.8 62.46 69.73 5 1752 n/a No 921.67 n/a 65 n/a
pending/ ap withdrawn
proposed in ap: 1450
Golden Spread El. Coop. - Antelope Sta. Abernathy Hale GE 7FA.05 70.03 44 58 1024 4572 n/a No 1940.74 n/a 202 n/a 1304
Guadalupe Power Partners LP Marion Guadalupe GE 7FA.04 79.9 56.55 68.25 197 2500 n/a No 1788.82 n/a 165 n/a 1268
Lon C. Hill LP Corpus Christi Nueces
GE 7FA.04, or
Siemens SCC6-5000F 81.01 63.54 72.26 2 8760 8760 Yes 2412.8 670
Option 1 (GE): 183
Option 2 (Siem): 240 260 900
City of Austin - Sand Hill En. Ctr. Del Valle Travis GE 7FA.04 79.33 55.98 67.65 148 8760 8760 Yes 1911.6 681.5 173.9 189 930
Southern Power Company Trinidad Henderson Mitsubishi J model 75.9 53.8 64.9 92 8760 8760 Yes 3214 402 ? ?
pending
proposed in ap: 922
Victoria WLE LP Victoria Victoria GE 7FA.04 80.56 60 70.3 29 8760 4375 Yes 1816 483 182.684 92.5 940
NRG Texas Pwr LLC (Cedar Bayou) Baytown Chambers
GE 7FA-05 or Siemens F(5)
or M 501GAC 77.4 59 68.2 7 8760
Option 1 (GE): 3500
Option 2 (Siem): 3500
Option 3 (MHI): 3200 Yes
Option 1 (GE): 2101.2
Option 2 (Siem): 2337.6
Option 3 (MHI): 2586.1
Option 1 (GE): 523.1
Option 2 (Siem): 606.3
Option 3 (MHI): 632.5 264 ? pending
NRG Texas Pwr LLC SR Bertron La Porte Harris
GE 7FA-05 or Siemens F(5)
or M 501GAC 79.1 59.66 69.35 6 8760
Option 1 (GE): 3500
Option 2 (Siem): 3500
Option 3 (MHI): 3200 Yes
Option 1 (GE): 2101.2
Option 2 (Siem): 2337.6
Option 3 (MHI): 2586.1
Option 1 (GE): 523.1
Option 2 (Siem): 606.3
Option 3 (MHI): 632.5 264 ? pending
Tenaska Brownsville Partners LLC Brownsville Cameron MHI 501 GAC 82.9 65.4 74.185 10 5200 5200 Yes 2903 250 274 336 914
Pinecrest Energy Center LLC Lufkin Angelina
GE 7FA.05 or
S GT6-5000F(4)
S GT6-5000F(5) 77.25 54.2 65.7 95 8260 8260 Yes
Option 1 (GE): 2861
Option 2 (Siem(4)): 2764
Option 3 (Siem(5)): 3110 750
Option 1 (GE): 215
Option 2 (Siem(4)): 205
Option 3 (Siem(5)): 232 271
Option 1 (GE): 942
Option 2 (Siem(4)): 909.2
Option 3 (Siem(5)):912.7
La Paloma Energy Center Harlingen Cameron
GE 7FA.04
or SGT6-5000F(4)or (5) 82.9 65.4 74.185 12 8260 8260 Yes
Option 1 (GE): 1230.6
Option 2 (Siem(4)): 1626
Option 3 (Siem(5)): 1584.2 750
Option 1 (GE): 183
Option 2 (Siem(4)): 205
Option 3 (Siem(5)): 232 271
Option 1 (GE): 934.5
Option 2 (Siem(4)): 909.2
Option 3 (Siem(5)):912.7
Calpine/DeerPark Energy Center LLC Deer Park Harris Siemens 501F 79.1 59.66 69.35 8 8760 8760 Yes 1852.17 725 180 200 920
Calpine - Channel Energy Center Pasadena Harris Siemens 501F 79.1 59.66 69.35 9 8760 8760 Yes 1852.17 475 180 200 920
7 Simple Cycle
11 Combined Cycle
11. SIMPLE CYCLE
BACT limits in permits: 1268 – 1393
Average: 1317
BACT limits at ISO: 1099 – 1484
Average: 1222
Average % difference: 7.2%
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
TRPP LLC (1) TRPP LLC (2) TRPP LLC (3) Indeck (1) Indeck (2) Invenergy GSEC
lbsCO2/MWH
Simple Cycle
BACT Limit in Permit BACT Limit at ISO
12. SIMPLE CYCLE RULES OF THUMB
Biggest impact on efficiency: high temperatures
All turbines experience power output reduction and heat rate
increase in the 4.41 – 8.38% range, at an average of 7.35%
Elevation has little effect on power output, ranging from
reductions of 0.02 - 3.38%, averaging 1.15%
13. COMBINED CYCLE
BACT limits in permits: 900 – 942
Average: 915
BACT limits at ISO, 8760 hrs: 728 – 889
Average: 748
Average % difference: 10.7%
Combined cycle
calculations are much less
straightforward than simple
cycle calculations!
R6 issued permits contain a 10-
12% compliance margin
(design margin, performance
margin and degradation
margin) that results in a higher
BACT limit than ISO BACT limits.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Lon C. Hill
LP (1)
Lon C. Hill
LP (2)
Austin
Energy
Victoria
WLE LP
Pinecrest
EC LLC
(1)
Pinecrest
EC LLC
(2)
Pinecrest
EC LLC
(3)
La
Paloma
EC (1)
La
Paloma
EC (2)
La
Paloma
EC (3)
Calpine
Deer
Park
Calpine
Channel
lbsCO2/MWH Combined Cycle
BACT Limit in Permit BACT Limit at ISO, 8760 Operating hrs/yr
14. COMBINED CYCLE ASSUMPTIONS
Combined cycle calculations have more variables than simple cycle
calculations, which make them more complex, and thus combined
cycle calculations should be made on a case by case basis.
Variables:
Duct burning
Different configurations
Hours of operation
Case by case example:
Austin Energy:
• Both the CT and ST operate at 8760 hrs/yr,
with duct burning
BACT Limit in permit: 930 lbs CO2/MWH
BACT Limit at ISO: 849.3 lbs CO2/MWH
% difference: 8.7%
15. COMBINED CYCLE RULES OF THUMB
Biggest impact on efficiency: high temperatures
All turbines experience power output reduction in the 4.23 – 5.98%
range, at an average of 5.13%
Elevation has little effect on power output, ranging from
reductions of 0.01 – 0.49%, averaging 0.13%
Temperature, high and low, has little effect on heat rate
The combined cycle is less affected by changes in ambient
temperature and pressure than the simple cycle across the
board.
16. RESULTS SUMMARY
Simple Cycle BACT limits are 7.2% different than estimated ISO
BACT limits.
Combined Cycle BACT limits are 10.7% higher than estimated ISO
BACT limits.
The Simple Cycle limit calculations are more accurate than the
Combined Cycle because less assumptions are required.
The largest impact on power output and heat rate for all turbines
in this data set was high ambient temperatures.