Notes* for the subject 'Advanced Pharmaceutical Analysis'Sanathoiba Singha
As per the syllabus prescribed by Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, for M. Pharm (Pharmaceutical Analysis) 1st semester.
*not all topics have been included in this collection of notes.
This document describes several reagents used for drug analysis: MBTH, FC, PDAB, and 2,6-dichloroquinone chlorimide. MBTH reacts with phenols, amines, aldehydes and other compounds to form colored complexes. FC (Folin-Ciocalteu) reagent contains heteropoly acids and reduces to a blue color with reducing agents. PDAB (para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde) forms azomethines with amines. 2,6-dichloroquinone chlorimide reacts with unsubstituted para-phenols to form a blue colored product. Examples of drug analyses using each reagent are provided.
A STUDY ON FORMATION OF SALYCILIC ACID FORMALDEHYDE POLYMER SAMPLEEDITOR IJCRCPS
Condensation of salicylic acid (0.02 mole) with formaldehyde (0.016 mole) in presence of aqueous 40% H2SO4.
Keywords: pipette,thermometer,spectro-photometer,conicalflakk,waterbath.
Method Development and Validation of Clopidogrel Bisulphate by Reverse Phase-...SriramNagarajan15
A new, simple sensitive, rapid, accurate and precise RP-HPLC method was developed for the estimation of Clopidogrel bisulphate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation. Clopidogrel bisulphate was chromatographed on a reverse phase C18column (150 mm x 4.5 mm, i.d 5μm) in a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (pH: 3.0) in the ratio of 60:40 % v/v. The mobile phase was pumped at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with detection at 224 nm. The detector response was linear in the concentration of 50-150 μg /ml. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation was found to be 1.3 and 4.2 µg/ml, respectively. The intra and inter day variation was found to be less than 2%. The mean recovery of the drug from the solution was 99.79%. The proposed method is simple, fast, accurate, precise and reproducible hence, it can be applied for routine quality control analysis of Clopidogrel bisulphate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation. Key words: Clopidogrel bisulphate, RP-HPLC, Validation, Accuracy, Precision.
1. A new RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the estimation of Clopidogrel bisulphate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations.
2. The method involved using a C18 column, mobile phase of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer at a ratio of 60:40, and detection at 224 nm.
3. The method was found to be linear, precise, accurate, specific, robust and suitable for the routine analysis of Clopidogrel bisulphate in quality control labs.
Nutritional profiling and chemical analysis of foodMuzaffarHasan1
Nutritional profiling involves classifying or ranking foods according to their nutritional composition to prevent disease and promote health. It provides descriptions of foods' nutrient levels (e.g. reduced/increased nutrients) and health effects (e.g. healthier/less healthy). Various systems exist for front-of-pack nutrition labeling that consider nutrients individually or combined. Chemical analysis of foods determines their nutritional composition through methods like Soxhlet extraction for fats, gas chromatography for trans fats, Lowry/Bradford methods for proteins, Molisch/Benedict's tests for carbohydrates, and spectroscopy techniques for various applications.
Principles & procedures involved in usage of reagentskapil Patel
The document discusses various reagents used in pharmaceutical analysis. It begins by classifying reagents based on their reaction mechanisms such as oxidation, condensation, diazotization, and others. Several examples of reagents are provided for each classification including MBTH, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, PDAB, and 2,4-DNP. Their chemical properties and applications in estimating specific drugs are described. The document concludes by providing an example estimation procedure using MBTH reagent.
This document describes methods for the quantitative determination and analysis of Promethazine Hydrochloride and Prasugrel Hydrochloride using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) through spectrophotometric studies. Calibration curves were constructed for both drugs using FCR and results were validated in terms of limits of detection, quantification, accuracy and precision. The developed methods were applied to pharmaceutical formulations containing the drugs and found to give satisfactory recoveries. Various factors affecting the absorbance were also optimized.
Notes* for the subject 'Advanced Pharmaceutical Analysis'Sanathoiba Singha
As per the syllabus prescribed by Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, for M. Pharm (Pharmaceutical Analysis) 1st semester.
*not all topics have been included in this collection of notes.
This document describes several reagents used for drug analysis: MBTH, FC, PDAB, and 2,6-dichloroquinone chlorimide. MBTH reacts with phenols, amines, aldehydes and other compounds to form colored complexes. FC (Folin-Ciocalteu) reagent contains heteropoly acids and reduces to a blue color with reducing agents. PDAB (para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde) forms azomethines with amines. 2,6-dichloroquinone chlorimide reacts with unsubstituted para-phenols to form a blue colored product. Examples of drug analyses using each reagent are provided.
A STUDY ON FORMATION OF SALYCILIC ACID FORMALDEHYDE POLYMER SAMPLEEDITOR IJCRCPS
Condensation of salicylic acid (0.02 mole) with formaldehyde (0.016 mole) in presence of aqueous 40% H2SO4.
Keywords: pipette,thermometer,spectro-photometer,conicalflakk,waterbath.
Method Development and Validation of Clopidogrel Bisulphate by Reverse Phase-...SriramNagarajan15
A new, simple sensitive, rapid, accurate and precise RP-HPLC method was developed for the estimation of Clopidogrel bisulphate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation. Clopidogrel bisulphate was chromatographed on a reverse phase C18column (150 mm x 4.5 mm, i.d 5μm) in a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (pH: 3.0) in the ratio of 60:40 % v/v. The mobile phase was pumped at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with detection at 224 nm. The detector response was linear in the concentration of 50-150 μg /ml. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation was found to be 1.3 and 4.2 µg/ml, respectively. The intra and inter day variation was found to be less than 2%. The mean recovery of the drug from the solution was 99.79%. The proposed method is simple, fast, accurate, precise and reproducible hence, it can be applied for routine quality control analysis of Clopidogrel bisulphate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation. Key words: Clopidogrel bisulphate, RP-HPLC, Validation, Accuracy, Precision.
1. A new RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the estimation of Clopidogrel bisulphate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations.
2. The method involved using a C18 column, mobile phase of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer at a ratio of 60:40, and detection at 224 nm.
3. The method was found to be linear, precise, accurate, specific, robust and suitable for the routine analysis of Clopidogrel bisulphate in quality control labs.
Nutritional profiling and chemical analysis of foodMuzaffarHasan1
Nutritional profiling involves classifying or ranking foods according to their nutritional composition to prevent disease and promote health. It provides descriptions of foods' nutrient levels (e.g. reduced/increased nutrients) and health effects (e.g. healthier/less healthy). Various systems exist for front-of-pack nutrition labeling that consider nutrients individually or combined. Chemical analysis of foods determines their nutritional composition through methods like Soxhlet extraction for fats, gas chromatography for trans fats, Lowry/Bradford methods for proteins, Molisch/Benedict's tests for carbohydrates, and spectroscopy techniques for various applications.
Principles & procedures involved in usage of reagentskapil Patel
The document discusses various reagents used in pharmaceutical analysis. It begins by classifying reagents based on their reaction mechanisms such as oxidation, condensation, diazotization, and others. Several examples of reagents are provided for each classification including MBTH, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, PDAB, and 2,4-DNP. Their chemical properties and applications in estimating specific drugs are described. The document concludes by providing an example estimation procedure using MBTH reagent.
This document describes methods for the quantitative determination and analysis of Promethazine Hydrochloride and Prasugrel Hydrochloride using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) through spectrophotometric studies. Calibration curves were constructed for both drugs using FCR and results were validated in terms of limits of detection, quantification, accuracy and precision. The developed methods were applied to pharmaceutical formulations containing the drugs and found to give satisfactory recoveries. Various factors affecting the absorbance were also optimized.
This document discusses various reagents used in pharmaceutical analysis including PDAB, Folin Ciocalteau, and MBTH reagents. It provides details on the principles, mechanisms, procedures, examples, and applications of each reagent. PDAB is used to detect primary amine groups via a colorimetric reaction. Folin Ciocalteau is used to detect phenols and reduces tungstate-molybdate to form a blue complex. MBTH forms colored complexes with aldehydes, phenols, and amines through oxidative coupling and can be used to analyze samples containing these functional groups. The document concludes that optimizing reagent volume and concentration allows these reagents to be successfully used to quantify drugs in pharmaceutical formulations.
Principle and Applications Of MBTH, NQS, FC and BM ReagentsLakshmi Kalyani
This document discusses MBTH, FC, and BM reagents which are used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of pharmaceuticals. It provides background on each reagent, including their chemical structure and properties. The principles and mechanisms of how each reagent reacts with different functional groups like phenols, amines, and aldehydes are described. Examples of using each reagent to estimate drugs are provided, such as using MBTH to analyze acyclovir and FC to determine protein concentration. The document concludes that these reagents can successfully quantify and qualify drugs in formulations when used at optimized concentrations.
This document discusses various chemical reagents used in chemical analysis and reactions. It provides a classification and overview of common reagents for aldehydes, ketones, quinones, amines, and redox reactions. For each reagent, it describes the basic principle and applications. Some example reagents covered include PDAB, ninhydrin, 2,6-dichloroquinone-4-chloroimide, MBTH, Bratton-Marshall reagent, and 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. The document is intended as an informational guide on reagents used in chemical and pharmaceutical analysis.
The document discusses various reagents used in pharmaceutical analysis including their principles, procedures, reactions, and applications. It describes Para Dimethylamino Cinnamaldehyde (PDAC) reagent which is used to determine hydrazine. It reacts with primary amines to form colored Schiff bases. Ninhydrin reagent is used to estimate drugs containing free amine groups and gives a purple color. 1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid (NQS) reagent is widely used for drugs containing aromatic amines, replacing its sulfonate group with the amine group to form a colored chromogen. Examples provided estimate drugs like ranitidine, lenalidomide, and amp
Synthesis and biological evaluation of radiolabeled curcumins and their ruthe...Luca Palmieri
During my experimental thesis I synthesized and characterized 5 ligands in which the main scaffold is similar to curcumin setting up the procedure to introduce various groups and atoms in position 9 of these curcumin-like ligands. Obtaining three new ligands, two of which reacted with 123I in order to give a radiolabeled curcumin. This radiolabeled curcumin was then administered in mice during in-vivo tests and its bioaccumulation was followed with PET device to check its binding with β-amyloid plaques.
Moreover I synthesized and characterized a Ruthenium p-cymene complex containing the iodo-curcumin. On this complex were then realized in-vitro cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity tests that showed how the presence of these functionalization on the aromatic moiety lead to a lower activity of the complex itself. It could anyway interesting to evaluate through the use of a PET device its in-vivo biodistribution and accumulation at a systemic level in order to confirm or not the loss of this activity.
COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION OF FOOD SUPPLEMENTS
CONTAINING ASCORBIC ACID
Danka Obreshkova and Boyka Tsvetkova
Medical University – Sofia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dept. of Pharmaceutical chemistry
Abstract. A simple, specific, precise and accurate reversed phase liquid chromatographic (RP-LC) method
has been developed for the determination of ascorbic acid in different food additives. The chromatographic
separation was achieved on a LiChrosorb C18, 250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm column at a detector wavelength
of 230 nm and a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile and water (60:40
v/v). The retention time of analyte was 3.49 min. The method was validated for the parameters like specificity,
linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of quantitation and limit of detection. The method was found to be
specific as no other peaks of impurities and excipients were observed. The square of correlation coefficient
(R2) was 0.9997 while relative standard deviations were found to be <2.0%. The proposed RP-LC method
can be applied for the routine analysis of commercially available food additives of ascorbic acid.
The document describes a study comparing the ascorbic acid content of different food supplements through liquid chromatography. A reversed-phase liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the quantification of ascorbic acid. The method showed good specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy and limits of detection and quantification. The method was applied to analyze several commercially available food supplements containing ascorbic acid. Products from one manufacturer were found to contain slightly higher amounts of ascorbic acid and exhibited greater purity compared to other products based on the chromatography and titration results.
The Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Water-Soluble B Vitamins by HPLC...PerkinElmer, Inc.
The food industry routinely fortifies many foods with vitamins to enhance their nutritional value and to help with deficiencies in dietary requirements. However, to meet legal requirements, the manufacturers must label their products in accordance to the specific regulations pertaining to the country in which the products are sold and consumed. In 2009, the United States Pharmacopeial Convention introduced the USP Dietary Supplements Compendium (DSC) – an industry directed resource, including regulatory guidance and reference tools. In the U.S., the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates all dietary supplement products and manufacturing practices under 21 CFR (Code of Federal Regulation), Part 111. In Europe, the main EU legislation for vitamins and minerals in food supplements is Directive 2002/46/EC. Considering the above, this application focused on providing a robust chromatographic method for the separation of eight water-soluble B vitamins in vitamin supplement tablets using HPLC with photodiode array (PDA) detection.
This document provides protocols for analyzing vitamins and toxicants in food. It details procedures for assaying various vitamins including vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and vitamin B6. The protocols describe preparing test and reference solutions, carrying out assays by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, liquid chromatography, or titration. Identification steps are also outlined, such as examining absorption maxima and reaction of solutions. The document aims to establish standardized methods for analyzing important nutrients and assessing quality and safety of food.
In this research, two drugs were bonded through amide and ester attachment, using lactic acid as
aspacer binder, produced di pro drug such as Procain and Ciprofloxacin. Since Procain has ailocail
anesthetic action and Ciprofloxacin as antibacterial drug was reacted with lactic acid produced ester
compound (1), then the carboxylic acid of lactic acid could reacted with free Procain oil produced amide
attachment, the controlled drug release in different pH values at 37C˚was studied to improve their
characteristic and to minimize the side effect of the drug could be used in broad spectrum activity as
atherapeutic material.This mutual prodrug was used with another biological active drug instead of single
action. The prepared prodrug was characterized by FTIR, 1HNMR ,and UV. spectroscopies ,physical
properties were determined and physical properties weremeasured.The biological assay were conducted
for prepared prodrug using the microorganism such as E.coli, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas
acuroginosoma, the prepared prodrug appear high biological activity,compared with standardGentamycin.
Reagents & reactions in estimation of pharmaceuticalsudaya rajitha
Reagents are used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the pharmaceutical preparations, as they react with particular groups and increase their detectability by impart colour to the compounds.
1. The document describes various qualitative tests that can be used to identify different types of carbohydrates, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
2. Key tests described include the Molisch test, Benedict's test, Barfoed's test, Seliwanoff's test, and the hydrolysis test for sucrose. Each test exploits a unique chemical property of carbohydrates to indicate their presence.
3. The tests allow identification of carbohydrates by the color change produced, crystalline structure of osazones formed, or ability to reduce copper or show color change with reagents like iodine. Taken together, the battery of tests can determine the identity of an unknown carbohydrate sample.
1. TPTZ reagent is used to estimate various drugs and compounds based on their ability to reduce ferric ions to ferrous ions which then form a colored complex with TPTZ.
2. The document describes the synthesis and properties of TPTZ reagent and provides procedures to estimate compounds like ethacridine lactate, vitamin E, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, and uric acid using their reaction with TPTZ reagent.
3. The estimation procedures involve the compounds reducing ferric ions to ferrous ions in the first step, followed by the ferrous ions forming a colored complex with TPTZ reagent that can be measured spectrophot
The Biuret test detects the presence of peptide bonds in proteins. Peptide bonds form when amino acids link together to make proteins. The test involves adding a protein sample to an alkaline solution of copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide. In an alkaline environment, the copper ions will form a coordination complex with the nitrogen atoms from any peptide bonds present. This complex is purple in color, so a color change from blue to purple indicates that proteins containing peptide bonds are present in the sample.
A spectrophotometric determination of ascorbic acidssuser4d011c
This document summarizes a new spectrophotometric method for determining ascorbic acid concentration. Ascorbic acid reduces copper ions which then react with neucoproine to form a colored complex. This complex is extracted with PBITU chloroform and measured at 460nm. The method is accurate, precise, and unaffected by many common interferents. It was successfully used to determine ascorbic acid levels in fruits, beverages, and pharmaceuticals and showed good agreement with established methods.
1. A new RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the estimation of Clopidogrel bisulphate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations.
2. The method involved using a C18 column, mobile phase of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer at a ratio of 60:40, and detection at 224 nm.
3. The method was found to be linear, precise, accurate, specific, robust and suitable for the routine analysis of Clopidogrel bisulphate in quality control.
Method Development and Validation of Clopidogrel Bisulphate by Reverse Phase-...SriramNagarajan15
A new, simple sensitive, rapid, accurate and precise RP-HPLC method was developed for the estimation of Clopidogrel bisulphate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation. Clopidogrel bisulphate was chromatographed on a reverse phase C18column (150 mm x 4.5 mm, i.d 5μm) in a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (pH: 3.0) in the ratio of 60:40 % v/v. The mobile phase was pumped at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with detection at 224 nm. The detector response was linear in the concentration of 50-150 μg /ml. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation was found to be 1.3 and 4.2 µg/ml, respectively. The intra and inter day variation was found to be less than 2%. The mean recovery of the drug from the solution was 99.79%. The proposed method is simple, fast, accurate, precise and reproducible hence, it can be applied for routine quality control analysis of Clopidogrel bisulphate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation. Key words: Clopidogrel bisulphate, RP-HPLC, Validation, Accuracy, Precision.
This document discusses various reagents used in pharmaceutical analysis including PDAB, Folin Ciocalteau, and MBTH reagents. It provides details on the principles, mechanisms, procedures, examples, and applications of each reagent. PDAB is used to detect primary amine groups via a colorimetric reaction. Folin Ciocalteau is used to detect phenols and reduces tungstate-molybdate to form a blue complex. MBTH forms colored complexes with aldehydes, phenols, and amines through oxidative coupling and can be used to analyze samples containing these functional groups. The document concludes that optimizing reagent volume and concentration allows these reagents to be successfully used to quantify drugs in pharmaceutical formulations.
Principle and Applications Of MBTH, NQS, FC and BM ReagentsLakshmi Kalyani
This document discusses MBTH, FC, and BM reagents which are used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of pharmaceuticals. It provides background on each reagent, including their chemical structure and properties. The principles and mechanisms of how each reagent reacts with different functional groups like phenols, amines, and aldehydes are described. Examples of using each reagent to estimate drugs are provided, such as using MBTH to analyze acyclovir and FC to determine protein concentration. The document concludes that these reagents can successfully quantify and qualify drugs in formulations when used at optimized concentrations.
This document discusses various chemical reagents used in chemical analysis and reactions. It provides a classification and overview of common reagents for aldehydes, ketones, quinones, amines, and redox reactions. For each reagent, it describes the basic principle and applications. Some example reagents covered include PDAB, ninhydrin, 2,6-dichloroquinone-4-chloroimide, MBTH, Bratton-Marshall reagent, and 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. The document is intended as an informational guide on reagents used in chemical and pharmaceutical analysis.
The document discusses various reagents used in pharmaceutical analysis including their principles, procedures, reactions, and applications. It describes Para Dimethylamino Cinnamaldehyde (PDAC) reagent which is used to determine hydrazine. It reacts with primary amines to form colored Schiff bases. Ninhydrin reagent is used to estimate drugs containing free amine groups and gives a purple color. 1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid (NQS) reagent is widely used for drugs containing aromatic amines, replacing its sulfonate group with the amine group to form a colored chromogen. Examples provided estimate drugs like ranitidine, lenalidomide, and amp
Synthesis and biological evaluation of radiolabeled curcumins and their ruthe...Luca Palmieri
During my experimental thesis I synthesized and characterized 5 ligands in which the main scaffold is similar to curcumin setting up the procedure to introduce various groups and atoms in position 9 of these curcumin-like ligands. Obtaining three new ligands, two of which reacted with 123I in order to give a radiolabeled curcumin. This radiolabeled curcumin was then administered in mice during in-vivo tests and its bioaccumulation was followed with PET device to check its binding with β-amyloid plaques.
Moreover I synthesized and characterized a Ruthenium p-cymene complex containing the iodo-curcumin. On this complex were then realized in-vitro cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity tests that showed how the presence of these functionalization on the aromatic moiety lead to a lower activity of the complex itself. It could anyway interesting to evaluate through the use of a PET device its in-vivo biodistribution and accumulation at a systemic level in order to confirm or not the loss of this activity.
COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION OF FOOD SUPPLEMENTS
CONTAINING ASCORBIC ACID
Danka Obreshkova and Boyka Tsvetkova
Medical University – Sofia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dept. of Pharmaceutical chemistry
Abstract. A simple, specific, precise and accurate reversed phase liquid chromatographic (RP-LC) method
has been developed for the determination of ascorbic acid in different food additives. The chromatographic
separation was achieved on a LiChrosorb C18, 250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm column at a detector wavelength
of 230 nm and a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile and water (60:40
v/v). The retention time of analyte was 3.49 min. The method was validated for the parameters like specificity,
linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of quantitation and limit of detection. The method was found to be
specific as no other peaks of impurities and excipients were observed. The square of correlation coefficient
(R2) was 0.9997 while relative standard deviations were found to be <2.0%. The proposed RP-LC method
can be applied for the routine analysis of commercially available food additives of ascorbic acid.
The document describes a study comparing the ascorbic acid content of different food supplements through liquid chromatography. A reversed-phase liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the quantification of ascorbic acid. The method showed good specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy and limits of detection and quantification. The method was applied to analyze several commercially available food supplements containing ascorbic acid. Products from one manufacturer were found to contain slightly higher amounts of ascorbic acid and exhibited greater purity compared to other products based on the chromatography and titration results.
The Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Water-Soluble B Vitamins by HPLC...PerkinElmer, Inc.
The food industry routinely fortifies many foods with vitamins to enhance their nutritional value and to help with deficiencies in dietary requirements. However, to meet legal requirements, the manufacturers must label their products in accordance to the specific regulations pertaining to the country in which the products are sold and consumed. In 2009, the United States Pharmacopeial Convention introduced the USP Dietary Supplements Compendium (DSC) – an industry directed resource, including regulatory guidance and reference tools. In the U.S., the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates all dietary supplement products and manufacturing practices under 21 CFR (Code of Federal Regulation), Part 111. In Europe, the main EU legislation for vitamins and minerals in food supplements is Directive 2002/46/EC. Considering the above, this application focused on providing a robust chromatographic method for the separation of eight water-soluble B vitamins in vitamin supplement tablets using HPLC with photodiode array (PDA) detection.
This document provides protocols for analyzing vitamins and toxicants in food. It details procedures for assaying various vitamins including vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and vitamin B6. The protocols describe preparing test and reference solutions, carrying out assays by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, liquid chromatography, or titration. Identification steps are also outlined, such as examining absorption maxima and reaction of solutions. The document aims to establish standardized methods for analyzing important nutrients and assessing quality and safety of food.
In this research, two drugs were bonded through amide and ester attachment, using lactic acid as
aspacer binder, produced di pro drug such as Procain and Ciprofloxacin. Since Procain has ailocail
anesthetic action and Ciprofloxacin as antibacterial drug was reacted with lactic acid produced ester
compound (1), then the carboxylic acid of lactic acid could reacted with free Procain oil produced amide
attachment, the controlled drug release in different pH values at 37C˚was studied to improve their
characteristic and to minimize the side effect of the drug could be used in broad spectrum activity as
atherapeutic material.This mutual prodrug was used with another biological active drug instead of single
action. The prepared prodrug was characterized by FTIR, 1HNMR ,and UV. spectroscopies ,physical
properties were determined and physical properties weremeasured.The biological assay were conducted
for prepared prodrug using the microorganism such as E.coli, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas
acuroginosoma, the prepared prodrug appear high biological activity,compared with standardGentamycin.
Reagents & reactions in estimation of pharmaceuticalsudaya rajitha
Reagents are used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the pharmaceutical preparations, as they react with particular groups and increase their detectability by impart colour to the compounds.
1. The document describes various qualitative tests that can be used to identify different types of carbohydrates, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
2. Key tests described include the Molisch test, Benedict's test, Barfoed's test, Seliwanoff's test, and the hydrolysis test for sucrose. Each test exploits a unique chemical property of carbohydrates to indicate their presence.
3. The tests allow identification of carbohydrates by the color change produced, crystalline structure of osazones formed, or ability to reduce copper or show color change with reagents like iodine. Taken together, the battery of tests can determine the identity of an unknown carbohydrate sample.
1. TPTZ reagent is used to estimate various drugs and compounds based on their ability to reduce ferric ions to ferrous ions which then form a colored complex with TPTZ.
2. The document describes the synthesis and properties of TPTZ reagent and provides procedures to estimate compounds like ethacridine lactate, vitamin E, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, and uric acid using their reaction with TPTZ reagent.
3. The estimation procedures involve the compounds reducing ferric ions to ferrous ions in the first step, followed by the ferrous ions forming a colored complex with TPTZ reagent that can be measured spectrophot
The Biuret test detects the presence of peptide bonds in proteins. Peptide bonds form when amino acids link together to make proteins. The test involves adding a protein sample to an alkaline solution of copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide. In an alkaline environment, the copper ions will form a coordination complex with the nitrogen atoms from any peptide bonds present. This complex is purple in color, so a color change from blue to purple indicates that proteins containing peptide bonds are present in the sample.
A spectrophotometric determination of ascorbic acidssuser4d011c
This document summarizes a new spectrophotometric method for determining ascorbic acid concentration. Ascorbic acid reduces copper ions which then react with neucoproine to form a colored complex. This complex is extracted with PBITU chloroform and measured at 460nm. The method is accurate, precise, and unaffected by many common interferents. It was successfully used to determine ascorbic acid levels in fruits, beverages, and pharmaceuticals and showed good agreement with established methods.
1. A new RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the estimation of Clopidogrel bisulphate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations.
2. The method involved using a C18 column, mobile phase of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer at a ratio of 60:40, and detection at 224 nm.
3. The method was found to be linear, precise, accurate, specific, robust and suitable for the routine analysis of Clopidogrel bisulphate in quality control.
Method Development and Validation of Clopidogrel Bisulphate by Reverse Phase-...SriramNagarajan15
A new, simple sensitive, rapid, accurate and precise RP-HPLC method was developed for the estimation of Clopidogrel bisulphate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation. Clopidogrel bisulphate was chromatographed on a reverse phase C18column (150 mm x 4.5 mm, i.d 5μm) in a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (pH: 3.0) in the ratio of 60:40 % v/v. The mobile phase was pumped at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with detection at 224 nm. The detector response was linear in the concentration of 50-150 μg /ml. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation was found to be 1.3 and 4.2 µg/ml, respectively. The intra and inter day variation was found to be less than 2%. The mean recovery of the drug from the solution was 99.79%. The proposed method is simple, fast, accurate, precise and reproducible hence, it can be applied for routine quality control analysis of Clopidogrel bisulphate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation. Key words: Clopidogrel bisulphate, RP-HPLC, Validation, Accuracy, Precision.
In this slide contains Methods of Detection of Natural, Permitted and Non Permitted Dyes.
Presented by: P.SUDHEER KUMAR (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantapur
This document describes a study that used a palm-sized near-infrared spectroscopy instrument to rapidly and non-destructively detect contaminated cosmetic raw materials and products. Six reference products and test samples were analyzed. The instrument could detect contamination within seconds by comparing the near-infrared spectra of the reference and test samples. Two products showed differences in water content, while the remaining four products showed various types of contamination detectable in their spectral differences. The method provides a fast, non-destructive way to detect contaminated cosmetics.
the presentation contain ways used to estimate proteins, this presentation prepared by TONNYBITE, a student from KILIMANJARO CHRISTIAN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, TANZANIA
Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Ulipristal Acetate using Napht...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Ulipristal acetate is used to treat uterine fibroids and for emergency birth control. The present study is a first report on development of a visible spectrophotometric method for determination of Ulipristal acetate present in bulk and tablet formulation. The method involves the sequential addition of HCl (0.1 N) and Napthol Blue Black solution to Ulipristal acetate. Cation formed on tertiary amine group of Ulipristal acetate attracts anion of naphthol blue black (an acid dye) to develop a coloured ion-association complex. From the aqueous phase, the chromophore is extractable into chloroform, which exhibits λmax at 640 nm. As per the existing guidelines of ICH, various parameters of the method were tested for validation. Regression analysis (r > 0.999) shows that the plotted calibration curve exhibits good linearity in the studied range of concentration (2.50 – 15.00 μg mL-1). The % recovery values falls in 99.80 – 100.72 range. %RSD results of both precision studies were observed in the range 0.007 – 0.560, indicating the satisfactory precision of the method. Low values of R.S.D. (< 1 %) were observed indicating that the proposed method is reproducible, accurate and precise. The proposed method can be used in quality control laboratories for routine analysis of Ulipristal acetate (bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms) without requirement of expensive instruments.
Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Ulipristal Acetate using Napht...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
This document describes the development and validation of a spectrophotometric method for the determination of Ulipristal acetate, which is used to treat uterine fibroids and for emergency birth control. The method involves forming an ion-association complex between Ulipristal acetate and Naphthol Blue Black dye in an acidic medium, extracting the colored complex into chloroform, and measuring its absorbance at 640 nm. Various reaction parameters were optimized. The method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantitation and stability. The results met validation acceptance criteria, indicating the method is accurate, precise and reproducible for quantification of Ulipristal acetate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations.
This document discusses various methods for analyzing antioxidant capacity, including ORAC, HORAC, CUPRAC, DPPH, PFRAP, fluorometry, FRAP, and ABTS assays. The ORAC assay measures antioxidant scavenging against peroxyl radicals using fluorescein as a fluorescent probe. The HORAC assay similarly uses a fluorescent probe to measure protection against hydroxyl radicals. CUPRAC determines antioxidant capacity based on copper ion reduction. DPPH measures hydrogen or electron donation through color change. PFRAP analyzes reducing ability through complex formation. Fluorometry quantifies antioxidants in biodiesel. FRAP detects redox potentials below 0.7 V through color change.
Validation of an extraction technique based on tributyl phosphateNasir Othman
This document describes the validation of an extraction technique using tributyl phosphate (TBP) for the determination of lead (Pb) in water samples. The extraction was optimized at pH 9-11, shaking time of 2-5 minutes, and 0.04M nitric acid as the stripping agent. Validation criteria such as recovery, linearity, accuracy, precision, detection limits, and robustness were evaluated. The technique showed high accuracy with 100% recovery and good linearity (R2=0.9969). Precision was good with relative standard deviations below 20%. The method detection limit was 4.43 μg/L and limit of quantification was 14.75 μg/L. Application to water samples from six sites on the Lang
This document summarizes a study that investigated the ability of charcoal produced from coffee grounds to remove an acidic dye called acid orange 7. The charcoal was produced by carbonizing coffee grounds at different temperatures. Higher carbonization temperatures increased the charcoal's surface area and pore volume. Adsorption tests found that charcoal carbonized at higher temperatures absorbed more acid orange 7 and achieved higher removal rates from solutions. Kinetic analysis indicated the rate-limiting step in adsorption was intraparticle diffusion of acid orange 7 into the charcoal pores. The study suggests charcoal from coffee grounds could be useful for removing acidic dyes from wastewater.
This document describes the development and validation of a reverse phase HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of metformin and linagliptin in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations. The method utilizes a C18 column, mobile phase of phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (60:40) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Metformin and linagliptin were well separated with retention times of 3.048 and 4.457 minutes respectively. The method was validated per ICH guidelines and showed good linearity, accuracy, precision and recovery for both drugs. The method can be used to simultaneously quantify metformin and linagliptin in tablet formulations.
This document describes the development and validation of a reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of aminocaproic acid in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method was developed using a C18 column with a mobile phase of buffer and methanol. The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines and found to be precise, accurate, specific, linear and robust for the analysis of aminocaproic acid in drug products and dissolution samples. The method can be used for quality control testing in pharmaceutical laboratories.
This document discusses various methods for analyzing micronutrients and minerals in foods. It begins by explaining the challenges of vitamin analysis given their small quantities and instability. It then describes several assay types used for vitamin analysis including bioassays, microbiological assays, and physicochemical assays like HPLC, titrimetric, and spectrophotometric methods. Specific examples are provided for HPLC analysis of vitamin E and titrimetric analysis of ascorbic acid. Methods for ash analysis including dry ashing, wet ashing, and microwave ashing are also outlined. Finally, the document reviews various techniques for analyzing specific minerals like flame photometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy, EDTA titration, redox reactions, precipitation titration,
Development and Validation of Reversed Phase-High-Performance Liquid Chromato...BRNSS Publication Hub
A simple, accurate, precise, and robust in vitro methods developed and validated for measurement of drug release in Aminocaproic Acid tablets. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for quantification of drug in dissolution samples of Aminocaproic Acid tablet is developed and validated. 0.1 N Hydrochloric acid is used as dissolution medium and Basket (USP-I) as apparatus at 100 rpm. The sample was withdrawn after 60 min. The developed HPLC method was used for quantitative estimation of drug release in dissolution samples of Aminocaproic Acid tablet. Chromatogram was run through Inertsil ODS 3V, (250 × 4.6 mm), 5 μm. Mobile phase containing buffer solution and methanol in the pumped through column at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Buffer used in this method was 13.3 g sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate, 500 mg of Heptane-1-sulfonic acid sodium salt, and 1.0 mL of Triethylamine buffer with pH 2.20 adjusted by orthophosphoric acid. Optimized wavelength for Aminocaproic acid was 210 nm. Retention time of Aminocaproic acid was found about 4.0 min; linearity range was 132.605 μg/ml–828.787 μg/ml. The new method was evaluated according to ICH guideline and as far as validation results are concern correlation coefficient value was 0.9999 for the very compound, percentage recovery 100.0%, repeatability results relative standard deviation 0.9 for Aminocaproic acid. The developed HPLC method was found to be a simple and rapid one for regular analysis in professional laboratory.
This document describes the development and validation of a reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of aminocaproic acid in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method was developed using a C18 column with a mobile phase of buffer and methanol. The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines and found to be precise, accurate, specific, linear and robust for the analysis of aminocaproic acid in drug products and dissolution samples. The method can be used for quality control testing in pharmaceutical laboratories.
This document describes the development and validation of a reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of aminocaproic acid in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method was developed using a C18 column with a mobile phase of buffer and methanol. The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines and found to be precise, accurate, specific, linear and robust for the analysis of aminocaproic acid in drug products and dissolution samples. The method can be used for quality control testing in pharmaceutical laboratories.
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Agroindustrial Exploitation of the Mucilage Obtained from the Nopal Cactus Op...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
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Copper Nanoparticles and Antioxidant Stress: Problem Makers or Solvers?_ Cri...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
Copper nanoparticles (NPs) have various applications but also pose environmental concerns. They can act as both problem makers and problem solvers. As problem makers, copper NPs may accumulate in the environment and cause toxicity in plants and animals over the long term. However, they also show promise as problem solvers by demonstrating antibacterial properties useful for wound dressings, and potential antioxidant and antidiabetic effects. More research is still needed to fully understand the ecological effects of copper NP exposure and their long term impacts on human health before their widespread use can be considered safe.
Influence of Wall Material Composition on Microencapsulation Efficiency of Co...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
Influence of Wall Material Composition on Microencapsulation Efficiency of Cold Pressed Pumpkin Seed Oil by Freeze-Drying by Pelin Günç Ergönül in Food Science Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the potential cancer-preventative properties of purple sweet potato (PSP) in a mouse model of colorectal cancer. Mice fed diets supplemented with PSP flesh, skin, or anthocyanin-rich extract showed substantial reductions in polyp numbers of approximately two-thirds or more. The supplements were found to reduce DNA damage, inhibit NF-κB activation, and reduce expression of COX2 and iNOS, suggesting PSP may prevent colon cancer through multiple mechanisms including antioxidant effects and anti-inflammatory properties. The anthocyanins in PSP appear to be the active compounds responsible for these protective effects.
Phytochemical Composition and Nutritional Properties of Non-Diary Probiotic B...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
This document summarizes a research study on the phytochemical composition and nutritional properties of non-dairy probiotic beverages. Key findings include:
- Probiotic beverages were produced using extracts of various fruits, vegetables, and herbs. Phytochemical analysis found the presence of cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, and reducing sugars but not steroids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides, or saponins.
- Proximate analysis found the beverages had high moisture content (over 96%), low levels of fat and carbohydrates, and no crude fiber. Crude protein and ash levels varied between samples.
- The
Extraction Efficiencies of Green Tea Bioactive Metabolites and their Anti-Dia...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
This document summarizes extraction methods for bioactive compounds from green tea and reviews the anti-diabetic effects of green tea extracts. It finds that extraction factors like temperature, time, solvent and solvent-solid ratio influence extraction yields. Various extraction techniques are compared. Studies show green tea extracts lower blood glucose and insulin resistance in mice and rats, likely due to compounds like catechins. Future research on improved extraction techniques could maximize green tea's anti-diabetic activity.
This document summarizes a study on risk factors for breast cancer in women in eastern China. The study found that breast cancer patients tended to be older, have higher BMI, be postmenopausal, and have a family history of breast cancer. Cancer patients consumed fewer soy products and more milk. No association was found between red meat consumption and cancer for the overall group. However, in urban areas, less red meat consumption was linked to higher cancer risk, possibly because urban residents choose lower-fat meat and better cooking methods. The relationship between diet, lifestyle factors, and cancer is complex, and red meat consumption alone may not determine cancer risk.
Physiological Determinants of Malnutrition in Elderly_ Crimson publishersCrimsonpublishersNTNF
This document discusses physiological determinants of malnutrition in the elderly. It begins by noting changes in body composition that occur with aging, including increases in fat mass and decreases in lean muscle mass. It then examines multiple factors that can cause poor appetite and reduced food intake in older adults, such as changes in taste/smell, dental issues, poverty, and medical/psychological conditions. It also discusses how conditions like cachexia and micronutrient deficiencies can negatively impact nutritional status. Finally, it notes how acute/chronic infections can increase metabolic demands and decrease the ability to meet those demands, potentially leading to malnutrition.
Effect of Storage on Protein Composition of Fermented Soybean (Glycine Max) S...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
Effect of Storage on Protein Composition of Fermented Soybean (Glycine Max) Seed by Bacillus Subtilli by Modupe Elizabeth Ojewumi in Food Science journal
A Simple, Practical Method for Measurement of Fat in Milk, Applied to Mid- to...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
A Simple, Practical Method for Measurement of Fat in Milk, Applied to Mid- to Late-Lactating Working Elephants in Myanmar by Ellen S Dierenfeld in Food science journal
Relationship between Vitamin D Status and Blood Pressure, Age, Physical Activ...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
Relationship between Vitamin D Status and Blood Pressure, Age, Physical Activity, and Nutritional Status in Saudi Males and Females by Tahani Aljurbua in Food Science_ Nutrition Open access Journal